Chemical Hygiene Plan Great Falls College MSU

Transcription

1 Chemical Hygiene Plan Great Falls Cllege MSU 1

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I II III IV V VI INTRODUCTION RESPONSIBLE PERSONS A. Great Falls Cllege Safety Cmmittee B. Dean C. Department Chairs D. Lab Instructrs and Faculty E. Emplyees ENFORCEMENT GENERAL SAFETY RULES UNDERSTANDING AND RECOGNIZING CHEMICAL HAZARDS A. Emplyee Training B. Identificatin f Hazardus Chemicals C. Signs D. Chemical Labeling E. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) F. Chemical Inventry G. Inspectins H. Hazard Ntificatin Frms fr Repair Wrk REDUCING EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS A. Ventilatin 1. Ventilatin failure 2. Ventilatin testing 3. Use f a chemical fume hd B. Persnal Prtective Equipment (PPE) 1. Respnsible Parties 2. Wrkplace Assessments 3. Eye Prtectin 4. Glves 5. Respiratry Prtectin 6. Labratry Cats 7. Labratry Attire 8. Hearing Prtectin C. Labratry Practices D. Envirnmental Mnitring E. Medical Surveillance Criteria 2

3 VII VIII IX F. Medical Recrds SPECIFIC CHEMICAL HAZARDS A. Prir Apprval B. Particularly Hazardus Substances 1. Definitins 2. Designated areas 3. Guidelines/prcedures fr emplyees wrking in designated areas C. Txic Chemicals D. Crrsive Chemicals and Cntact-Hazard Chemicals E. Reactive Chemicals F. Explsives G. Organic Perxides r Perxide-Frming Chemicals H. Flammable and Cmbustible Liquids I. Oxidizers J. Perchlric Acid K. Picric Acid L. Frmaldehyde M. Benzene CHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION/STORAGE/INVENTORY/DISPOSAL A. Ordering Chemicals B. Chemical Stckrms and Strerms C. Transprting Chemicals n Campus D. Chemical Strage 1. Flammable liquid strage 2. Crrsive liquid strage 3. Oxidizer strage 4. Cmpressed gas strage 5. Txic chemicals and high risk chemicals 6. Reactive chemicals E. Chemical Inventry F. Shipping Hazardus Chemicals G. Emplyee Transprting f Chemicals Outside the Facility H. Hazardus Waste Dispsal 1. What is a hazardus waste? 2. Waste dispsal CHEMICAL EMERGENCY ACTION A. Spill Prcedures 3

4 APPENDICES 1. Hazardus spills 2. Incidental spills 3. Mercury spills B. Persnal Chemical Expsure C. Detectin f Chemical Odrs D. Fire E. Utility Failure F. Reprting Injuries 1. Other than emergency medical fr emplyees 2. Other than emergency medical fr students Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H Appendix I Appendix J Appendix K Appendix L Appendix M Appendix N Appendix O Glssary f Terms, Abbreviatins, and Acrnyms Hw t Interpret MSDS Infrmatin Sheet JT Baker Hazard Cde Labeling System Labratry Chemical Labeling Plan GFC MSU Hazard Cde Labeling Guidelines References fr Hazards and Lab Safety Risk Phrases Incmpatible Chemicals Guide t Chemical Prtective Clthing ANSI Z Cntact Lens Waiver- Infrmed Cnsent Chemical resistant Glve Guide 40 CFR Ch 1 Subpart D: Lists f Hazardus Wastes GFC MSU Emergency Prcedure MT DEQ Hazardus Waste Regulatry Persnnel 4

5 I. INTRODUCTION The purpse f a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) is t prvide guidance fr a chemical safety prgram at Great Falls Cllege MSU. This plan is written t serve as a reference and prvide cntrl methds t prevent unacceptable expsure f hazardus chemicals t students and staff in labratry settings. The U.S. Occupatinal Safety and Health Administratin (OSHA) Labratry Standard (29 CFR ) and the Mntana Department f Labr and Industries require that such a plan be in place (Appendix A). CHP s are required in labratry envirnments where hazardus materials are used r stred. The Labratry Standards apply when hazardus materials are used and ALL the fllwing criteria are met: 1. Operatins using chemicals are carried ut n a smaller, labratry scale, i.e. materials used in the prcedure are small and safely manipulated by ne persn; 2. Numerus chemical prcedures r chemicals are used; 3. The prcedures are nt part f a prductin prcess nr simulate a prductin prcess; and 4. Prtective labratry equipment and practices are available and cmmnly used t prevent emplyee and student expsure. Hazardus substances are defined as materials that are flammable, crrsive, water r air explsive, sensitive, xidizing, r txic. At Great Falls Cllege MSU, any classrm (including science labs, shps, r art studis) where hazardus chemicals are used is classified as a labratry. This plan applies t all students and emplyees (including clerical and maintenance staff) that spend any time in a labratry envirnment as part f their wrk duties. The CHP shuld be reviewed and updated as needed by the Science Faculty and the Safety Cmmittee. 5

6 Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) II. RESPONSIBLE PARTIES The fllwing persns all have a part in implementatin f the CHP. A. Great Falls Cllege MSU Safety Cmmittee The Safety Cmmittee cnsists f representatives frm respective departments within the Cllege. The Safety Cmmittee shuld serve as cntact persn fr hazardus material emergencies and act as liaisn with regulatry agencies. The Safety Cmmittee shuld implement, and maintain the CHP. This includes: 1. Crdinating safety training, 2. Allwing fr safety inspectins and crrectin f deficiencies 3. Prvide recrds pertaining t safety inspectins and training t Human Resurces. 4. Update the CHP as needed 5. Meet regularly t review CHP cmpliance 6. Oversee the directin f the chemical hygiene prgram 7. Develp enfrcement plicies in cncert with the dean s ffice B. Dean The Dean prvides emplyees with the leadership t maintain a safe wrk envirnment and may assist with disciplinary actins related t emplyees vilating safety rules. C. Department Chairs 1. Prvide the leadership and necessary resurces fr the maintenance f safe wrking cnditins in the department (e.g. wrking with the safety cmmittee t implement safety prgrams) 2. Mtivate and assist emplyees with CHP cmpliance 3. Cmmunicate t department emplyees that they are required by federal and state law t attend all applicable training sessins 4. Refer t the dean s ffice emplyees vilating safety rules D. Lab Instructrs and Faculty 1. Arrange fr apprpriate repairs t maintain a safe envirnment 2. Develp written standard perating prcedures (SOPs) fr each labratry 3. Enfrce the requirements f the CHP 4. Ensure apprpriate training is prvided t all students and labratry emplyees prir t assigning them wrk with chemicals 6

7 5. Prvide apprpriate persnal prtective equipment (PPE) 6. Maintain chemical inventries 7. Ensure envirnmental and medical mnitring are prvided as needed 8. Cnduct safety inspectins 9. Crrect safety deficiencies in a timely manner 10. Ensure Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are available in the department fr their particular chemical inventry E. Emplyees 1. Fllw the established CHP, SOPs, and safety rules 2. Use apprpriate PPE 3. Reprt safety hazards t supervisr 4. Reprt signs and symptms f pssible expsures, knwn expsures, accidents, and near misses t supervisr 5. Attend all required safety training sessins 6. Annual Safety meeting f Science Faculty III. ENFORCMENT OF THE CHP If a supervisr r staff member shws disregard fr the cntents f this plan, the fllwing steps will be taken t crrect the situatin: 1. The individual will be ntified f the prblem and given the pprtunity t cmply in a timely manner. 2. If there is still a prblem fllwing step 1, the Department Chair will be ntified f the prblem. The Department Chair will meet with the individual and reinfrce the need t fix the prblem. The individual will be given the pprtunity t cmply in a timely manner. 3. If there is still a prblem fllwing step 2, the Safety Cmmittee will meet with bth the individual and Department Chair t again reinfrce the need t fix the prblem. The individual will be given the pprtunity t cmply in a timely manner. 4. If there is still a prblem fllwing step 3, the Department Chair must take the prblem t the Assciate Dean t cnsider further actin, then t the Dean. IV. LABORATORY SAFETY RULES 7

8 1. If pssible, dn t wrk alne. Wrk alne nly if the chances f injury are minimal. An effrt shuld be made t keep in cntact with any emplyee that is wrking alne. Students shuld never wrk with chemicals in lab withut direct faculty supervisin. Wrking alne (weekends r late at night) in areas with hazardus materials shuld be avided. 2. In areas where hazardus materials are used r stred, staff and students must wear the apprpriate eye prtectin- chemical splash prf gggles with indirect venting. Safety glasses are nt acceptable in labratry envirnments. They d nt adequately prtect frm chemical splashes. 3. Exercise extreme cautin when wrking with flammable chemicals. Make certain n ignitin surces in exist in rm t minimize fire hazard due t vapr release r a liquid spill. 4. Any student r staff member wrking with chemicals, must be aware f: a. The hazards f the chemicals, as determined frm the MSDS r the fur digit hazard cde label n each bttle. (See Appendix B, C, D, E) b. The lcatin and peratin f all emergency equipment (emergency shwers, fire extinguishers, eyewash statins). c. Emergencies prcedures, including waste dispsal methds, evacuatin rutes, and methds f spill cleanup d. The persnal prtective equipment fr handling chemicals. e. Safe methds f transprting chemicals within the building. f. The chemical strage plan (where and hw t prperly stre chemical) at Great Falls Cllege MSU and prper dispsal prcedures. 5. Prmptly ntify the science faculty and Safety Cmmittee in the event f an injury r accident. 6. Prmptly reprt any unsafe cnditin and immediately reprt r crrect them. 7. Access t emergency equipment, (safety shwers, eyewashes, fire extinguishers, r exits) must never be blcked even temprarily. 8. Label all cntainers f chemicals with Chemical Name, Chemical Frmula, Hazard Clr Cde, and the fur digit hazard cde (See Appendix D, E). 9. Keep wrk areas and hds free f clutter. 8

9 10. Keep aisles, hallways, and stairways clear f bstructins. 11. Return chemicals t their assigned strage areas immediately after use. Return flammable materials t flammable strage cabinets. 12. Waste cntainers must be prperly stred and labeled. Slvent cntainers must have a minimum f 2 f air space abve the surface f the liquid t accmmdate fr thermal expansin. 13. Clean all flrs and cuntertps regularly. Keep flrs free f hazards. 14. Test fume hds fr prper functin befre wrking inside them. 15. D nt stre chemicals n desktps r wrkbenches r the flr. Return any materials requiring lng-term strage t the apprpriate lcatin. 16. Cap all chemical cntainers when nt in use. 17. A chemical inventry shall be maintained fr the Bilgy and Chemistry Labs that indicates the chemical name, frmula, strage lcatin, hazard cdes, and any ther pertinent infrmatin. 18. A Ntebk f MSDS will be maintained and kept in the lab fr ready access. The Cabinet lcatin will be clearly marked- Cntains MSDS. 19. Place brken glass in a separate puncture-prf cntainer. Label the cntainer glass s any custdial staff cleaning the classrm may take apprpriate precautins. 20. Sharps and bld cntaminated items shuld be placed int a puncture prf sharps cntainer fr islatin and steam sterilizatin. 21. Visitrs t the lab shuld be prvided with apprpriate persnal safety equipment s they are nt expsed t hazardus materials when they are in the lab. 22. Children shuld nt be allwed in labratries unless an emplyee accmpanies them. 23. FOOD OR BEVERAGES ARE STRICTLY PROHIBITED IN A LABORATORY WHERE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ARE PRESENT!!! Fd and beverages are nly allwed in areas utside the lab. 9

10 24. Wear prper clthing in the labratry and stck rms. Shrts, shrt skirts, halter tps, high heels, sandals, pen-ted shes, and shes cnstructed f wven material are nt allwed. Tie back lng hair and restrict lse clthing. Remve dangling jewelry befre wrking in the labratry. V. UNDERSTANDING AND RECOGNIZING CHEMICAL HAZARDS This sectin addresses hw t understand and recgnize chemical hazards. Great Falls Cllege MSU staff and students are respnsible fr being cnscius f chemical hazards in labratry and wrk settings. A. Training T ensure that emplyees and students understand and recgnize chemical hazards each grup must be prperly trained either annually r every semester depending upn the situatin. Great Falls Cllege MSU will prvide training t its emplyees (wrk study students, faculty, lab instructrs, custdial/maintenance staff) and all science students wh find themselves in areas where hazardus materials are used r stred and t its emplyees (ffice staff) wh wrk in areas where hazardus materials are nt used r stred yet have the ptential fr incidental expsure because they are lcated in the same building. New emplyees must receive training n the requirements f the CHP prir t wrking with chemicals in the labratry. Refresher training will be prvided when prcedures are updated in the CHP. Emplyee training recrds will be n file with the Human Resurces Directr: Training will include the fllwing: 1. The cntent and requirements f the Labratry Standard. 2. The lcatin and cntent f the chemical hygiene plan. 3. The lcatin and availability f MSDS and ther reference materials including access t webbased MSDS infrmatin. 4. The chemical Hazard Cde Labeling plan. 5. Chemical inventry and usage recrd keeping. 6. The hazards assciated with the chemicals used in Great Falls Cllege MSU labratries. 7. Measures emplyees may use t prtect themselves frm chemical hazards, including specific prcedures such as safe wrk practices, persnal prtective equipment, and emergency prcedures. 10

11 Fr questins regarding CHP training (t whm it applies, training dates and times, etc.), cntact the Safety Cmmittee. B. Identificatin f Hazardus Chemicals Befre starting any prcedure that requires the use f a chemical, it is the respnsibility f the emplyee and student t identify the hazards assciated with the chemical. Reading and understanding the warning r hazard labels n the chemical cntainers and the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) fr each chemical used can help achieve this. Other references available thrugh the Safety Crdinatr (including Internet sites) are listed in Appendix G. See Appendix H fr details n the different classificatins f hazardus chemicals. C. Signs Signs will be psted in labratries with the fllwing: 1. Telephne numbers fr Plice and Fire Departments, Safety Cmmittee Chair ( ), maintenance staff ( ) and Science Faculty. 2. Lcatin f safety equipment (safety shwers, eye wash statins, fire extinguishers, emergency cut-ff switches, and first aid equipment). 3. Lcatin f all MSDS infrmatin. 4. Lcatins where fd and beverages are NOT permitted. 5. Where dangerus equipment is in use r where ptentially dangerus peratins take place. 6. Chemical strage lcatins (if nt flammable r acids). D. Chemical Labeling (A descriptin f this system may be fund in Appendix D, E) At a minimum, each chemical cntainer must be labeled with the fllwing: 1. Name f chemical. 2. Chemical Frmula (if knwn). 3. A fur digit hazard cde warning. (health/flammability/reactivity/cntact). 4. A hazard clr cde. 5. Slutins must als be labeled with cncentratin (if knwn). 11

12 Cntainers f nn-hazardus materials must als be labeled. (Example: distilled water). Dispse f unlabeled cntainers as unknwn hazardus waste. E. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Each labratry shall maintain cpies f Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) fr each hazardus chemical used in their department. MSDS must be readily accessible 24 hurs a day, seven days a week, fr any emplyee wrking in a labratry. MSDS must be maintained fr thirty years because they serve as expsure recrds. When a new MSDS arrives, date it. When the chemical is n lnger in use r an updated MSDS is n file, frward the ld MSDS cpy t the Safety Cmmittee. Directins n hw t read an MSDS can be fund in Appendix B. F. Chemical Inventry Each department will maintain a chemical inventry. The inventry will be updated annually and a cpy frwarded t the Safety Cmmittee. The fllwing infrmatin will be included in the inventry: Departmental Infrmatin: 1) Name f individual(s) cmpiling the inventry 2) Phne numbers f the Department Staff 3) Name f the department 3) Lcatin where the chemicals are lcated 5) Date f the riginal inventry and the mst recent revisin t the inventry Chemical Infrmatin: 1) Name f the chemical/prduct 2) Chemical Frmula 3) Rm number/name where the chemical is lcated 4) Lcatin f the chemical within the rm (Be specific... cabinet, shelf, etc.) 5) Clr f the Strage Hazard Cde 6) Specific fur digit hazard cde 7) RCRA U and/r P cdes 8) Quantity f the chemical stred n-site 9) Whether a MSDS is readily available fr the prduct/chemical (yes r n) 10) Manufacturer 12

13 11) Shelf Life (if knwn) 12 Dispsal Prcedures 13) Alternative Names 14) Special Precautins. Stre all chemicals safely and prperly. D nt stre chemicals alphabetically. Stre them by chemical classificatin and hazard. Separate incmpatible materials. (See Appendix H) G. Inspectins The Safety Cmmittee is respnsible fr cnducting peridic inspectins f labs/strage areas. Semester inspectins are strngly recmmended. Include persnal prtective equipment (PPE), safety equipment, electrical crds, labratry equipment, and general labratry cnditins during the inspectin. If any defective equipment is identified during the safety inspectin, tag it and remve it frm service, until repaired. If the equipment will nt be repaired, it is recmmended that the item be dispsed f r mved t a strage lcatin. Maintain a file f inspectin checklists and lgs. Emergency eye wash statins and shwers will be inspected mnthly. The inspectr shall sign and date when each inspectin ccurred and designate if the equipment was in need f repair/replacement. Any safety shwer r eyewash nt passing the inspectin will be immediately tagged and taken ut f service until it is repaired. Facilities Management is respnsible fr inspecting the perfrmance f chemical fume hds biannually. If a hd des nt pass inspectin, it will be immediately tagged and taken ut f service until repaired. Facilities Management will be respnsible fr inspecting fire extinguishers annually. H. Lab Repair Wrk Related t Hazards Reprt any needed facility repairs prmptly! 1. Call the maintenance staff abut the item needing repair. Be sure t pint ut that this is a safety issue. 2. Infrm the persn that yu will be ing a request as well. 3. Ntificatin f the cmpleted repair needs t be sent t the requestr. 13

14 Please reprt any and all needed repairs (leaky pipes, etc). The lng-term damage frm neglecting repairs can be expensive t fix and may generate safety hazards. VI. REDUCING EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS Chemical safety is achieved thrugh cntinual awareness f chemical hazards and by minimizing chemical expsures thrugh the use f engineering cntrls (i.e. ventilatin), persnal prtective equipment, and gd lab practices. A. Ventilatin General rm ventilatin is nt usually sufficient t prevent accumulatin f chemical vaprs; therefre, use a chemical fume hd when wrking with txic chemicals. There are many different types and sizes f hds. Becme familiar with the ventilatin units in yur wrk area. Chemical Strage cabinets shuld have their wn surce f ventilatin. 1. Ventilatin failure Fume hds and ventilatin fans shuld prvide sufficient ventilatin t adequately remve the fume hazard frm a wrk area. In the event f a ventilatin system failure, prmptly shut dwn all peratins within that system. Clse r seal pen cntainers r equipment cntaining hazardus materials t prevent the release f vaprs int the rm. If the ventilatin equipment is a hd, pst a sign stating the hd is nt functining prperly. Phne the maintenance staff (x4369) and the Safety Cmmittee (x4307) t ntify them f the prblem. D nt use chemicals in the hd until further ntice is given that the system has been repaired. If the ventilatin shut dwn creates an emergency situatin (i.e. uncntrlled hazardus chemical vaprs), then evacuate students/staff frm the area, dial 911, and give as much detail as pssible t the Emergency Services Persnnel. 2. Ventilatin testing Chemical fume hds will be tested biannually by Facilities Maintenance. If a hd is nt wrking prperly, it will be tagged ut f service until the repairs are made. If ut f service, hds cannt be used fr chemical applicatins. 3. Use f a chemical fume hd Chemical fume hds are prtective equipment and must be used crrectly t ffer prtectin frm chemical expsure. The fllwing is a list f prcedures t fllw t ensure that the prper ventilatin ccurs at all times. 14

15 1. Keep labratry drs accessing the hallway clsed. This will help keep the hallways at a psitive pressure and the labs at a negative pressure s chemical drs cannt migrate ut f the lab. 2. Keep hd sashes in a lwered psitin. A maximum pening f 18 inches is recmmended except when actively psitining equipment. A primary reasn fr this is safety. The hds are designed t eliminate chemical inhalatin expsure. When the sashes are wide pen, the hd des nt trap as much f the chemical vapr. When the hd is nt being used, clse the sash cmpletely. 3. Chemicals and equipment shuld nt be stred in a hd. Only materials currently being used shuld be in the hd. A cluttered hd will have blcked airflw. A spacius wrk area inside the hd will allw a persn t wrk safely and efficiently. B. Persnal Prtective Equipment (PPE) 1. Respnsible Parties Instructrs are respnsible fr the Persnal Prtective Equipment (PPE) prgram in their labratries. This includes enfrcement f the prgram and checking t assure that equipment is maintained. Apprpriate disciplinary actin must be taken fr repeated vilatin f this prgram. The cllege must prvide the necessary PPE fr its emplyees. T assist with PPE determinatins, a PPE guide t hazard surces can be fund in Appendix I. NOTE: If there are any questins n hw t select PPE, cntact the Safety Cmmittee. 2. Wrkplace Assessments Perfrm a wrkplace assessment in science labratries t determine if hazards requiring the use f PPE are present. If ptential hazards are present in the labratry, perfrm the fllwing: 1) Identify each hazard and the surce 2) Determine which bdy parts are affected 3) Select apprpriate PPE against the hazard 4) Train each emplyee and students n the hazards present and when PPE shuld be wrn 5) Train emplyees and students n the prper use, maintenance and limitatins f each PPE device used 6) Maintain training recrds within the department 7) Cmplete and maintain a wrkplace assessment frm fr each task r prcess perfrmed in the labratry that requires PPE 15

16 D nt rely slely upn a PPE t cmpletely prtect against hazards. Use it in cnjunctin with effective engineering cntrls and wrkplace practices t minimize hazards in the wrkplace. 3. Eye Prtectin All safety eyewear must meet the ANSI Z87.1 standard (see Appendix J) fr minimum allwable eye prtectin. All eye prtectin supplied by Great Falls Cllege MSU must meet this standard. Safety glasses ffer inadequate splash prtectin. Only chemical slash prf gggles will be allwed in lab. When liquids are under extreme, high pressure, wear a face shield. Never wear a face shield withut wearing gggles underneath. Cntact lenses d nt prvide eye prtectin and may increase the ptential fr damage t the eye in case f a chemical spill! Wearing cntact lenses is discuraged when wrking with materials r prcedures that give ff fumes, smke r dust. If yu chse t wear cntacts, be aware f the hazards f wearing cntacts in a lab. All students with cntact lenses must sign a waiver infrming them f the risk related t wearing cntact lenses in lab (See Appendix K). Eye Prtectin is Required: 1) When wrking with r near slvents r crrsive chemicals, r with any chemical that culd prduce an eye injury 2) When wrking near equipment r apparatus under a high pressure r vacuum, r when arund equipment that might prduce prjectiles 3) When in the vicinity f labratry benches where chemical reactins are being run 4) When transprting flammable, crrsive r txic chemicals 5) During maintenance activities invlving chemicals, hand/pwer r machine tls, welding, cutting, grinding, r abrasive blasting 6) When wrking behind hd sashes r blast shields 7) When heating any glassware. 4. Glves Glves prvide prtectin against radilgical, chemical, and bilgical agents. Care must be taken t select prper glves fr the task t maintaining prtectin against hazardus agents. A glve selectin table can be fund in Appendix L. Nte the Fllwing fr Safe Glve Usage: 16

17 When wrking with crrsive liquids, slvents, r ther ptentially hazardus materials, wear prper glves. One type f glve will nt prtect against all chemicals; therefre prper glve selectin is critical. 1) Remve glves prir t pening drs, answering phnes, using cmputers r any ther situatins that might spread hazardus materials. 2) Remve glves befre leaving the labratry area. 3) Wash hands after remving glves. 4) D nt t tuch parts f yur bdy r yur apparel while wearing glves (i.e. pushing up yur glasses, etc.). 5) Dispse glves as hazardus waste if they have been in cntact with hazardus wastes. 5. Lab Cats A lab cat helps prevent the spread f hazardus and infectius materials utside the lab. Prtective clthing can als prevent damage t emplyees persnal clthing. Remve cntaminated clthing befre leaving the labratry area. 6. Lab Attire Wear apprpriate clthing in the labratry. Shrts, shrt skirts, halter tps, pen-ted shes, high heels, sandals, and shes with uppers cnstructed f wven material are nt permitted. Cnstrict lng hair and lse clthing. Remve dangling jewelry befre wrking in the lab. 7. Hearing Prtectin If labratry prcesses cnduct a high nise utput, cntact the Safety Cmmittee fr a nise survey. The fllwing items can be addressed frm this survey: 1) Surces f nise utput 2) Whether the acceptable levels are exceeded 3) What types f hearing prtectin is needed and when they shuld be wrn 4) Wh is affected by the nise levels If yu have t raise yur vice t have a cnversatin with the persn standing next t yu, the nise may be at a level that requires assessment. C. Labratry Practices 17

18 Prper labratry practices can greatly reduce expsure t chemicals. Whenever pssible, if a less hazardus chemical will accmplish the same result and can be substituted fr a chemical that is highly hazardus, use the less hazardus chemical. Observe the fllwing practices at all times: 1) Be familiar with the chemicals being used, their hazards, and the assciated signs and symptms f expsures. (Refer t an MSDS fr this infrmatin) 2) N fd r drink is allwed in a labratry area. 3) Wash hands prir t leaving the labratry. 4) Wash the lab cunter tps prir t leaving the labs. D. Envirnmental Mnitring In labratries, mnitring fr airbrne cntaminants is usually nt necessary r required. The Safety Cmmittee will cnduct mnitring fr substances regulated by a standard that requires mnitring r if a substance is suspected t have expsure levels that exceed the actin level r PEL/STEL. 1) Emplyees may request an evaluatin f their expsure t a chemical by cntacting the Safety Cmmittee. 2) Emplyees must be ntified within 15 days after receiving mnitring results. The Safety Cmmittee will prvide the affected department with a mnitring reprt. It is the affected department s respnsibility t ensure the emplyees are prvided with results f the reprt. 3) The Safety Cmmittee will maintain recrds pertaining t wrk-related expsure t chemicals r harmful physical agents fr a minimum f 30 years after an emplyee s terminatin f emplyment. E. Medical Surveillance Criteria All emplyees wrking with chemicals may receive medical cnsultatin and examinatin under any f these cnditins: 1. The emplyee develps signs r symptms assciated with a hazardus chemical t which the emplyee may have been expsed in the labratry. 2. If expsure mnitring suggests that there culd have been an expsure abve the actin level (r PEL if there is n actin level) fr a chemical fr which a substance-specific / standard has been established. 3. An event ccurs (spill, leak, explsin) resulting in a hazardus chemical expsure. The examining physician will prvide a written pinin fr examinatins r cnsultatins perfrmed. The pinin shall include: 1. Any recmmendatins fr additinal medical fllw-up. 18

19 2. The results f the medical examinatin and assciated tests. 3. Cnclusins regarding ther medical cnditins nted that culd put the emplyee at increased risk. 4. An infrmed cnsent statement that the emplyee has been infrmed f these previus items. Nte: These statements shall nt reveal findings that d nt relate t the particular chemical expsure. Written medical pinins shall remain cnfidential. F. Medical Recrds All emplyees have the right t examine and btain cpies f their medical and chemical expsure recrds. N ne shall have access t this infrmatin, except the emplyee and their physician. 1. All mems, reprts and ntes, related t a cmplaint f pssible r actual expsure must be maintained in the medical recrd. 2. The health care prvider shall maintain all medical recrds fr at least 30 years after terminatin f emplyment. 3. These recrds must include the results f bilgical mnitring and bld tests perfrmed fr wrk-related mnitring prgrams. VII SPECIFIC CHEMICAL HAZARDS The Labratry Standard specifies that the Chemical Hygiene Plan will include prvisins fr emplyee prtectin fr wrk with particularly hazardus substances. This sectin addresses specific cnsideratins. Departments are respnsible fr develping Standard Operating Prcedures (SOPs) apprpriate fr their chemical use. See Appendix G, M. A. Minimizing Hazardus Materials Every effrt must be made t cmpletely avid the use f hazardus materials r keep them t a minimum. Suggestins fr minimizing hazards include but are nt limited t: 1) Perfrming the same prcedure but with new r different materials t btain the same results. 2) Perfrming a different prcedure with less hazardus materials 3) Micrscaling s the prcedure will result in using r generating much less hazardus material. B. Particularly Hazardus Substances 19

20 1. Definitins: particularly hazardus substances- select carcingens, reprductive txins and chemicals with a high degree f acute/chrnic txicity. Select carcingens are chemicals defined as carcingens, by the Natinal Txiclgy Prgram (NTP) as knwn t be carcingens and by the Internatinal Agency fr Research n Cancer (IARC) as Grup 1 carcingens. Als included are chemicals r prcesses listed in either Grup 2A r 2B by IARC r under the categry reasnably anticipated t be carcingens by NTP and that cause statistically significant tumr incidence in experimental animals in accrdance with any f these criteria: 1. Inhalatin expsure f 6-7 hurs per day, 5 days per week, fr a significant prtin f a lifetime t dsages f less than 10 mg/m 3 2. After repeated skin applicatin f less than 300 mg/kg f bdy weight per week. 3. After ral dsages f less than 50 mg/kg f bdy weight per day. Reprductive txins are any chemical which affects the reprductive capabilities f males r females, including damage t chrmsmes (mutagenesis) and fetuses (teratgenesis). Infrmatin n reprductive effects are listed n an MSDS. Chemicals with a high degree f acute and chrnic txicity are chemicals with a high degree f acute txicity and have a median lethal dse (LD50) f 50 milligrams r less per kilgram f bdy weight when administered rally t albin rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each. The LD50 is that dse at which a lethal respnse is bserved in 50% f the test animals. A chemical hazard shuld als be listed n its cntainer label. Additinally, if a chemical hazard is nt evident n the label, the MSDS will list the specific hazards. Use the MSDS t address chrnic txicity. 2. Designated areas Extreme cautin shuld be used when wrking with these chemicals. Wrk shuld be cnducted in a designated/restricted area. Designated areas may include a hd, glve bx, prtin f a labratry, r entire labratry rm. Pst signs t clearly mark/define the bundaries. 3. Guidelines/prcedures fr emplyees wrking in designated areas Emplyees and students shall: 1. Be trained t wrk with these txic chemicals. 2. Use the smallest amunt f chemical that is practical. 3. Use high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters r high-efficiency scrubber systems t prtect pumps and vacuum lines. 4. Decntaminate the designated area when wrk is cmpleted. 20

21 5. Prepare wastes in accrdance with the Resurce Cnservatin and Recvery Act (RCRA). 6. Stre the chemicals in lcked and enclsed spaces with a slight negative pressure cmpared t the rm. 7. Nt wear jewelry in designated areas. 8. Wear lng-sleeved dispsable clthing, eye prtectin, and glves knwn t resist the chemicals being used. C. Txic Chemicals The expsure limits r OSHA-mandated limits can be fund in the MSDS fr chemicals used in the labratry. Limits are expressed in threshld limit values (TLV), permissible expsure limits (PEL), shrt term expsure limits (STEL), ceilings (C), and actin levels. These limits serve as guidelines fr determining apprpriate safety precautins t take when handling specific chemicals. Wear eye prtectin, lng sleeves, and glves apprpriate fr the chemicals being used when handling txic chemicals. Chemicals must be used in an perating fume hd, glve bx, r similar device which is equipped with apprpriate traps and/r scrubbers under the fllwing cnditins (if this equipment is nt available, then n wrk shall be perfrmed using that chemical): 1. When TLV r PEL values are less than 50 ppm r 100 mg/m When the animal r human lethal cncentratin, LC50, is less than 200 ppm r 2000 mg/m 3 when administered cntinuusly fr ne hur r less (this cnditin is fllwed in the event that a TLV, PEL, r cmparable value is nt available fr that chemical). 3. When handling a chemical with a mderate r greater vapr pressure will likely exceed air cncentratin limits. D. Crrsive Chemicals and Cntact-Hazard Chemicals A chemical is defined as crrsive if it meets any f the fllwing definitins: 1. The chemical OSHA definitin f crrsive if a chemical causes visible destructin f, r irreversible alteratins f, living tissue at the site f cntact by chemical actin. 2. If the chemical has a ph greater than 12 r less than Is knwn t be crrsive t living tissue. 21

22 Acids and alkalis are knwn t be crrsive t living tissue. A cntact-hazard chemical is identified in an MSDS, r a medical r industrial hygiene literature, r is knwn t be an allergen r sensitizer. Take precautins when wrking with cntact-hazard chemicals r crrsive chemicals: 1. Always wear PPE, especially eye prtectin (this may include safety gggles and face shield, glves, and labratry cats). 2. Add acids and alkalis t water; never add water t acids r alkalis. 3. Add acid t water slwly, large amunts f heat are typically frmed. 4. Prvide secndary cntainment fr liquid strage bttles. 5. Immediately treat accidents resulting frm cntact with the skin. Wash affected area with large amunts f cld water fr a minimum f 15 minutes. Seek immediate medical attentin fr chemical burns resulting frm cncentrated slutins. 6. Always stre and separate acids, alkalis and ther crrsive materials belw eye level in prperly labeled strage cabinets. 7. Stre acids away frm cyanides. 8. Stre acids and bases away frm flammable liquids and slvents. 9. Inspect cntainers frequently fr crrsin. E. Reactive Chemicals Chemicals r cmbinatins f chemicals that react vilently r explsively, releasing large amunts f energy are cnsidered reactive. This type f chemical can als prduce txic r flammable vaprs. A chemical is classified as reactive if it: 1. Is described as such in the MSDS. 2. Is ranked by Natinal Fire Prtectin Assciatin (NFPA) as a 3 r 4 fr reactivity. 3. Is identified by the DOT as an xidizer, rganic perxide, r a class A, B, r C explsive. 4. Fits the EPA definitin f a reactive slid in 40 CFR Fits the OSHA definitin f unstable in 29 CFR A reactive chemical is characterized by any f the fllwing: 1. Readily underges vilent changes withut detnating. 2. Reacts vilently with water. 22

23 3. Generates txic gases r vaprs in large quantities that endanger human health r the envirnment when mixed with water. 4. It cntains sulfide r cyanide and generates txic gases r vaprs when expsed t cnditins between ph 2.0 and Is capable f detnatin r explsive decmpsitin r reactin at standard temperature and pressure (STP). 6. Is a chemical in pure state that will vigrusly plymerize, cndense, decmpse, r becme self-reactive under varying cnditins f shck, pressure, r temperature. Water reactive substances react with water t evlve heat and explsive r flammable gases. Examples include: 1. lithium aluminum hydride 2. ptassium metal 3. sdium metal 4. aluminum alkyls (plymerizatin catalysts) Pyrphric substances nt nly react rapidly with xygen in high cncentratins, but als with xygen in air. Examples include: 1. white phsphrus 2. brn hydride gas 3. finely pwdered irn disulfide Handle all reactive chemicals with extreme cautin. Stre them away frm incmpatible chemicals. Wear prper PPE at all times when handling chemicals. F. Explsives Explsives can be defined as chemicals that can result in an explsin, r an extremely rapid and vilent decmpsitin prducing large vlumes f gas. High explsives result in detnatins that ccur in millinths f a secnd. Lw explsives result in deflagratins which are rapid burning. A few examples f explsive chemicals include the fllwing: 1) ammnium nitrate 2) benzyl perxide (explsin-sensitive t shck, heat, and frictin) 3) picric acid 23

24 4) sdium azide Many chemicals frm highly explsive cmpunds if mixed tgether. Others becme highly explsive when allwed t decmpse r if expsed t air. Every effrt shuld be made t keep the presence f explsive chemicals t a minimum. Handle these chemicals with extreme cautin. Wear prper PPE. When wrking with these types f chemicals, make safe handling techniques the number ne pririty. G. Organic Perxides r Perxide-Frming Chemicals Perxide frmers and rganic perxides are very unstable explsives. They are extremely sensitive t shck, sparks, heat, r ther frms f accidental explsive initiatin. Substances can frm perxides upn standing r in cntact with air. After perxides frm, they may dry in the threads f a cntainer r becme cncentrated if the chemical is distilled. Perxides frmed in this manner are highly explsive. Examples include: 1. aldehydes 2. ethers and ethers derived frm primary and secndary alchls (cyclic ethers, isprpyl ether, ethyl ether) 3. mst alkenes (cyclhexene, cyclctene) 4. vinyl cmpunds (vinyl acetate, vinylidene chlride) Label all perxide-frming chemicals with the date the cntainer was received and the date the cntainer was first pened (even if the chemical cntains inhibitrs t retard perxide frmatin). Use r dispse f perxide-frming chemicals prir t expiratin dates. Perxide-frming chemicals have limited shelf lives, regardless f the cntainer being pened r nt. Belw are tw categries fr string these chemicals. Strage past these time limits is discuraged, as highly explsive cmpunds culd frm. Strage limits start when the chemical is first received, whether r nt it is pened. If in dubt f the stability f the chemical, d nt mve it until yu have received directins frm the Safety Officer. Dried crystals r residue are indicatins f a highly explsive state! Grup A Perxidizable Cmpunds 3 mnth strage limit divinylacetylene sdium amide diisprpyl ether vinylidene chlride 24

25 ptassium metal Grup B Perxidizable Cmpunds 1 year strage limit acetal ethylene glycl dimethyl ether acrylic acid ethyl vinyl ether acrylnitrile methyl acetylene 1,3-butadiene* methyl cyclpentane 1,3-butadiyne methyl isbutyl ketne 2-butanl 2-prpanl chlrprene* styrene chlrtriflurethylene tetraflurethylene* cumene tetrahydrfuran cyclhexene tetrahydrnaphthalene (tetralin) decahydrnaphthalene (decalin) vinyl acetate dicyclpentadiene vinylacetylene diethylene glycl vinyl chlride diethyl ether methyl methacrylate p-dixane vinylpyridine divinyl ether *If stred as a liquid, perxide-frming ptential increases. Butadiene, chlrprene, and tetraflurethylene shuld be cnsidered List A cmpunds if stred as liquids. References: University f Nevada at Ren; authr, Richard Freman; Natinal Safety Cuncil Newsletter; authr, Jhn F. Belta, IUPUI Bretherick s Handbk f Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5 th editin H. Flammable and Cmbustible Liquids Liquids usually frm vaprs which are denser than air. They tend t settle int lw lying areas. The tendency f a liquid t ignite is measured by a test in which the liquid is heated and peridically expsed t a flame until the mixture f vapr and air ignites at the liquid s surface. The temperature at which this ignitin ccurs is the flash pint. A flammable liquid has a flash pint belw 37.8 O C 25

26 (100 O F). Cmbustible liquids have flash pints abve 37.8 O C (100 O F). Cnsult the label r MSDS fr flash pint values. OSHA divides flammable liquids int classes IA, IB, and IC and cmbustible liquids int classes II, IIIA and IIIB. Nte the fllwing strage precautins when wrking with flammable and cmbustible liquids: 1. Stre flammable and cmbustible liquids in apprpriate cntainers. Keep the cntainers in flammable liquid strage cabinets r in vented flr level cabinets away frm any heat surce. 2. Keep slvents in safety cans. Drums and five-galln cntainers are nt allwed in labratries unless stred in a flammable liquid cabinet and used with smaller safety cans fr dispensing. 3. Stre flammable slvents requiring refrigeratin in explsin prf refrigeratrs/freezers. 4. Use safety cans if pssible. D nt stre mre than 10 gallns ttal f flammable liquids per labratry utside f strage cabinets, unless in safety cans. 6. D nt stre a ttal f mre than 25 gallns f flammable liquids in safety cans per labratry utside f a strage cabinets Flammable liquids are divided int the fllwing three classes: Class Flash Pint Biling Pint Examples IA <73 O F (22.8 O C) <100 O F (37.8 O C) Diethyl ether, Pentane IB <73 O F (22.8 O C) >=100 O F (37.8 O C) Acetne, Ethanl IC >=73 O F (22.8 O C) <100 O F (37.8 O C) Styrene, Nnane, Xylenes Cmbustible liquids are divided int the fllwing three classes: Class Flash Pint Examples II >=100 O F (37.8 O C) N,N-dimethylfrmamide <140 O F (60 O C) IIIA >=140 O F (60 O C) Ddecane, Aniline <200 O F (93.3 O C) IIIB >200 O F (93.3 O C) Ethylene glycl, Mineral Oil Maximum allwable cntainer capacity fr flammable and cmbustible liquids: Cntainer IA IB IC II III Glass 1 pint 1 quart 1 galln 1 galln 5 gallns Metal/Apprved Plastic 1 galln 5 gallns 5 gallns 5 gallns 5 gallns Safety Can 2 gallns 5 gallns 5 gallns 5 gallns 5 gallns 26

27 Exceptin: Glass cntainers up t ne galln in size are permitted fr strage f flammable liquids if the required purity wuld be adversely affected by strage in a metal r apprved plastic cntainer, r if the liquid wuld cause excessive crrsin r degradatin f the metal r apprved plastic cntainer. Using flammable r cmbustible liquids: 1. Avid handling these liquids near pen flames. 2. Handle nly minimal quantities f these liquids at a time. 3. Handle nly in well-ventilated areas. 4. Keep cntainers clsed r cvered if pssible t avid release f flammable vaprs. 5. Never use pen flames fr heating flammable slvents. 6. Keep ht plates and water baths at a mderate heat settings. 7. Fill flasks n mre than half-full and use biling chips if heating. Examples f flammable liquids: acetaldehyde acetic acid acetne acetnitrile acrylnitrile allyl alchl n-amyl acetate sec-amyl acetate n-amyl alchl tert-amyl alchl benzene 1-butanl (n-butanl) tert-butyl alchl carbn disulfide chlrbenzene cyclhexane cyclhexene 1,1- and 1,2-dichlrethane diethyl ether 1,1- and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dixane ethanl 27

28 I. Oxidizers ethyl acrylate ethylenediamine ethyl frmate gasline n-heptane n-hexane hydrazine isamyl alchl isbutyl alchl (isbutanl) isprpyl acetate isprpyl alchl methanl isprpylamine methyl ethyl ketne mrphline nitrmethane 2-nitrprpane pentane prpylene xide pyridine tluene triethylamine vinyl acetate xylene Oxidizers are substances that stimulate cmbustin f rganic matter. These chemicals spntaneusly prduce xygen either at rm temperature r with slight heating. They can react vigrusly when stred near r in cntact with rganic cmpunds. Examples include: chlrate cmpunds (ptassium chlrate) permanganate cmpunds (ptassium permanganate) nitrate cmpunds (ptassium nitrate, uranyl nitrate, zinc nitrate) acid dichrmate chrmic acid chrmium trixide 28

29 hydrgen perxide (>30%) nitric acid sdium perxide sulfuric acid chlrine gas manganese dixide perchlric acid (see sectin J) ptassium nitrite Stre xidizers away frm flammable/cmbustible liquids r cmbustible materials. Stre xygen gas cylinders at least 20 feet frm flammables r separate with a firewall. J. Perchlric Acid Perchlric acid is an extremely hazardus and pwerful xidizing agent. Cntact with cmbustible materials (wd, paper, grease, il and mst rganic cmpunds) can cause these materials t becme extremely flammable, and they may spntaneusly explde r with frictin, percussin, r heating. Fumes frm perchlric acid may frm explsive metal perchlrates in fume hds which may cause explsins. This chemical requires special precautins when handling. Because f the nature f Perchlric Acid, the plicy f Great Falls Cllege MSU is t ban this material frm the campus and therefre eliminate all threats frm this material. K. Picric Acid Picric acid (trinitrphenl) is explsive when dry. Dry picric acid is mre explsive than TNT. Picric acid in a slutin f at least 10% water is cnsidered flammable but nt explsive. Picric acid in a slutin less than 10% water is cnsidered explsive and shuld nt be handled. Dry picric acid can accumulate n the uter surface f the cntainer r in cap threads. Dry picric acid in cap threads is nt always visible and can present a significant frictin-sensitive hazard. Extreme cautin shuld be given t cntainers with metal caps cntaining any slutin f picric acid. Shck-sensitive picrates are frmed when picric acid vaprs cme in cntact with metals such as cpper, lead r zinc. Cntact with cncrete flrs can als frm sensitive calcium picrate salts. Because f the nature f Picric Acid, the plicy f Great Falls Cllege MSU is t ban this material frm the campus and therefre eliminate all threats frm this material. 29

30 L. Frmaldehyde Frmaldehyde is a clrless gas that has a bitter dr. Frmalin is an aqueus slutin cntaining percent frmaldehyde. Overexpsure t frmaldehyde can lead t serius health cncerns. Expsure t frmaldehyde can ccur thrugh inhalatin, skin cntact, ingestin, r cntact with bdy penings and mucus membranes. Fllw these guidelines if wrking with frmaldehyde: 1. Wear prper PPE as determined frm the standard perating prcedures develped fr each prcedure invlving frmaldehyde. 2. Minimize expsures thrugh the use f engineering cntrls and wrkplace practices. 3. If required, participate in the medical surveillance prgram. Cntact the Safety Officer fr mnitring expsure levels f any prcedures where frmaldehyde is used utside f a fume hd. If expsure mnitring has been cnducted and levels are fund t be abve the PEL r STEL, the area must be psted with the fllwing infrmatin: DANGER FORMALDEHYDE IRRITANT AND POTENTIAL CANCER HAZARD AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY Label receptacles cntaining frmaldehyde as fllws: M. Benzene FORMALDEHYDE POTENTIAL CANCER HAZARD Benzene is a clrless t light yellw liquid with an armatic dr. It is flammable and is a knwn human carcingen and a pssible reprductive txin. It may exist as a liquid r a vapr. Because f a high evapratin rate, benzene liquid can quickly vaprize, generating increased cncern fr respiratry and fire hazards. 1. Wear prper PPE fr each prcedure invlving the use f benzene. 2. Minimize expsure thrugh the use f engineering cntrls and wrkplace practices. 3. If required, participate in the medical surveillance prgram. 30

31 Cntact the Safety Officer fr mnitring expsure levels f prcedures where benzene is used utside f a fume hd. In areas where expsure mnitring has been cnducted and levels are fund t be abve the PEL r STEL, the area must be psted with the fllwing infrmatin: Label receptacles cntaining benzene as fllws: DANGER BENZENE CANCER HAZARD AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY N. Carbn Tetrachlride DANGER CONTAINS BENZENE CANCER HAZARD Carbn tetrachlride is cmmnly used as an rganic slvent and is als a carcingen. 1. Wear prper PPE fr each prcedure invlving the use f carbn tetrachlride. 2. Minimize expsure thrugh the use f engineering cntrls and wrkplace practices. 3. If required, participate in the medical surveillance prgram. Cntact the Safety Officer fr mnitring expsure levels f prcedures where benzene is used utside f a fume hd. In areas where expsure mnitring has been cnducted and levels are fund t be abve the PEL r STEL, the area must be psted with the fllwing infrmatin: DANGER Carbn Tetrachlride CANCER HAZARD AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY Label receptacles cntaining benzene as fllws: DANGER Carbn Tetrachlride CANCER HAZARD VIII CHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION/STORAGE/INVENTORY/DISPOSAL 31

32 A. Ordering Chemicals Prir t rdering chemicals, d the fllwing: 1. Check the chemical inventry t verify that the chemical is nt already available. 2. Obtain infrmatin regarding handling, strage and dispsal f the chemical. 3. Determine the minimum amunt f chemical needed. D nt rder extra amunts f chemicals that will nt be used in the near future. Dispsal csts can utweigh the small cst savings f rdering large quantities. Chemicals must arrive with hazard cmmunicatins labeling and MSDS. Immediately label all incming materials accrding t the Great Falls Cllege MSU hazard cde labeling system and add the quantity t the inventry. B. Chemical Stckrms and Strerms Stckrms are defined as areas where chemicals are mixed, repackaged and/r distributed fr labratry use. Strerms are defined as areas where chemicals are stred with n manipulatin f chemicals. Only qualified staff are allwed int strerms and stckrms. 1. Stre hazardus materials, when nt in use, in an envirnmentally cntrlled, supervised stckrm, strerm, r strage cabinet. 2. D nt use strerms as preparatin areas. 3. Recrd the remval f any chemical fr inventry purpses. 4. D nt transprt chemicals frm the stckrm unless they are in an apprpriate cntainer. 5. Clearly mark all materials brught t the stckrm fr waste dispsal with the chemical cntent, particular hazards, the date, the emplyee respnsible fr their dispsitin, and hw the waste materials were accumulated. C. Transprting Chemicals n Campus 1. Use secndary cntainers, such as a bucket, t hand carry hazardus chemicals, cncentrated acids, flammable slvents, r crrsives. 2. Use carts fr mving large quantities. Exercise extreme cautin when mving thugh hallways. 3. Wear prper PPE when mving chemicals. 4. Avid mvement f chemicals thrugh hallways during peak traffic times. D. Chemical Strage 32

33 Fllw these general prcedures fr strage f chemicals: 1. Cnduct annual inspectins t examine cntainers fr deteriratin and integrity. 2. Stre the smallest amunts f chemicals as practical 3. D nt use fume hds as chemicals strage areas. 4. Stre chemicals in cabinets r n shelves. D nt stre chemicals n the flr. 5. Stre chemicals accrding t hazard class. D nt stre chemicals alphabetically. 6. D nt stre incmpatible materials tgether. (See Cmpatibility Table Appendix XXX) 7. Secure bttle caps t prevent accidental spills and minimize drs. 8. Prvide secndary cntainment spill trays when string liquid chemicals. 9. Stre large quantities f chemicals n lwer shelves. Stre nly lightweight r small quantities abve eye level. 10. D nt stre crrsive materials abve eye level. 11.Wear apprpriate PPE, including eye prtectin, when handling chemicals stred abve eye level. 12. Keep a ladder r step stl available fr reaching verhead strage. 13. Stre chemicals away frm direct sunlight and heat surces. 14. Cnduct peridic, scheduled inventries. 15. Dispse f chemicals nt used by the facility. 1. Flammable liquid strage 1. Stre flammable liquids, in flammable strage cabinets designed specifically fr and labeled as Flammable Liquids. D nt stre ther materials in the cabinet. 2. Stre plastic squeeze bttles cntaining flammable materials (nrmally used fr rinse purpses) in a flammable strage cabinets. 3. Fllw the guidelines in sectin VII part H fr allwable quantities and cntainer sizes. 2. Crrsive liquid strage 1. Stre mineral acids, (sulfuric and hydrchlric acids) in acid strage cabinets. 2. Stre bases and slutins f bases separate frm acids. 3. Stre xidizing acids, (nitric and perchlric acids) with xidizing materials and away frm rganics. 4. Stre rganic acids, (acetic and frmic acids) with flammable materials. 3. Oxidizer strage (see definitin: sectin VII part I) 1. Stre xidizers, (i.e. hydrgen perxide r chlrine bleach), away frm all rganic chemicals and reducing agents. 33

34 2. D nt stre near any cmbustible materials. 4. Cmpressed gas strage 1. Chain r secure gas cylinders t a wall and stre with the caps n when nt in use. 2. Stre xygen cylinders away frm fuels r cmbustible materials. 3. Mark empty cylinders as Empty and stre away frm ther cylinders. 5. Txic chemicals and high risk chemicals 1. Stre in a vented cabinet. 2. Stre highly acute txins and high-risk chemicals with the parent cntainer inside an unbreakable secndary cntainer. 3. Pst specific warning signs n the strage area. 4. Maintain use and dispsal recrds. 6. Reactive chemicals (see definitin in sectin VII part E) 1. Stre reactive chemicals away frm ther chemicals. 2. Stre water reactive chemicals in cabinets prtected frm fire sprinkler systems. 3. Stre specified reactive materials under either inert atmsphere and/r refrigeratin. 4. Inventry chemicals that may frm rganic perxides and dispse f them at the time f expiratin. 5. Stre explsive materials as specified by the manufacturer. Only knwledgeable and trained individuals may handle these materials. E. Chemical Inventry Maintain an inventry f all chemicals fr bth the Bilgy and Chemistry Departments in a central department lcatin. Update the inventry at least annually and frward a cpy t the Safety Officer. The inventry must cntain the fllwing departmental and chemical infrmatin: Departmental infrmatin 1. Phne number f the departmental cntact 2. Name f the department 3. Building where the chemicals are lcated 4. Date f the riginal inventry and the mst recent revisin t the inventry Chemical infrmatin 34

35 1. Name f the chemical (include alternative names if pssible) 2. Manufacturer f the chemical 3. Rm number/name where the chemical is stred 4. Lcatin f the chemical is stred within a rm (be specific, cabinet, shelf, etc.) 5. The physical state f the chemical slid, liquid, r gas 6. Quantity f the chemical stred n-site 7. Whether a MSDS is readily available fr the prduct/chemical (yes r n) F. Shipping Hazardus Chemicals D nt ship hazardus chemicals with cmmercial vendrs withut prir apprval frm the Safety Officer. The State f Mntana has very specific regulatins gverning shipping f hazardus materials. Failure t cmply with State and Federal regulatins culd result in severe penalties. Cnsult the Safety Officer with any questins regarding shipping f hazardus materials. G. Emplyee Transprting f Chemicals Off Campus D nt transprt chemical r hazardus materials utside f the Clelge withut prir apprval frm the Safety Crdinatr. The emplyee is respnsible fr ensuring that the State regulatins n shipping chemicals are nt vilated by transprting chemicals in private cars r n cmmercial carriers. The Safety Crdinatr will help with questins regarding these regulatins. H. Hazardus Waste Dispsal The gal f a waste dispsal prgram is t minimize the ptential harm t peple and the envirnment resulting frm imprper dispsal f a hazardus chemical. First cnsider minimizing the amunt f waste generated. Use nn-hazardus alternatives if pssible. Reclaim r recycle materials when pssible. Research ptential dispsal prblems befre rdering new materials. Nte: Keep a detailed inventry f the cntents and quantities f waste placed int the waste cntainers! Organize wastes accrding t the type f waste. 1. What is a hazardus waste? Hazardus waste is defined in the Federal Resurce Cnservatin and Recvery Act (RCRA). A list f RCRA wastes is included in Appendix N. Accrding t RCRA, waste is cnsidered txic and/r hazardus if it will cause r significantly cntribute t an increase in mrtality r an increase in serius irreversible, r incapacitating reversible illness; r pse a substantial present r ptential 35

36 hazard t human health r the envirnment when imprperly treated, stred, transprted, dispsed f, r therwise managed. RCRA regulatins (40 CFR 261 and 262) specify that a waste is hazardus if it is a listed waste r has the characteristics f a hazardus waste. A hazardus waste meets any f the fllwing cnditins: (see Appendix A fr details). 1) Has been named a hazardus waste and listed as a waste in the regulatins 2) Exhibits any characteristics f a hazardus waste (ignitable, crrsive, reactive, txic) = characteristic hazardus waste 3) Is a mixture cntaining a listed hazardus waste and a nnhazardus waste. 4) Is a waste derived frm treatment, strage, r dispsal f listed hazardus wastes. Mixture Rule A hazardus waste plus a nn-hazardus waste is always a hazardus waste. 2. Waste dispsal These prcedures apply t hazardus waste cntainers in labratries: 1. Label all hazardus waste cntainers- Hazardus Waste befre any waste added. Include the wrds hazardus waste n the label alng with a cmplete descriptin f the waste. 2. Keep cntainers clsed when nt in use. 3. Use cntainers in gd cnditin. 4. Cntainers shuld be under the generatr s cntrl. 5. Inspect cntainers n a regular basis fr degradatin. 6. Keep an inventry f the cntents. Recrd the name and amunt f each chemical added t the waste cntainer and the date it was added. 7. If adding new waste t a cntainer, determine if the new waste is cmpatible with the riginal cntents. 8. When the cntainer is full, cmplete a hazardus waste label with percentages f each chemical and date when the cntainer became filled. The % clumn must equal 100%. 9. A cntainer is full if the liquid level reaches clse t, but t the tp f the cntainer. This reduces the build-up f excessive vaprs and ensures rm fr expansin. 10. Ntify the Safety Officer fr waste pick-ups. Dispsal f experimental cmpunds 1. Dispse f experimental cmpunds f unknwn txicity as hazardus waste. 2. Label the cntainer with yur name, department, and knwn cmpunds. 36

37 3. Under n circumstances shuld yu dispse f unknwn cmpunds dwn the drain r in the labratry trash bins. Drain dispsal f chemicals 1. Salts, sugars, and starches that d nt cntain any hazardus material may be put dwn the drain if they present n pssibility f cagulatin in the drain. 2. Neutral buffer slutins (ph between 6 and 8) may be put dwn the drain. 3. Drain dispsal f all ther chemicals is prhibited! Dispsal f brken glass 1. Place brken glass in cntainers labeled brken glass. 2. Never place brken glass in the regular trash cans. 3. Once a brken glass receptacle is filled it cntact the building custdian fr dispsal. IX CHEMICAL EMERGENCY ACTION One f the best ways t avid emergencies is t plan ahead. Always be prepared! Knw the evacuatin rutes frm an area. Prir t wrking with chemicals in the labratry, lcate the fllwing items: 1. Emergency shwer 2. Eyewash 3. First aid kit 4. Fire extinguisher 5. Emergency shut-ff valves 6. Spill-cntrl kit 7. Telephne Emergency phne numbers shuld be listed n the labratry drs. It is recmmended that phne numbers f cntact persnnel be psted near phnes. The Great Falls Cllege MSU Emergency Prcedures placard can be fund in Appendix N. A. Spill Prcedures The mst cmmn incident invlving a hazardus material invlves a liquid spill r the release f a gas r vapr. Fires and explsins culd ccur. Because f the small quantities used in mst prcedures n campus, spills will usually be limited. Hwever, the vapr released frm a small spill can be dangerus if inhaled r if it is flammable. If a hazardus materials is spilled utside f a chemical fume hd it shuld be cnsidered dangerus, and immediate steps must be taken t remediate the situatin. 37

38 Spills can be classified as either hazardus r incidental. Hazardus spills are an emergency f unknwn nature. They may be immediately dangerus t life and health, threaten the surrunding area r facility, threaten persnnel and/r the public, and/r invlve a txic gas leak, r a crrsive, txic, r reactive hazardus material. Hazardus cleanup respnse teams will be necessary t clean up all hazardus spills. An incidental spill creates n fire hazard and invlves lw t mderately txic materials in small amunts which can be neutralized, absrbed, cntained, r therwise cntrlled by emplyees in the immediate area. The individual wh was invlved in a incidental spill may be clean the area if they are prperly trained and use apprved spill cleanup kits and PPE. If the individual is nt prperly trained in clean up prcedures, anther trained individual shuld perfrm the cleanup. 1. Hazardus spills Perfrm the fllwing in the event f a hazardus chemical spill: 1. Eliminate any and all surces f ignitin and evacuate the immediate area. 2. Clse all drs leading int the spill area. 3. If applicable, assist cntaminated persns t a safety shwer r eyewash statin. 4. Ntify the emergency respnders (call 911). 5. Reprt the spill immediately t yur supervisr and t the Safety Crdinatr. Reprt whether the spill has entered the grund, air, sanitary sewer, strm sewers, r any surface water. 6. All txic spills that have an LD50<50 mg/kg are cnsidered highly txic and must be immediately reprted t yur supervisr and t the Safety Officer. These might include suspected carcingens r reprductive txins. 7. Cntact the apprpriate MT DEQ Hazardus Waste Regulatry Persnnel (Appendix O). 2. Incidental spills Only thse wh have been prperly trained and have the apprpriate spill cleanup kits and PPE shuld perfrm cleanup f incidental spills. Training will be prvided by yur department r by the Safety Officer. Perfrm the fllwing in the event f an incidental spill: 1. Assess the hazard. 2. Wear apprpriate PPE. As a minimum this requires glves, lab cat, and safety gggles. 3. Islate/barricade the affected area. 4. Ntify cwrkers that yu are cleaning up a spill. 5. Neutralize strng acids and bases. 6. Cntain and clean up the spill with apprved cleanup kits (lcated either in the stckrm). 38

39 7. Yu may temprarily place cntaminated cleanup materials with vlatile slvents r chemicals in a fume hd r place them in buckets fr dispsal. 8. All chemical spill cleanup materials shuld be dispsed f as hazardus waste. 9. Write a brief reprt describing hw the spill ccurred and the cleanup prcedures used. Send a cpy t yur supervisr and t the Safety Officer. 10. If yu are nt trained t cleanup spills, call the Safety Officer and remain n the scene t serve as a resurce. 3. Mercury spills Mercury vaprs are highly txic. Because f its txicity- it is strngly recmmended that nly nnmercury thermmeters are used in labs at Great Falls Cllege MSU. Any spills f mercury, n matter hw small, are cnsidered txic and must be cleaned up immediately by a trained emplyee. Cllected mercury must be dispsed f as hazardus waste. In the event f a mercury spill, d the fllwing: 1. Islate/barricade the area. 2. Call the Safety Officer ( ) 3. Remain at the scene t serve as a resurce. B. Persnal Chemical Expsure Chemical expsure can cause irritatin r burns f the skin, eyes, thrat, and lungs. They may als cause dizziness, headaches, disrientatin r uncnsciusness, r damage t internal rgans. If yur eyes are splashed with a chemical: 1. Immediately flush them in an eyewash funtain fr 15 minutes. 2. Hld yur eyes pen and blink repeatedly while washing them. 3. Seek medical attentin. If yur skin cmes in cntact with a chemical: 1. Flush the area with water fr 15 minutes and remve cntaminated clthes. 2. If large areas are expsed, g t the emergency shwer and begin flushing with water at nce while remving clthes in the shwer. Cntinue flushing with water fr 15 minutes. (Always keep the emergency shwer clear f bks, backpacks, chairs and anatmical mdels!) 3. Seek medical attentin. If yu inhale a chemical, immediately mve t fresh air. Seek medical attentin. 39

40 If yu ingest a chemical, inducement f vmiting depends n the chemical. Refer t the MSDS fr recmmended first aid. Never induce vmiting when crrsives are ingested. Seek medical attentin. C. Detectin f Chemical Odrs The human nse cannt be relied n as an adequate warning device against chemical hazards. Sme materials (i.e.- hydrgen sulfide), can cause lfactry fatigue and render the sense f smell useless as a warning device. Alternatively, sme materials are very drus and subsequently ffer gd warning prperties. In either case, if a chemical release is suspected, prmptly secure any perating equipment and leave the area. Call 911. D nt return t the area until given apprval. D. Fire In the event f fire, d the fllwing: 1. Activate the fire alarm. 2. Clear the area f all persnnel. Instruct all persnnel t evacuate the facility. 3. If it can be dne safely, and if yu are trained in the use f a fire extinguisher, attempt t extinguish the fire using a prtable fire extinguisher. Remember the PASS system when using a fire extinguisher: P=Pull pull the fire extinguisher pin A=Aim aim the nzzle at the base f the fire S= Squeeze squeeze the handle S=Sweep sweep the base f the fire frm side t side Nte: If a fire spreads frm its rigin r is nt extinguished within 30 secnds, immediately evacuate the area! 4. Cnfine the fire by clsing drs as yu leave the area. 5. Stay near the building t advise emergency persnnel n the nature f the fire and t make sure everyne is accunted fr. E. Utility Failure The interruptin f utility services (either scheduled r frm natural causes), is cnsidered an emergency event. 1. If the ventilatin system shuts dwn, cease and safely shut dwn any peratins in areas requiring ventilatin. Clse and secure all chemical cntainers. A building evacuatin may be necessary. 2. Lss f water may affect cling systems. Shut dwn prcedures using circulating cling water. 40

41 3. Shut dwn vens and kilns in the event f the lss f gas service. Ntify facilities management befre restarting equipment. D nt use ignitin surces befre pilt lights have been re-lit. F. Reprting Injuries In case f ANY medical emergency, phne 911 fr assistance. Indicate the nature f the prblem, yur identificatin, and yur lcatin. In additin t the abve, immediately reprt the incident t the Safety Officer: Ed Binkley at Reprts shuld be phned in by the injured emplyee s supervisr r by the injured persn themselves. 41

42 Appendix A GLOSSARY OF TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS ACGIH: American Cnference f Gvernmental Industrial Hygienists. Acute Effect: A health effect that ccurs sn after a brief expsure t the ffending agent. Carcingen: A chemical that is capable f causing cancer. Under the HCS a carcingen is any chemical that has been fund t be a carcingen r ptential carcingen by the Internatinal Agency fr Research n Cancer, is listed as a carcingen r ptential carcingen in the Annual Reprt n Carcingens published by the Natinal Txiclgy Prgram, r is regulated by OSHA as a carcingen. Chemical and Bilgical Safety in Labratries: The University's general chemical hygiene plan, as required by the OSHA Labratry Standard. Chrnic Effect: A health effect that ccurs ver a lng perid f time as a result f cntinued r peridic expsure t the ffending agent. Cmbustible Liquid: Any liquid having a flash pint at r abve 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C), but belw 200 degrees F (93.3 degrees C). Cmpressed Gas: I. a gas r mixture f gases having, in a cntainer, an abslute pressure exceeding 40 psi at 70 degrees F (21 degrees C); r II. a gas r mixture f gases having, in a cntainer, an abslute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130 degrees F (54.4 degrees C) regardless f the pressure at 70 degrees F; r III. a liquid having a vapr pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) as determined by ASTM D Crrsive: A chemical that causes visible destructin f, r irreversible alteratins in, living tissue by chemical actin at the site f cntact. Emplyee: An individual receiving a paycheck frm the University. EPA: U.S. Envirnmental Prtectin Agency. Explsive: A chemical that causes a sudden, almst instantaneus release f pressure, gas, and heat when subjected t sudden shck, pressure, r high temperature. 42

43 Flammable: A chemical that catches n fire easily and burns readily. Hazardus Chemical: Defined by OSHA as any chemical that is a health hazard r a physical hazard. Hazard Warning: Any wrds, pictures, symbls, r cmbinatin theref appearing n a label that cnvey the hazards f the chemical(s) in the cntainer. Health Hazard: A chemical fr which there is statistically significant evidence based n at least ne study cnducted in accrdance with established scientific principles that acute r chrnic health effects may ccur in expsed emplyees. Chemicals cvered by this definitin include carcingens, txic r highly txic agents, reprductive txins, irritants, crrsives, sensitizers, hepattxins, nephrtxins, neurtxins, that which act n the hematpietic system, and agents that damage the lungs, skin, eyes, r mucus membranes. Hematpietic System: The bdy's bld system, including the prductin and circulatin f bld and the bld itself. Hepattxins: Chemicals that cause liver damage. HSC: Hazard Cmmunicatin Standard (OSHA: Title 29 Cde f Federal Regulatins ). Imprter: The first business with emplyees wrking with the Custms Territry f the United States that receives hazardus chemicals prduced in ther cuntries fr the purpse f supplying them t distributrs r emplyers within the United States. Irritant: A chemical that is nt crrsive but causes a reversible inflammatry effect n living tissue by chemical actin at the site f cntact. Label: Any written, printed, r graphic material displayed n r affixed t cntainers f hazardus chemicals. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): Written r printed material cncerning a hazardus chemical that includes infrmatin n the chemical's identity; physical and chemical characteristics; physical and health hazards; primary rutes f entry; expsure limits; whether the chemical is a carcingen; precautins fr safe handling and use; cntrl measures; emergency and first aid prcedures; the date f preparatin f the MSDS r the last change t it; and the name, address, and telephne number f the manufacturer, imprter, r emplyer distributing the MSDS. 43

44 Mixture: A hetergeneus assciatin f substances where the varius individual substances retain their identities and can usually be separated by mechanical means. Includes slutins r cmpunds but des nt include allys r amalgams. MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheet. Nephrtxins: Chemicals that cause kidney damage. Neurtxins: Chemicals that prduce their primary txic effects n the nervus system. Organic perxide: An rganic cmpund that cntains the bivalent -O-O-structure and may be cnsidered t be a structural derivative f hydrgen perxide where ne r bth f the hydrgen atms has been replaced by an rganic radical. OSHA: Occupatinal Safety and Health Administratin. Oxidizer: A chemical ther than a blasting agent r explsive that initiates r prmtes cmbustin in ther materials, thereby causing fire either f itself r thrugh the release f xygen r ther gases. Permissible Expsure Limit (PEL): An expsure limit that is published and enfrced by OSHA as a legal standard. Physical Hazard: A chemical fr which there is scientifically valid evidence that it is a cmbustible liquid, a cmpressed gas, explsive, flammable, an rganic perxide, an xidizer, pyrphric, unstable (reactive), r water-reactive. Pyrphric: A chemical that will ignite spntaneusly in air at a temperature f 130 degrees F (54.4 degrees C) r belw. Readily Available: T be quickly and easily accessible at any time fr infrmatin and emergency use. Reprductive Txins: Chemicals that affect the reprductive capabilities including chrmsmal damage (mutatins) r effects n fetuses (teratgenesis). 44

45 Respnsible Party: Smene wh can prvide additinal infrmatin n the hazardus chemical and apprpriate emergency prcedures, if necessary. Safety Desk Bk: A central safety resurce fr the labratry, shp, and department safety dcuments. Safety Plan: A labratry-specific chemical hygiene plan required by the OSHA Labratry Standard fr research labs, teaching labs, and cmmn facilities (thse shared by mre than ne researcher). SARA Title III: Title III f the Superfund Amendments and Reauthrizatin Act, it is als knwn as the Emergency Planning and Cmmunity Right-T-Knw Act (EPCRA). Sensitizer: A chemical that causes a substantial prprtin f expsed peple r animals t develp an allergic reactin in nrmal tissue after repeated expsure t the chemical. Threshld Limit Value (TLV): A time-weighted average cncentratin under which mst peple can wrk cnsistently fr eight hurs a day, day after day, with n harmful effects. The values are published in a table annually by the American Cnference f Gvernmental Industrial Hygienists. Txic: Causing acute r chrnic injury t the human bdy r suspected f being able t cause disease r injury under sme cnditins. The HCS defines "txic" and "highly txic" specifically by the chemical's median lethal dse and median lethal cncentratin fr labratry animals. Unstable (reactive): A chemical that in the pure state, r as prduced r transprted, will vigrusly plymerize, decmpse, cndense, r will becme self-reactive under cnditins f shcks, pressure, r temperature. Water-reactive: A chemical that reacts with water t release a gas that either is flammable r presents a health hazard. Wrk area: A rm r defined space in a wrkplace where hazardus chemicals are prduced r used and where emplyees are present. Wrkplace: An establishment, jb site, r prject at ne gegraphical lcatin cntaining ne r mre wrk areas. 45

46 Appendix B Hw t Interpret MSDS Infrmatin Sheets This dcument prvides a little guidance n the interpretatin f MSDS data sheets. These sheets may at first seem cmplicated and difficult t understand, but they are a reliable surce f the data yu need t handle chemicals safely. We discuss here the different sectins int which MSDS sheets are generally divided, using prtins f a sheet prvided by a cmmercial supplier. 1 Identificatin f substance: Trade name: Benzene Manufacturer/Supplier: Alfa Aesar, A Jhnsn Matthey Cmpany Jhnsn Matthey Catalg Cmpany, Inc. 30 Bnd Street Ward Hill, and, ften, emergency call-ut infrmatin. Emergency infrmatin: During nrmal hurs the Health, Safety and Envirnmental Department. After nrmal hurs call... 2 Cmpsitin/Data n cmpnents: identifies the material, and gives the CAS and ther registry numbers. Benzene (CAS# ); 100% Identificatin number(s): EINECS Number: EU Number: Hazards identificatin: summarizes the majr hazards assciated with use f the chemical. The R and S cdes in this sectin are fllwed by explanatry text. Hazard descriptin: T Txic F Highly flammable 46

47 Infrmatin pertaining t particular dangers fr man and envirnment R 45 Can cause cancer - Grup I (extremely hazardus) R 11 Highly flammable. R 48/23/24/25 Txic: danger f serius damage t health by prlnged expsure thrugh inhalatin, in cntact with skin and if swallwed. 4 First aid measures: utlines first aid measures. After inhalatin: Supply fresh air. If required, prvide artificial respiratin. Keep patient warm. Seek immediate medical advice. After skin cntact... 5 Fire fighting measures: cvers fire fighting and prtective equipment. Suitable extinguishing agents Carbn dixide, extinguishing pwder r water spray. Fight larger fires... 6 Accidental release measures: utlines the prcedures t be fllwed in case f accidental release f the chemical, including methds t be used t clean up spills. Nte that these measures are unlikely t be sufficiently detailed if the chemical is particularly hazardus, and lcal prcedures shuld be drawn up t supplement what is given in the MSDS sheet. Persn-related safety precautins: Wear prtective equipment... Measures fr envirnmental prtectin... D nt allw material t be released t the envirnment withut prper gvernmental permits. Measures fr cleaning/cllecting: Absrb with liquid-binding material (sand, diatmite, acid binders, universal binders, sawdust). Dispse cntaminated material as waste accrding t item Handling and strage: cntains infrmatin abut the pssible frmatin f perxides in strage, flammability, explsive risks, etc. Pay particular attentin t the pssible need fr flammable strage cabinets, explsin-prf fridges, and als the need t avid strage near incmpatible chemicals. This is an imprtant sectin, smetimes verlked by thse using chemicals in the labratry. Infrmatin fr safe handling: Keep cntainer tightly sealed. Stre in cl, dry place in tightly clsed cntainers. Ensure gd ventilatin at the wrkplace. Infrmatin abut prtectin against explsins and fires: Keep ignitin surces away. Prtect against electrstatic charges. Fumes can cmbine with air t frm an explsive mixture. 47

48 Strage Requirements t be met by strerms and receptacles: Stre in a cl lcatin. Stre away frm xidizing agents... 8 Expsure cntrls and persnal prtectin: prvides infrmatin n regulatry standards fr expsure, in ther wrds, the maximum permitted cncentratin f the material in the envirnment t which yu are allwed t be expsed. It als usually cntains infrmatin n suitable types f PPE (persnal prtective equipment). Additinal infrmatin abut design f technical systems: Prperly perating chemical fume hd designed fr hazardus chemicals and having an average face velcity f at least 100 feet per minute. Cmpnents with limit values that require mnitring at the wrkplace: Benzene mg/m3 ml/m3 ACGIH TLV shrt term ACGIH TLV lng term B VME 1,6 0,5... Persnal prtective equipment General prtective and hygienic measures The usual precautinary measures fr handling chemicals shuld be fllwed. Keep away frm fdstuffs, beverages and feed. Remve all siled and cntaminated clthing immediately... Wash hands befre breaks and at the end f wrk. Breathing equipment:... Prtectin f hands: Impervius glves Eye prtectin: Safety glasses, Full face prtectin... 9 Physical and chemical prperties: Frm: Liquid Clr: Clrless Odr: Armatic Change in cnditin Melting pint/melting range: 5.51 C Biling pint/biling range: 80.1 C Stability and reactivity Thermal decmpsitin / cnditins t be avided: Decmpsitin will nt ccur if used and stred accrding t specificatins. Materials t be avided: Oxidizing agents 48

49 Dangerus reactins N dangerus reactins knwn Dangerus prducts f decmpsitin: Carbn mnxide and carbn dixide 11 Txiclgical infrmatin: utlines the risks t which yu may be expsed when using the chemical. It is therefre a sectin f crucial imprtance! Acute txicity: (The acute txicity gives an indicatin f the kind f quantities f the chemical which may cause immediate damage t health if swallwed, inhaled r absrbed thrugh the skin.) LD/Lc50 values that are relevant fr classificatin: If yu have never heard f LD50s, lk in the glssary n this site. Oral: LD50: 3306 mg/kg (rat) Dermal: LD50: 48 mg/kg (mus) Inhalative: LC50/7H: ppm/7h (rat) (There fllws a sectin which gives, ften in sme detail, an indicatin f the health effects which may be attributable t this chemical. This sectin shuld be read particularly carefully, since the range f health effects may be brad, and may include carcingenic r sensitizer effects.) Primary irritant effect: n the skin: Irritant t skin and mucus membranes. n the eye: Irritating effect. Sensitizatin: N sensitizing effects knwn. (Chemical sensitizatin, fr example by platinum cmpunds, is a ptentially debilitating prblem. Pay particular attentin t any infrmatin which may suggest that the chemical is a sensitizer.) Subacute t chrnic txicity: (Here we find details f the pssible lng-term effects f expsure t the chemical.) Benzene has a strng irritating effect, prducing erythema and burning. Edema and blistering is pssible in mre severe cases. Absrptin thrugh the skin may cause the same symptms as inhalatin r ingestin. These include gastrintestinal irritatin, lw bld pressure, headache, blurred visin, nausea, vmiting, dizziness, lss f balance and crdinatin, cnfusin, uncnsciusness, cma, respiratry failure and death. Bld, liver and kidney damage is pssible. Benzene is a recgnized leukemgen and an experimental mutagen and teratgen. 49

50 Additinal txiclgical infrmatin: T the best f ur knwledge the acute and chrnic txicity f this substance is nt fully knwn. (Fr this chemical there nw fllw imprtant cmments regarding the carcingenicity. The acrnyms such as IARC refer t regulatry r health agencies.) EPA-A: human carcingen: sufficient evidence frm epidemilgic studies t supprt a causal assciatin between expsure and cancer. IARC-2A: Prbably carcingenic t humans: limited human evidence; sufficient evidence in experimental animals NTP-2: Reasnably anticipated t be a carcingen: limited evidence frm studies in humans r sufficient evidence frm studies in experimental animals. ACGIH A2: Suspected human carcingen: Agent is carcingenic in experimental animals at dse levels, by rute(s) f administratin, at site(s), f histlgic type(s), r by mechanism(s) cnsidered relevant t wrker expsure. Available epidemilgic studies are cnflicting r insufficient t cnfirm an increased risk f cancer in expsed humans. 12 Eclgical infrmatin: General ntes: D nt allw material t be released t the envirnment withut prper gvernmental permits. 13 Dispsal cnsideratins: deals with dispsal, is ften nt sufficiently detailed fr yu t be able t undertake dispsal yurself. If yu need t dispse f the chemical after use, ensure that yu knw hw t d this safely. Cnsult state, lcal r natinal regulatins fr prper dispsal. 14 Transprt infrmatin: transprt infrmatin, generally as a list f cdes indicating the dangers assciated with the chemical (flammable, radiactive, very txic, etc.) and the type f transprt which may be used. There are usually UN hazard cdes given in this sectin. DOT regulatins: Hazard class: 3 Identificatin number: UN1114 Packing grup: II... 50

51 15 Regulatins: lists the hazard cdes (see glssary if yu are nt familiar with these) which indicate the principle hazards assciated with the chemical and the precautins which shuld be taken when wrking with it. Hazard symbls: T Txic F Highly flammable Risk phrases: 45 Can cause cancer - Grup I (extremely hazardus) 11 Highly flammable. 48/23/24/25 Txic: danger f serius damage t health by prlnged expsure thrugh inhalatin, in cntact with skin and if swallwed. A full list f these risk phrases is given here. Safety phrases: 20 When using d nt eat r drink. 28 After cntact with skin, wash immediately with plenty f /37/39 Wear suitable prtective clthing, glves and eye/face prtectin. 45 In case f accident r if yu feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately. A full list f safety phrases is available here. Natinal regulatins (This may include a variety f cuntry-specific detail) All cmpnents f this prduct are listed in the U.S. Envirnmental Prtectin Agency Txic Substances Cntrl Act Chemical Substance Inventry... This prduct cntains a chemical knwn t the state f Califrnia t cause cancer r reprductive txicity. This prduct cntains benzene and is subject t the reprting requirements f sectin 313 f the Emergency Planning and Cmmunity Right t Knw Act f 1986 and 40CFR Other infrmatin: a sectin f an additinal infrmatin, such as the name f the persn preparing the data sheet, a list f references frm which data have been drawn, disclaimers, etc. Emplyers shuld use this infrmatin nly as a supplement t ther infrmatin gathered by them, and shuld make independent judgment f suitability f this infrmatin t ensure prper use and prtect the health and safety f emplyees... Cntact: 51

52 Appendix C 52

53 Appendix D LABORATORY CHEMICAL LABELING PLAN As part f ur Chemical Hygiene Plan fr safe peratin in ur labratries, students need t be aware f hw t perate arund chemical hazards in the labratry. This dcument describes hw sme industrial and gvernmental standards are implemented in the Chemistry labratries at Great Falls Cllege MSU These materials are t help students perfrm safely in the Chemistry labratries and t learn methds f safe peratin in any labratry. Wearing chemical safety gggles, clse ted shes, and lng pants t cver yur skin, nt wearing lse clthing, and tying lng hair back are precautins all peple must bserve while in the Chemistry labratries. These items alng with apprpriate use f ventilatin hds prvide the prtective equipment standards fr use f all chemicals in the Chemistry labratry. In additin students may chse t prvide and wear labratry cats, and/r glves when apprpriate. The fllwing labeling infrmatin must be read t understand the terminlgy we will be using t cmmunicate chemical hazards in chemistry labratries. TO DETERMINE IF A CHEMICAL IS HAZARDOUS AND TO HANDLE HARZARDS CORRECTLY 1) Wrds n the label, such as CAUTION, WARNING, OR DANGER indicate a chemical is hazardus 2) Fllw all safety infrmatin and prcedures in yur labratry directins. 3) Ask yur instructr r the labratry technician if yu have cncerns r questins abut safe handling f chemicals in the labratry. 4) Check the MSDS fr hazard infrmatin and get help frm yur instructr r the labratry technician in interpreting the MSDS infrmatin. What is nt a pisn? All things are pisn and nthing is withut pisn. It is the dse nly that makes a thing nt a pisn - Paracelsus (15 th Century) 53

54 KEY HAZARD RATING ORGANIZATIONS: NIOSH NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH NFPA NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION J.T. Baker CHEMICAL COMPANY (fr cllege labratries) Their system f identificatin and labeling includes 4 hazard categries which are clr cded and a rating scale frm 4 t 0. Hazard Cde Clr Rating Number and Key Wrds Health Defined as danger r txic effect a substance presents if inhaled, ingested, r absrbed. Blue 4 Extremely Hazardus 3 Highly Hazardus 2 Mderately Hazardus 1 Slightly Hazardus 0 N Significant Hazard Flammability Defined as the susceptibility f a substance t burn. Reactivity Defined as the ptential f a substance t explde r react vilently with air, water, r ther chemical substances. Special Defined as unusual reactivity, radiactivity, r ther special characteristics. Red Yellw White 4 Extremely Hazardus 3 Highly Hazardus 2 Mderately Hazardus 1 Slightly Hazardus 0 N Significant Hazard 4 Extremely Hazardus 3 Highly Hazardus 2 Mderately Hazardus 1 Slightly Hazardus 0 N Significant Hazard Descriptive symbl (OXY) r 4 Extremely Hazardus 3 Highly Hazardus 2 Mderately Hazardus 1 Slightly Hazardus 0 N Significant Hazard 54

55 Baker SAF-T-DATA TM Labeling System SAF-T-DATA TM is an easy-t-understand labeling system that prvides vital safety infrmatin relevant t labratry and prductin persnnel. Using the SAF-T-DATA TM labeling system as a guide, yu can quickly learn three things: The hazards each substance presents t yur health and safety. The prper prtective equipment needed t handle the substance. The recmmended strage area. Hazard Infrmatin Rating Scale Extreme Severe Mderate Slight N Knwn Hazard Substances are rated n a scale f zer (n knwn hazard) t fur (extremely hazardus) in each f fur hazard categries: 1. Health Hazard Defined as the danger r txic effect a substance presents if inhaled, ingested r absrbed. It is quantified using NIOSH guidelines fr acute txicity and varius ther surces fr chrnic health hazards including: - Internatinal Agency fr Research n Cancer (IARC) - Natinal Txiclgy Prgram (NTP), Annual Reprt n Carcingens - OSHA 2. Flammability Hazard Defined as the susceptibility f a substance t burn. It is quantified using Natinal Fire Prtectin Assciatin (NFPA) guidelines and is based n flash and biling pints. 3. Reactivity Hazard Defined as the ptential f a substance t explde r react vilently with air, water, r ther chemical substances. The SAF-T-DATA TM reactivity ratings are based n data frm a well knwn scientific references such as Bretherick, etc. and ther expert surces. 55

56 4. Cntact Hazard Defined as the danger a substance presents when expsed t skin, eyes, and mucus membranes. It is quantified frm scientific data published by NIOSH and the Department f Transprtatin. Hazard Symbls When a hazard is severe (3 rating) r extreme (4 rating), symbls are used t emphasize and define the hazard. These symbls are easily recgnized and mst are used internatinally. The hazard symbls used in the SAF-T-DATA TM labeling system include: Health Symbls: Flammability: Reactivity: Cntact: 56

57 T use the label infrmatin better yu need t understand hw a hazardus chemical may enter the bdy. The fur main rutes f entry are: 1] Absrptin thrugh the respiratry tract (lungs) thrugh inhalatin. This is the mst imprtant rute in terms f severity. 2] Absrptin thrugh the digestive tract. This can ccur thrugh eating r smking with cntaminated hands r in cntaminated wrk areas. 3] Absrptin thrugh the skin. This is the mst cmmn cause f ccupatinal disease (dermatitis). 4] Precutaneus injectin thrugh the skin. This can ccur thrugh misuse f sharp materials, especially hypdermic needles. Txic effects can be immediate r delayed; reversible r irreversible; lcal r systemic. 57

58 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET ITEM LIST Each item belw must be prvided n every MSDS 1] Prduct r chemical identity n the label 2] Name, address and phne number fr hazard and emergency infrmatin 3] Date f MSDS preparatin 4] Chemical and cmmn names f hazardus ingredients NOTE: This includes all hazardus ingredients which cmprise 1 percent r greater f the cmpsitin, except fr chemicals identified as carcingens, which must be listed if the cncentratins are 0.1% r greater. 5] Permissible expsure limit (PEL), Threshld limit value (TEL) and ther applicable limits 6] Physical and chemical characteristics, such as vapr pressure and flash pint 7] Physical hazards, including the ptential fr fire, explsin and reactivity 8] Primary rutes f entry int the bdy, such as inhalatin, ingestin, r skin absrptin 9] Acute and chrnic health hazards, including signs and symptms f expsure and medical cnditins aggravated by expsure 10] Carcingenic hazard NOTE: If a chemical is nt carcingenic r if there is n infrmatin abut its carcingenicity, then infrmatin abut item 10 des nt have t be listed unless a blank is prvided n the frm. 11] Emergency and first aid prcedures 12] Precautins fr safe handling and use including hygienic practices, repair and maintenance, prtective measures, and spill/leak clean-up 13] Expsure cntrl measures such as engineering cntrls, wrk practices, and persnal prtective equipment 58

59 MUTAGEN: Chemical r physical agents that cause genetic alteratins. PRECAUTIONS: Handle with extreme care! D nt breathe vaprs and avid cntact with skin, eyes, and clthing. PEROXIDE FORMER: Substance which frms perxides upn standing r when in cntact with air. PRECAUTIONS: Many perxides are explsive! D nt pen bttle if a residue is present n the utside f the cap r inside f the bttle. POISON: Substances that have very serius and ften irreversible effects n the bdy. Hazardus when breathed, swallwed, r in cntact with the skin, and in sufficient quantity lead t death. PRECAUTIONS: Avid cntact with the bdy. When handling, use suitable prtective equipment. TERATOGEN: Substances that cause the prductin f physical defects in develping fetus r embry. PRECAUTIONS: Handle with extreme care! D nt breathe vaprs and avid cntact with skin, eyes, and clthing. Use suitable prtective equipment when handling. TOXIC: Substances which are hazardus t health when breathed, swallwed, r are in cntact with the skin. There is danger f serius damage t health by shrt r prlnged expsure. PRECAUTIONS: Avid all the cntact with the bdy. When handling use suitable prtective equipment. 59

60 In the Health Hazard Data Sectin f MSDS sheets and n chemical labels certain wrds r phrases are used. Generalized descriptins f many f these phrases and the precautins t be practiced fllw: AVOID CONTACT: General rule fr all chemicals, even if they are cnsidered nn-hazardus. PRECAUTIONS: D nt breathe vaprs and avid cntact with skin, eyes, and clthing fr all chemicals handled. CARCINOGEN: Substances which are suspected r knwn t cause cancer. Sme may have threshld limits f expsure. PRECAUTIONS: Exercise extreme care when handling! D nt breathe vaprs and avid cntact with skin, eyes, and prtective equipment and suing apprpriate cnfining apparatus. CORROSIVE: Living tissue as well as equipment is destryed n cntact with these chemicals. PRECAUTIONS: D nt breathe vaprs and avid cntact with skin, eyes, and clthing. Use suitable prtective equipment. DANGER: Substances that have knwn harmful effects r which may have harmful effects, but have n available literature citing such effects. PRECAUTIONS: Treat as if these are the mst dangerus chemicals that exist. There may r may nt be serius hazards assciated with these chemicals. EXPLOSIVE: Substances knwn t explde under sme cnditins. PRECAUTIONS: Avid shck (drpping), frictin, sparks, and heat. Islate frm ther chemicals which becme hazardus when spilled. FLAMMABLE: Substances which give ff vaprs that readily ignite under usual cnditins. PRECAUTIONS: Spntaneusly flammable- Avid cntact with air/flammable liquids, gases, vaprs- Keep away frm heat, sparks, r pen flame- Sensitive t misture- Keep dry. IRRITANT: Substances that have an irritant effect n skin, eyes, respiratry tract, etc. PRECAUTIONS: D nt breathe vaprs and avid cntact with skin and eyes. LACHRYMATOR: Substances that have an irritant r burning effect n skin, eye r respiratry tract. These are dangerus in very small quantities (pening the cap has an immediate effect n eyes. PRECAUTIONS: Only pen in the fume hd! D nt breathe vaprs. Avid cntact with skin r eyes. Avid heating. 60

61 Incming Chemicals: Appendix E Chemical Hazard Cde Labeling Prcedures All incming chemicals must be prmptly labeled with hazard cdes befre being placed n strage shelves. Manufacturers/suppliers are required by law t prvide an MSDS. Althugh sme suppliers will send an MSDS separately, mst will include them in the packing materials. Use the infrmatin n the MSDS t cnstruct the hazard cde label. If yu cannt decipher the fur digit cde frm the MSDS yu can usually lcate a different MSDS fr the chemical frm: An internet search will yield numerus web-sites that prvide access t MSDS infrmatin. Label all bttles with hazard clr cdes and fur digit hazard cdes. Write the shelf number n the clr cde label. This assures that the chemical will be placed back n the shelf in the crrect lcatin after use. Because sme chemicals have limited shelf lives, it is imprtant t keep track f when it was received and pened. 1) Write the mnth and year n the bttle when it was received. (e.g. recd 2/05) 2) When pening the bttle, write n the label the mnth and date pened. (e.g. pened 2/05) The MSDS shuld then be hle-punched and placed int the designated MSDS ntebk in the lab. There are dividers in the ntebk t rganize them alphabetically. Take nte f any special precautins related t the strage f the chemical. Sme chemicals shuld nly be stred in plastic bttles while thers shuld nly be stred in glass. Chemicals may als have sensitivities t temperature, light, etc. Labeling Reagent/Slutin Bttles: Anytime a reagent/slutin is mixed fr a class the bttle must cntain all the fllwing infrmatin (if knwn): Name f chemical Cncentratin f slutin 61

62 Chemical frmula Hazard clr cde with shelf strage lcatin Fur digit hazard cde (health/flammability/reactivity/cntact) When the slutin was made (mnth/year) Initials f the persn that made the slutin Dispensing Chemicals t Students: Fr dispensing slid cmpunds, small screw tp jars have been purchased and are lcated in the strage rm. Reagent bttle have als been purchased. If students are using reagents frm bttles r slids frm jars they shuld be labeled as mentined abve. Bags are nt acceptable fr reagent dispensing r fr chemical strage. In many cases, chemicals will be dispensed with drpper bttles. Numerus screw tp drpper bttles have been purchased fr this purpse. There is als a gd supply f stpper /drpper type bttles available. Only cntainers that can be tightly clsed r sealed will be used fr dispensing reagents. All chemicals used in labs must have the fllwing infrmatin n drpper bttles being used t dispense chemicals t students: Name f chemical/chemical frmula Cncentratin f slutin Hazard clr cde Fur digit hazard cde (health/flammability/reactivity/cntact) Envirnmental Samples: Envirnmental water samples will be labeled with the fllwing: 1) what the sample is 2) where the sample was btained 3) date btained 4) wh btained the sample Any bttle r jar nt labeled will be cnsidered txic and/r hazardus and treated as such. 62

63 Appendix F REFERENCES FOR CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND LABORATORY SAFETY Reference Bks 1. Bretherick s Handbk f Reactive Chemical Hazards 2. Rapid Guide t Chemical Incmpatibilities 3. The Merck Index 4. CRC Handbk f Chemistry and Physics 5. Fire Prtectin Guide t Hazardus Materials 6. Chemical Prtective Clthing, Vlumes 1 and 2 7. Hawley s Cndensed Chemical Dictinary 8. Safety in Academic Chemistry Labratries 9. Safety in Schl Science Labs 10. Prudent Practices fr Handling Hazardus Chemicals in Labratries 11. Life Safety Cde Handbk CRC Handbk f Labratry Safety, 4 th editin Other Materials 1. Natinal Fire Cde 2. MIOSHA Regulatins 3. OSHA Regulatins Internet Sites MSDS and Chemical Infrmatin, Vermnt SIRI Gvernmental Agency Websites NRC Nuclear Regulatry Cmmissin DOT Department f Transprtatin EPA Envirnmental Prtectin Agency 63

64 OSHA Occupatinal Safety and Health Administratin NIOSH Natinal Institute f Occupatinal Safety and Health Mntana Department f Envirnmental Quality Prfessinal Envirnmental Health and Safety Organizatin Websites AIHA American Industrial Hygiene Assciatin ANSI American Natinal Standards Institute APHA American Public Health Assciatin ASHRAE American Sciety f Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Cnditining Engineers CSHEMA Campus Safety, Health & Envirnmental Management Assciatin NSC Natinal Safety Cuncil University f Califrnia at Davis 64

65 Appendix G Risk Phrases Chemical data sheets available in many cuntries nw cntain cdes fr certain "risk phrases", shwn as R23, R45 etc. These risk phrase cdes have the fllwing meanings: R1 Explsive when dry. R2 Risk f explsin by shck, frictin, fire r ther surce f ignitin. R3 Extreme risk f explsin by shck, frictin, fire r ther surces f ignitin. R4 Frms very sensitive explsive metallic cmpunds. R5 Heating may cause an explsin. R6 Explsive with r withut cntact with air. R7 May cause fire. R8 Cntact with cmbustible material may cause fire. R9 Explsive when mixed with cmbustible material. R10 Flammable. R11 Highly flammable. R12 Extremely flammable. R13 Extremely flammable liquefied gas R14 Reacts vilently with water. R15 Cntact with water liberates extremely flammable gases. R16 Explsive when mixed with xidizing substances. R17 Spntaneusly flammable in air. R18 In use, may frm inflammable/explsive vapr-air mixture. R19 May frm explsive perxides. R20 Harmful by inhalatin. R21 Harmful in cntact with skin. R22 Harmful if swallwed. R23 Txic by inhalatin. R24 Txic in cntact with skin. R25 Txic if swallwed. 65

66 R26 Very txic by inhalatin. R27 Very txic in cntact with skin. R28 Very txic if swallwed. R29 Cntact with water liberates txic gas. R30 Can becme highly flammable in use. R31 Cntact with acids liberates txic gas. R32 Cntact with acid liberates very txic gas. R33 Danger f cumulative effects. R34 Causes burns. R35 Causes severe burns. R36 Irritating t eyes. R37 Irritating t respiratry system. R38 Irritating t skin. R39 Danger f very serius irreversible effects. R40 Limited evidence f a carcingenic effect. R41 Risk f serius damage t the eyes. R42 May cause sensitizatin by inhalatin. R43 May cause sensitizatin by skin cntact. R44 Risk f explsin if heated under cnfinement. R45 May cause cancer. R46 May cause heritable genetic damage. R47 May cause birth defects R48 Danger f serius damage t health by prlnged expsure. R49 May cause cancer by inhalatin. R50 Very txic t aquatic rganisms. R51 Txic t aquatic rganisms. R52 Harmful t aquatic rganisms. R53 May cause lng-term adverse effects in the aquatic envirnment. R54 Txic t flra. R55 Txic t fauna. R56 Txic t sil rganisms. R57 Txic t bees. R58 May cause lng-term adverse effects in the envirnment. 66

67 R59 Dangerus t the zne layer. R60 May impair fertility. R61 May cause harm t the unbrn child. R62 Risk f impaired fertility. R63 Pssible risk f harm t the unbrn child. R64 May cause harm t breastfed babies. R65 Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallwed. R66 Repeated expsure may cause skin dryness r cracking. R67 Vaprs may cause drwsiness and dizziness. R68 Pssible risk f irreversible effects. 67

68 Appendix H Incmpatible Chemicals A wide variety f chemicals react dangerusly when mixed with certain ther materials. Sme f the mre widely-used incmpatible chemicals are given belw, but the absence f a chemical frm this list shuld nt be taken t indicate that it is safe t mix it with any ther chemical! acetic acid: chrmic acid, ethylene glycl, nitric acid, hydrxyl cmpunds, perchlric acid, perxides, permanganates acetne: cncentrated sulphuric and nitric acid mixtures acetylene: chlrine, brmine, cpper, flurine, silver, mercury alkali and alkaline earth metals: water, chlrinated hydrcarbns, carbn dixide, halgens, alchls, aldehydes, ketnes, acids aluminium (pwdered): chlrinated hydrcarbns, halgens, carbn dixide, rganic acids. anhydrus ammnia: mercury, chlrine, calcium hypchlrite, idine, brmine, hydrfluric acid ammnium nitrate: acids, metal pwders, flammable liquids, chlrates, nitrites, sulphur, finely divided rganic cmbustible materials aniline: nitric acid, hydrgen perxide arsenic cmpunds: reducing agents azides: acids brmine: ammnia, acetylene, butadiene, hydrcarbns, hydrgen, sdium, finelydivided metals, turpentine, ther hydrcarbns 68

69 calcium carbide: water, alchl calcium xide: water carbn, activated: calcium hypchlrite, xidizing agents chlrates: ammnium salts, acids, metal pwders, sulphur, finely divided rganic r cmbustible materials chrmic acid: acetic acid, naphthalene, camphr, glycerin, turpentine, alchls, flammable liquids in general chlrine: see brmine chlrine dixide: ammnia, methane, phsphine, hydrgen sulfide cpper: acetylene, hydrgen perxide cumene hydrperxide: acids, rganic r inrganic cyanides: acids flammable liquids: ammnium nitrate, chrmic acid, hydrgen perxide, nitric acid, sdium perxide, halgens hydrcarbns: flurine, chlrine, brmine, chrmic acid, sdium perxide hydrcyanic acid: nitric acid, alkali hydrfluric acid: aqueus r anhydrus ammnia 69

70 hydrgen perxide: cpper, chrmium, irn, mst metals r their salts, alchls, acetne, rganic materials, aniline, nitrmethane, flammable liquids, xidizing gases hydrgen sulphide: fuming nitric acid, xidizing gases hypchlrites: acids, activated carbn idine: acetylene, ammnia (aqueus r anhydrus), hydrgen mercury: acetylene, fulminic acid, ammnia mercuric xide: sulphur nitrates: sulphuric acid nitric acid (cnc.): acetic acid, aniline, chrmic acid, hydrcyanic acid, hydrgen sulphide, flammable liquids, flammable gases xalic acid: silver, mercury perchlric acid: acetic anhydride, bismuth and its allys, ethanl, paper, wd perxides (rganic): acids, avid frictin r shck phsphrus (white): air, alkalies, reducing agents, xygen ptassium: carbn tetrachlride, carbn dixide, water, alchls, acids ptassium chlrate: acids ptassium perchlrate: acids 70

71 ptassium permanganate: glycerin, ethylene glycl, benzaldehyde, sulphuric acid selenides: reducing agents silver: acetylene, xalic acid, tartaric acid, ammnium cmpunds, fulminic acid sdium: carbn tetrachlride, carbn dixide, water sdium nitrate: ammnium salts sdium nitrite: ammnium salts sdium perxide: ethanl, methanl, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbn disulphide, glycerin, ethylene glycl, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural sulphides: acids sulphuric acid: ptassium chlrate, ptassium perchlrate, ptassium permanganate (r cmpunds with similar light metals, such as sdium, lithium, etc.) tellurides: reducing agents zinc pwder: sulphur 71

72 Appendix I CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING Cntents: I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. Intrductin Descriptins Prtective Clthing Selectin Factrs General Guidelines Management Prgram Clthing Dnning, Dffing, and Use Decntaminatin Prcedures Inspectin, Strage, and Maintenance Training Risks Bibligraphy I. INTRODUCTION. A. The purpse f chemical prtective clthing and equipment is t shield r islate individuals frm the chemical, physical, and bilgical hazards that may be encuntered during hazardus materials peratins. During chemical peratins, it is nt always apparent when expsure ccurs. Many chemicals pse invisible hazards and ffer n warning prperties. B. These guidelines describe the varius types f clthing that are apprpriate fr use in varius chemical peratins, and prvides recmmendatins in their selectin and use. The final paragraph discusses heat stress and ther key physilgical factrs that must be cnsidered in cnnectin with prtective clthing use. II. C. It is imprtant that prtective clthing users realize that n single cmbinatin f prtective equipment and clthing is capable f prtecting yu against all hazards. Thus prtective clthing shuld be used in cnjunctin with ther prtective methds. Fr example, engineering r administrative cntrls t limit chemical cntact with persnnel shuld always be cnsidered as an alternative measure fr preventing chemical expsure. The use f prtective clthing can itself create significant wearer hazards, such as heat stress, physical and psychlgical stress, in additin t impaired visin, mbility, and cmmunicatin. In general, the greater the level f chemical prtective clthing, the greater the assciated risks. Fr any given situatin, equipment and clthing shuld be selected that prvide an adequate level f prtectin. Overprtectin as well as under-prtectin can be hazardus and shuld be avided. DESCRIPTIONS. A. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING APPLICATIONS. 1. Prtective clthing must be wrn whenever the wearer faces ptential hazards arising frm chemical expsure. Sme examples include: 72

73 Emergency respnse; Chemical manufacturing and prcess industries; Hazardus waste site cleanup and dispsal; Asbests remval and ther particulate peratins; and Agricultural applicatin f pesticides. 2. Within each applicatin, there are several peratins which require chemical prtective clthing. Fr example, in emergency respnse, the fllwing activities dictate chemical prtective clthing use: Site Survey: The initial investigatin f a hazardus materials incident; these situatins are usually characterized by a large degree f uncertainty and mandate the highest levels f prtectin. Rescue: Entering a hazardus materials area fr the purpse f remving an expsure victim; special cnsideratins must be given t hw the selected prtective clthing may affect the ability f the wearer t carry ut rescue and t the cntaminatin f the victim. Spill Mitigatin: Entering a hazardus materials area t prevent a ptential spill r t reduce the hazards frm an existing spill (i.e., applying a chlrine kit n railrad tank car). Prtective clthing must accmmdate the required tasks withut sacrificing adequate prtectin. Emergency Mnitring: Outfitting persnnel in prtective clthing fr the primary purpse f bserving a hazardus materials incident withut entry int the spill site. This may be applied t mnitring cntract activity fr spill cleanup. Decntaminatin: Applying decntaminatin prcedures t persnnel r equipment leaving the site; in general a lwer level f prtective clthing is used by persnnel invlved in decntaminatin. B. THE CLOTHING ENSEMBLE. The apprach in selecting persnal prtective clthing must encmpass an "ensemble" f clthing and equipment items which are easily integrated t prvide bth an apprpriate level f prtectin and still allw ne t carry ut activities invlving chemicals. In many cases, simple prtective clthing by itself may be sufficient t prevent chemical expsure, such as wearing glves in cmbinatin with a splash aprn and faceshield (r safety gggles). 1. The fllwing is a checklist f cmpnents that may frm the chemical prtective ensemble: Prtective clthing (suit, cveralls, hds, glves, bts); Respiratry equipment (SCBA, cmbinatin SCBA/SAR, air purifying respiratrs); Cling system (ice vest, air circulatin, water circulatin); Cmmunicatins device; Head prtectin; Eye prtectin; Ear prtectin; Inner garment; and Outer prtectin (verglves, verbts, flashcver). 2. Factrs that affect the selectin f ensemble cmpnents include: Hw each item accmmdates the integratin f ther ensemble cmpnents. Sme ensemble cmpnents may be incmpatible due t hw they are wrn (e.g., sme SCBA's 73

74 may nt fit within a particular chemical prtective suit r allw acceptable mbility when wrn). The ease f interfacing ensemble cmpnents withut sacrificing required perfrmance (e.g. a prly fitting verglve that greatly reduces wearer dexterity). Limiting the number f equipment items t reduce dnning time and cmplexity (e.g. sme cmmunicatins devices are built int SCBA's which as a unit are NIOSH certified). C. LEVEL OF PROTECTION. 1. Table VIII:1-1 lists ensemble cmpnents based n the widely used EPA Levels f Prtectin: Levels A, B, C, and D. These lists can be used as the starting pint fr ensemble creatin; hwever, each ensemble must be tailred t the specific situatin in rder t prvide the mst apprpriate level f prtectin. Fr example, if an emergency respnse activity invlves a highly cntaminated area r if the ptential f cntaminatin is high, it may be advisable t wear a dispsable cvering such as Tyvek cveralls r PVC splash suits, ver the prtective ensemble. LEVEL A: TABLE VIII:1-1. EPA LEVELS OF PROTECTION Vapr prtective suit (meets NFPA 1991) Pressure-demand, full-face SCBA Inner chemical-resistant glves, chemical-resistant safety bts, tw-way radi cmmunicatin OPTIONAL: Cling system, uter glves, hard hat Prtectin Prvided: Highest available level f respiratry, skin, and eye prtectin frm slid, liquid and gaseus chemicals. Used When: The chemical(s) have been identified and have high level f hazards t respiratry system, skin and eyes. Substances are present with knwn r suspected skin txicity r carcingenity. Operatins must be cnducted in cnfined r prly ventilated areas. Limitatins: Prtective clthing must resist permeatin by the chemical r mixtures present. Ensemble items must allw integratin withut lss f perfrmance. LEVEL B: Liquid splash-prtective suit (meets NFPA 1992) Pressure-demand, full-facepiece SCBA Inner chemical-resistant glves, chemical-resistant safety bts, tw-way radi cmmunicatins Hard hat. OPTIONAL: Cling system, uter glves 74

75 Prtectin Prvided: Prvides same level f respiratry prtectin as Level A, but less skin prtectin. Liquid splash prtectin, but n prtectin against chemical vaprs r gases. Used When: The chemical(s) have been identified but d nt require a high level f skin prtectin. Initial site surveys are required until higher levels f hazards are identified. The primary hazards assciated with site entry are frm liquid and nt vapr cntact. Limitatins: Prtective clthing items must resist penetratin by the chemicals r mixtures present. Ensemble items must allw integratin withut lss f perfrmance. LEVEL C: Supprt Functin Prtective Garment (meets NFPA 1993) Full-facepiece, air-purifying, canister-equipped respiratr Chemical resistant glves and safety bts Tw-way cmmunicatins system, hard hat OPTIONAL: Faceshield, escape SCBA Prtectin Prvided: The same level f skin prtectin as Level B, but a lwer level f respiratry prtectin. Liquid splash prtectin but n prtectin t chemical vaprs r gases. Used When: Cntact with site chemical(s) will nt affect the skin. Air cntaminants have been identified and cncentratins measured. A canister is available which can remve the cntaminant. The site and its hazards have been cmpletely characterized. Limitatins: Prtective clthing items must resist penetratin by the chemical r mixtures present. Chemical airbrne cncentratin must be less than IDLH levels. The atmsphere must cntain at least 19.5% xygen. Nt Acceptable fr Chemical Emergency Respnse LEVEL D: Cveralls, safety bts/shes, safety glasses r chemical splash gggles OPTIONAL: Glves, escape SCBA, face-shield Prtectin Prvided: N respiratry prtectin, minimal skin prtectin. Used When: The atmsphere cntains n knwn hazard. Wrk functins preclude splashes, immersin, ptential fr inhalatin, r direct cntact with hazard chemicals. 75

76 Limitatins: This level shuld nt be wrn in the Ht Zne. The atmsphere must cntain at least 19.5% xygen. Nt Acceptable fr Chemical Emergency Respnse 2. The type f equipment used and the verall level f prtectin shuld be reevaluated peridically as the amunt f infrmatin abut the chemical situatin r prcess increases, and when wrkers are required t perfrm different tasks. Persnnel shuld upgrade r dwngrade their level f prtectin nly with cncurrence with the site supervisr, safety fficer, r plant industrial hygienist. 3. The recmmendatins in Table VIII:1-1 serve nly as guidelines. It is imprtant fr yu t realize that selecting items by hw they are designed r cnfigured alne is nt sufficient t ensure adequate prtectin. In ther wrds, just having the right cmpnents t frm an ensemble is nt enugh. The EPA levels f prtectin d nt define what perfrmance the selected clthing r equipment must ffer. Many f these cnsideratins are described in the "limiting criteria" clumn f Table VIII: 1-1. Additinal factrs relevant t the varius clthing and equipment items are described in subsequent Paragraphs. D. ENSEMBLE SELECTION FACTORS. 1. Chemical Hazards. Chemicals present a variety f hazards such as txicity, crrsiveness, flammability, reactivity, and xygen deficiency. Depending n the chemicals present, any cmbinatin f hazards may exist. 2. Physical Envirnment. Chemical expsure can happen anywhere: in industrial settings, n the highways, r in residential areas. It may ccur either indrs r utdrs; the envirnment may be extremely ht, cld, r mderate; the expsure site may be relatively uncluttered r rugged, presenting a number f physical hazards; chemical handling activities may invlve entering cnfined spaces, heavy lifting, climbing a ladder, r crawling n the grund. The chice f ensemble cmpnents must accunt fr these cnditins. 3. Duratin f Expsure. The prtective qualities f ensemble cmpnents may be limited t certain expsure levels (e.g. material chemical resistance, air supply). The decisin fr ensemble use time must be made assuming the wrst case expsure s that safety margins can be applied t increase the prtectin available t the wrker. 4. Prtective Clthing r Equipment Available. Hpefully, an array f different clthing r equipment is available t wrkers t meet all intended applicatins. Reliance n ne particular clthing r equipment item may severely limit a facility's ability t handle a brad range f chemical expsures. In its acquisitin f equipment and clthing, the safety department r ther respnsible authrity 76

77 shuld attempt t prvide a high degree f flexibility while chsing prtective clthing and equipment that is easily integrated and prvides prtectin against each cnceivable hazard. E. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. 1. Persnal prtective clthing includes the fllwing: Fully encapsulating suits; Nnencapsulating suits; Glves, bts, and hds; Firefighter's prtective clthing; Prximity, r apprach clthing; Blast r fragmentatin suits; and Radiatin-prtective suits. 2. Firefighter turnut clthing, prximity gear, blast suits, and radiatin suits by themselves are nt acceptable fr prviding adequate prtectin frm hazardus chemicals. 3. Table VIII:1-2 describes varius types f prtectin clthing available, details the type f prtectin they ffer, and lists factrs t cnsider in their selectin and use. TABLE VIII:1-2. TYPES OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING FOR FULL BODY PROTECTION Descriptin Type f Prtectin Use Cnsideratins Fully encapsulating suit One-piece garment. Bts and glves may be integral, attached and replaceable, r separate. Nnencapsulating suit Jacket, hd, pants r bib veralls, and ne-piece cveralls. Prtects against splashes, dust gases, and vaprs. Prtects against splashes, dust, and ther materials but nt against gases and vaprs. Des nt prtect parts f head r neck. Des nt allw bdy heat t escape. May cntribute t heat stress in wearer, particularly if wrn in cnjunctin with a clsedcircuit SCBA; a cling garment may be needed. Impairs wrker mbility, visin, and cmmunicatin. D nt use where gas-tight r pervasive splashing prtectin is required. May cntribute t heat stress in wearer. Tape-seal cnnectins between pant cuffs and bts and between glves and sleeves. 77

78 Aprns, leggings, and sleeve prtectrs Fully sleeved and glved aprn. Separate cverings fr arms and legs. Cmmnly wrn ver nnencapsulating suit. Firefighters' prtective clthing Glves, helmet, running r bunker cat, running r bunker pants (NFPA N. 1971, 1972, 1973, and bts (1974). Prximity garment (apprach suit) One- r tw-piece vergarment with bt cvers, glves, and hd f aluminized nyln r cttn fabric. Nrmally wrn ver ther prtective clthing, firefighters' bunker gear, r flame-retardant cveralls. Blast and fragmentatin suit Blast and fragmentatin vests and clthing, bmb blankets, and bmb carriers. Radiatin-cntaminatin prtective suit Varius types f prtective clthing designed t prevent Prvides additinal splash prtectin f chest, frearms, and legs. Prtects against heat, ht water, and sme particles. Des nt prtect against gases and vaprs, r chemical permeatin r degradatin. NFPA Standard N specifies that a garment cnsists f an uter shell, an inner liner and a vapr barrier with a minimum water penetratin f 25 lb/in 2 (1.8 kg/cm 2 ) t prevent passage f ht water. Prtects against splashes, dust, gases, and vaprs. Prvides sme prtectin against very small detnatins. Bmb blankets and baskets can help redirect a blast. Prtects against alpha and beta particles. Des nt prtect against gamma radiatin. Whenever pssible, shuld be used ver a nnencapsulating suit t minimize ptential heat stress. Useful fr sampling, labeling, and analysis peratins. Shuld be used nly when there is a lw prbability f ttal bdy cntact with cntaminants. Decntaminatin is difficult. Shuld nt be wrn in areas where prtectin against gases, vaprs, chemical splashes r permeatin is required. Des nt allw bdy heat t escape. May cntribute t heat stress in wearer, particularly if wrn in cnjunctin with a clsedcircuit SCBA; a cling garment may be needed. Impairs wrker mbility, visin, and cmmunicatin. Des nt prvide fr hearing prtectin. Designed t prevent skin cntaminatin. If radiatin is detected n site, cnsult an 78

79 cntaminatin f the bdy by radiactive particles. Flame/fire retardant cveralls Nrmally wrn as an undergarment. Prvides prtectin frm flash fires. experienced radiatin expert and evacuate persnnel until the radiatin hazard has been evaluated. Adds bulk and may exacerbate heat stress prblems and impair mbility F. CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Table VIII:1-3 prvides a listing f clthing classificatins. Clthing can be classified by design, perfrmance, and service life. TABLE VIII:1-3. CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING By Design By Perfrmance By Service Life glves bts aprns, jackets, cveralls, full bdy suits particulate prtectin liquid-splash prtectin vapr prtectin single use limited use reusable G. 1. Design. Categrizing clthing by design is mainly a means fr describing what areas f the bdy the clthing item is intended t prtect. In emergency respnse, hazardus waste site cleanup, and dangerus chemical peratins, the nly acceptable types f prtective clthing include fully r ttally encapsulating suits and nnencapsulating r "splash" suits plus accessry clthing items such as chemically resistant glves r bts. These descriptins apply t hw the clthing is designed and nt t its perfrmance. 2. Perfrmance. The Natinal Fire Prtectin Assciatin (NFPA) has classified suits by their perfrmance as: a. Vapr-prtective suits (NFPA Standard 1991) prvide "gas-tight" integrity and are intended fr respnse situatins where n chemical cntact is permissible. This type f suit wuld be equivalent t the clthing required in EPA's Level A. 79

80 b. Liquid splash-prtective suits (NFPA Standard 1992) ffer prtectin against liquid chemicals in the frm f splashes, but nt against cntinuus liquid cntact r chemical vaprs r gases. Essentially, the type f clthing wuld meet the EPA Level B needs. It is imprtant t nte, hwever, that by wearing liquid splash-prtective clthing, the wearer accepts expsure t chemical vaprs r gases because this clthing des nt ffer gas-tight perfrmance. The use f duct tape t seal clthing interfaces des nt prvide the type f wearer encapsulatin necessary fr prtectin against vaprs r gases. c. Supprt functin prtective garments (NFPA Standard 1993) must als prvide liquid splash prtectin but ffer limited physical prtectin. These garments may cmprise several separate prtective clthing cmpnents (i.e., cveralls, hds, glves, and bts). They are intended fr use in nnemergency, nnflammable situatins where the chemical hazards have been cmpletely characterized. Examples f supprt functins include prximity t chemical prcesses, decntaminatin, hazardus waste clean-up, and training. Supprt functin prtective garments shuld nt be used in chemical emergency respnse r in situatins where chemical hazards remain uncharacterized. d. These NFPA standards define minimum perfrmance requirements fr the manufacture f chemical prtective suits. Each standard requires rigrus testing f the suit and the materials that cmprise the suit in terms f verall prtectin, chemical resistance, and physical prperties. Suits that are fund cmpliant by an independent certificatin and testing rganizatin may be labeled by the manufacturer as meeting the requirements f the respective NFPA standard. Manufacturers als have t supply dcumentatin shwing all test results and characteristics f their prtective suits. e. Prtective clthing shuld cmpletely cver bth the wearer and his r her breathing apparatus. In general, respiratry prtective equipment is nt designed t resist chemical cntaminatin. Level A prtectin (vapr-prtective suits) require this cnfiguratin. Level B ensembles may be cnfigured either with the SCBA n the utside r inside. Hwever, it is strngly recmmended that the wearer's respiratry equipment be wrn inside the ensemble t prevent its failure and t reduce decntaminatin prblems. Level C ensembles use cartridge r canister type respiratrs which are generally wrn utside the clthing. 3. Service Life. a. Clthing item service life is an end user decisin depending n the csts and risks assciated with clthing decntaminatin and reuse. Fr example, a Saranex/Tyvek garment may be designed t be a cverall (cvering the wearer's trs, arms, and legs) intended fr liquid splash prtectin, which is dispsable after a single use. b. Prtective clthing may be labeled as: Reusable, fr multiple wearings; r Dispsable, fr ne-time use. 80

81 The distinctins between these types f clthing are bth vague and cmplicated. Dispsable clthing is generally lightweight and inexpensive. Reusable clthing is ften mre rugged and cstly. Nevertheless, extensive cntaminatin f any garment may render it dispsable. The basis f this classificatin really depends n the csts invlved in purchasing, maintaining, and reusing prtective clthing versus the al ternative f dispsal fllwing expsure. If an end user can anticipate btaining several uses ut f a garment while still maintaining adequate prtectin frm that garment at lwer cst than its dispsal, the suit becmes reusable. Yet, the key assumptin in this determinatin is the viability f the garment fllwing expsure. This issue is further discussed in the Paragraph n decntaminatin. III. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION FACTORS. A. CLOTHING DESIGN. Manufacturers sell clthing in a variety f styles and cnfiguratins. 1. Design Cnsideratins. Clthing cnfiguratin; Cmpnents and ptins; Sizes; Ease f dnning and dffing; Clthing cnstructin; Accmmdatin f ther selected ensemble equipment; Cmfrt; and Restrictin f mbility. B. MATERIAL CHEMICAL RESISTANCE. Ideally, the chsen material(s) must resist permeatin, degradatin, and penetratin by the respective chemicals. 1. Permeatin is the prcess by which a chemical disslves in r mves thrugh a material n a mlecular basis. In mst cases, there will be n visible evidence f chemicals permeating a material. Permeatin breakthrugh time is the mst cmmn result used t assess material chemical cmpatibility. The rate f permeatin is a functin f several factrs such as chemical cncentratin, material thickness, humidity, temperature, and pressure. Mst material testing is dne with 100% chemical ver an extended expsure perid. The time it takes chemical t permeate thrugh the material is the breakthrugh time. An acceptable material is ne where the breakthrugh time exceeds the expected perid f garment use. Hwever, temperature and pressure effects may enhance permeatin and reduce the magnitude f this safety factr. Fr example, small increases in ambient temperature can significantly reduce breakthrugh time and the prtective barrier prperties f a prtective clthing material. 81

82 2. Degradatin invlves physical changes in a material as the result f a chemical expsure, use, r ambient cnditins (e.g. sunlight). The mst cmmn bservatins f material degradatin are disclratin, swelling, lss f physical strength, r deteriratin. 3. Penetratin is the mvement f chemicals thrugh zippers, seams, r imperfectins in a prtective clthing material. It is imprtant t nte that n material prtects against all chemicals and cmbinatins f chemicals, and that n currently available material is an effective barrier t any prlnged chemical expsure. 4. Surces f infrmatin include: Guidelines fr the Selectin f Chemical Prtective Clthing, 3rd Editin. This reference prvides a matrix f clthing material recmmendatins fr apprximately 500 chemicals based n an evaluatin f chemical resistance test data, vendr literature, and raw material suppliers. The majr limitatin fr these guidelines are their presentatin f recmmendatins by generic material class. Numerus test results have shwn that similar materials frm different manufacturers may give widely different perfrmance. That is t say manufacturer A's butyl rubber glve may prtect against chemical X, but a butyl glve made by manufacturer B may nt. Quick Selectin Guide t Chemical Prtective Clthing. Pcket size guide that prvides chemical resistance data and recmmendatins fr 11 generic materials against ver 400 chemicals. The guide is clr-cded by material-chemical recmmendatin. As with the "Guidelines..." abve, the majr limitatin f this reference is its dependence n generic data. Vendr data r recmmendatins. The best surce f current infrmatin n material cmpatibility shuld be available frm the manufacturer f the selected clthing. Many vendrs supply charts which shw actual test data r their wn recmmendatins fr specific chemicals. Hwever, unless vendr data r the recmmendatins are well dcumented, end users must apprach this infrmatin with cautin. Material recmmendatins must be based n data btained frm tests perfrmed t standard ASTM methds. Simple ratings f "pr," "gd," r "excellent" give n indicatin f hw the material may perfrm against varius chemicals. 5. Mixtures f chemicals can be significantly mre aggressive twards prtective clthing materials than any single chemical alne. One permeating chemical may pull anther with it thrugh the material. Very little data is available fr chemical mixtures. Other situatins may invlve unidentified substances. In bth the case f mixtures and unknwns, serius cnsideratin must be given t deciding which prtective clthing is selected. If clthing must be used withut test data, garments with materials having the bradest chemical resistance shuld be wrn, i.e. materials which demnstrate the best chemical resistance against the widest range f chemicals. 82

83 C. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. 1. As with chemical resistance, manufacturer materials ffer wide ranges f physical qualities in terms f strength, resistance t physical hazards, and peratin in extreme envirnmental cnditins. Cmprehensive manufacturing standards such as the NFPA Standards set specific limits n these material prperties, but nly fr limited applicatins, i.e. emergency respnse. 2. End users in ther applicatins may assess material physical prperties by psing the fllwing questins: Des the material have sufficient strength t withstand the physical strength f the tasks at hand? Will the material resist tears, punctures, cuts, and abrasins? Will the material withstand repeated use after cntaminatin and decntaminatin? Is the material flexible r pliable enugh t allw end users t perfrm needed tasks? Will the material maintain its prtective integrity and flexibility under ht and cld extremes? Is the material flame-resistant r self-extinguishing (if these hazards are present)? Are garment seams in the clthing cnstructed s they prvide the same physical integrity as the garment material? D. EASE OF DECONTAMINATION. The degree f difficulty in decntaminating prtective clthing may dictate whether dispsable r reusable clthing is used, r a cmbinatin f bth. E. COST. Prtective clthing end users must endeavr t btain the bradest prtective equipment they can buy with available resurces t meet their specific applicatin. F. CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING STANDARDS. Prtective clthing buyers may wish t specify clthing that meets specific standards, such as r the NFPA standards (see Paragraph n classificatin by perfrmance). The NFPA Standards d nt apply t all frms f prtective clthing and applicatins. IV. GENERAL GUIDELINES. A. DECIDE IF THE CLOTHING ITEM IS INTENDED TO PROVIDE VAPOR, LIQUID-SPLASH, OR PARTICULATE PROTECTION. 1. Vapr prtective suits als prvide liquid splash and particulate prtectin. Liquid splash prtective garments als prvide particulate prtectin. Many garments may be labeled as ttally encapsulating but d nt prvide gas-tight integrity due t inadequate seams r clsures. Gas-tight 83

84 integrity can nly be determined by perfrming a pressure r inflatin test and a leak detectin test f the respective prtective suit. This test invlves: Clsing ff suit exhalatin valves; Inflating the suit t a prespecified pressure; and Observing whether the suit hlds the abve pressure fr a designated perid. ASTM Standard Practice F1052 (1987 Editin) ffers a prcedure fr cnducting this test. 2. Splash suits must still cver the entire bdy when cmbined with the respiratr, glves, and bts. Applying duct tape t a splash suit des nt make it prtect against vaprs. Particulate prtective suits may nt need t cver the entire bdy, depending n the hazards psed by the particulate. In general, glves, bts and sme frm f face prtectin are required. Clthing items may nly be needed t cver a limited area f the bdy such as glves n hands. The nature f the hazards and the expected expsure will determine if clthing shuld prvide partial r full bdy prtectin. B. DETERMINE IF THE CLOTHING ITEM PROVIDES FULL BODY PROTECTION. 1. Vapr-prtective r ttally encapsulating suit will meet this requirement by passing gas-tight integrity tests. 2. Liquid splash-prtective suits are generally sld incmplete (i.e. fewer glves and bts). 3. Missing clthing items must be btained separately and match r exceed the perfrmance f the garment. 4. Buying a PVC glve fr a PVC splash suit des nt mean that yu btain the same level f prtectin. This determinatin must be made by cmparing chemical resistance data. C. EVALUATE MANUFACTURER CHEMICAL RESISTANCE DATA PROVIDED WITH THE CLOTHING. 1. Manufacturers f vapr-prtective suits shuld prvide permeatin resistance data fr their prducts, while liquid and particulate penetratin resistance data shuld accmpany liquid splash and particulate prtective garments respectively. Ideally data shuld be prvided fr every primary material in the suit r clthing item. Fr suits, this includes the garment, visr, glves, bts, and seams. Clsing ff suit exhalatin valves 2. Permeatin data shuld include the fllwing: Chemical name; Breakthrugh time (shws hw sn the chemical permeates); 84

85 Permeatin rate (shws the rate that the chemical cmes thrugh); System sensitivity (allws cmparisn f test results frm different labratries); and A citatin that the data was btained in accrdance with ASTM Standard Test Methd F If n data are prvided r if the data lack any ne f the abve items, the manufacturer shuld be asked t supply the missing data. Manufacturers that prvide nly numerical r qualitative ratings must supprt their recmmendatins with cmplete test data. 4. Liquid penetratin data shuld include a pass r fail determinatin fr each chemical listed, and a citatin that testing was cnducted in accrdance with ASTM Standard Test Methd F Prtective suits which are certified t NFPA 1991 r NFPA 1992 will meet all f the abve requirements. 5. Particulate penetratin data shuld shw sme measure f material efficiency in preventing particulate penetratin in terms f particulate type r size and percentage held ut. Unfrtunately, n standard tests are available in this area and end users may have little basis fr cmpany prducts. 6. Suit materials which shw n breakthrugh r n penetratin t a large number f chemicals are likely t have a brad range f chemical resistance. (Breakthrugh times greater than ne hur are usually cnsidered t be an indicatin f acceptable perfrmance.) Manufacturers shuld prvide data n the ASTM Standard Guide F chemicals. These 15 liquid and 6 gaseus chemicals listed in Table VIII:1-4 belw represent a crss-sectin f different chemical classes and challenges fr prtective clthing materials. Manufacturers shuld als prvide test data n ther chemicals as well. If there are specific chemicals within yur perating area that have nt been tested, ask the manufacturer fr test data n these chemicals. TABLE VIII:1-4. RECOMMENDED CHEMICALS TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING MATERIALS Chemical Acetne Acetnitrile Ammnia 1,3-Butadiene Carbpm Dsi;fde Chlrine Dichlrmethane Diethylamine Dimethyl frmamide Ethyl Acetate Ethyl Oxide Hexane Hydrgen Chlride Class Ketne Nitrile Strng base (gas) Olefin (gas) Sulfur-cntaining rganic Inrganic gas Chlrinated hydrcarbn Amine Amide Ester Oxygen hetercyclic gas Aliphatic hydrcarbn Acid gas 85

86 Methanl Methyl Chlride Nitrbenzene Sdium Hydrxide Sulfuric Acid Tetrachlrethylene Tetrahydrfuran Tluene Alchl Chlrinated hydrcarbn (gas) Nitrgen-cntaining rganic Inrganic base Inrganic acid Chlrinated hydrcarbn Oxygen hetercyclic Armatic hydrcarbn 7. D. OBTAIN AND EXAMINE THE MANUFACTURER'S INSTRUCTION OR TECHNICAL MANUAL. 1. This manual shuld dcument all the features f the clthing, particularly suits, and describe what material(s) are used in its cnstructin. It shuld cite specific limitatins fr the clthing and what restrictins apply t its use. Prcedures and recmmendatins shuld be supplied fr at least the fllwing: Dnning and dffing; Inspectin, maintenance, and strage; Decntaminatin; and Use. The manufacturer's instructins shuld be thrugh enugh t allw the end users t wear and use the clthing withut a large number f questins. E. OBTAIN AND INSPECT SAMPLE CLOTHING ITEM GARMENTS. Examine the quality f clthing cnstructin and ther features that will impact its wearing. The questins listed under "Prtective Clthing Selectin Factrs, Clthing Design" shuld be cnsidered. If pssible, representative clthing items shuld be btained in advance and inspected prir t purchase, and discussed with smene wh has experience in their use. It is als helpful t try ut representative garments prir t purchase by suiting persnnel in the garment and having them run thrugh exercises t simulate expected activities. F. FIELD SELECTION OF CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. 1. Even when end users have gne thrugh a very careful selectin prcess, a number f situatins will arise when n infrmatin is available t judge whether their prtective clthing will prvide adequate prtectin. These situatins include: Chemicals that have nt been tested with the garment materials; Mixtures f tw r mre different chemicals; Chemicals that cannt be readily identified; Extreme envirnmental cnditins (ht temperatures); and Lack f data in all clthing cmpnents (e.g. seams, visrs). 86

87 2. Testing material specimens using newly develped field test kits may ffer ne means fr making an n-site clthing selectin. A prtable test kit has been develped by the EPA using a simple weight lss methd that allws field qualificatin f prtective clthing materials within ne hur. Use f this kit may vercme the absence f data and prvide additinal criteria fr clthing selectin. 3. Selectin f chemical prtective clthing is a cmplex task and shuld be perfrmed by persnnel with bth extensive training and experience. Under all cnditins, clthing shuld be selected by evaluating its perfrmance characteristics against the requirements and limitatins impsed by the applicatin. V. MANAGEMENT PROGRAM. A. WRITTEN MANAGEMENT PROGRAM. 1. A written Chemical Prtective Clthing Management Prgram shuld be established by all end users wh rutinely select and use prtective clthing. Reference shuld be made t fr thse cvered. The written management prgram shuld include plicy statements, prcedures, and guidelines. Cpies shuld be made available t all persnnel wh may use prtective clthing in the curse f their duties r jb. Technical data n clthing, maintenance manuals, relevant regulatins, and ther essential infrmatin shuld als be made available. 2. The tw basic bjectives f any management prgram shuld be t prtect the wearer frm safety and health hazards, and t prevent injury t the wearer frm incrrect use and/r malfunctin f the chemical prtective clthing. T accmplish these gals, a cmprehensive management prgram shuld include: hazard identificatin; medical mnitring; envirnmental surveillance; selectin, use, maintenance, and decntaminatin f chemical prtective clthing; and training. B. PROGRAM REVIEW AND EVALUATION. The management prgram shuld be reviewed at least annually. Elements which shuld be cnsidered in the review include: The number f persn-hurs that persnnel wear varius frms f chemical prtective clthing and ther equipment; Accident and illness experience; Levels f expsure; Adequacy f equipment selectin; Adequacy f the peratinal guidelines; Adequacy f decntaminatin, cleaning, inspectin, maintenance, and strage prgrams; Adequacy and effectiveness f training and fitting prgrams; Crdinatin with verall safety and health prgram; The degree f fulfillment f prgram bjectives; The adequacy f prgram recrds; Recmmendatins fr prgram imprvement and mdificatin; and 87

88 Prgram csts. The results f the prgram evaluatin shuld be made available t all end users and presented t tp management s that prgram changes may be implemented. C. TYPES OF STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES. Persnal prtective clthing and equipment can ffer a high degree f prtectin nly if it is used prperly. Standard Operating Prcedures (SOP's) shuld be established fr all wrkers invlved in handling hazardus chemicals. Areas that shuld be addressed include: Selectin f prtective ensemble cmpnents; Prtective clthing and equipment dnning, dffing, and use; Decntaminatin prcedures; Inspectin, strage, and maintenance f prtective clthing/equipment; and Training. D. SELECTION OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING COMPONENTS. 0. Prtective clthing and equipment SOP's must take int cnsideratin the factrs presented in the Clthing Ensemble and Prtective Clthing Applicatins Paragraphs f this chapter. All clthing and equipment selectins shuld prvide a decisin tree that relates chemical hazards and infrmatin t levels f prtectin and perfrmance needed. VI. 1. Respnsibility in selecting apprpriate prtective clthing shuld be vested in a specific individual wh is trained in bth chemical hazards and prtective clthing use such as a safety fficer r industrial hygienist. Only chemical prtective suits labeled as cmpliant with the apprpriate perfrmance requirements shuld be used. In cases where the chemical hazards are knwn in advance r encuntered rutinely, clthing selectin shuld be predetermined. That is, specific clthing items shuld be identified in specific chemical peratins withut the pprtunity fr individual selectin f ther clthing items. CLOTHING DONNING, DOFFING, AND USE. The prcedures belw are given fr vapr prtective r liquid-splash prtective suit ensembles and shuld be included in the training prgram. A. DONNING THE ENSEMBLE. 0. A rutine shuld be established and practiced peridically fr dnning the varius ensemble cnfiguratins that a facility r team may use. Assistance shuld be prvided fr dnning and dffing since these peratins are difficult t perfrm alne, and sl effrts may increase the pssibility f ensemble damage. 1. Table VIII:1-5 belw lists sample prcedures fr dnning a ttally encapsulating suit/scba ensemble. These prcedures shuld be mdified depending n the suit and accessry equipment 88

89 used. The prcedures assume the wearer has previus training in respiratr use and decntaminatin prcedures. 2. Once the equipment has been dnned, its fit shuld be evaluated. If the clthing is t small, it will restrict mvement, increase the likelihd f tearing the suit material, and accelerate wearer fatigue. If the clthing is t large, the pssibility f snagging the material is increased, and the dexterity and crdinatin f the wearer may be cmprmised. In either case, the wearer shuld be recalled and better-fitting clthing prvided. TABLE VIII:1-5. SAMPLE DONNING PROCEDURES 3. Inspect clthing and respiratry equipment befre dnning (see Paragraph n Inspectin). 4. Adjust hard hat r headpiece if wrn, t fit user's head. 5. Open back clsure used t change air tank (if suit has ne) befre dnning suit. 6. Standing r sitting, step int the legs f the suit; ensure prper placement f the feet within the suit; then gather the suit arund the waist. 7. Put n chemical-resistant safety bts ver the feet f the suit. Tape the leg cuff ver the tps f the bts. If additinal chemical-resistant safety bts are required, put these n nw. Sme ne-piece suits have heavy-sled prtective feet. With these suits, wear shrt, chemical resistant safety bts inside the suit. 8. Put n air tank and harness assembly f the SCBA. Dn the facepiece and adjust it t be secure, but cmfrtable. D nt cnnect the breathing hse. Open valve n air tank. 9. Perfrm negative and psitive respiratr facepiece seal test prcedures. T cnduct a negative-pressure test, clse the inlet part with the palm f the hand r squeeze the breathing tube s it des nt pass air, and gently inhale fr abut 10 secnds. Any inward rushing f air indicates a pr fit. Nte that a leaking facepiece may be drawn tightly t the face t frm a gd seal, giving a false indicatin f adequate fit. T cnduct a psitive-pressure test, gently exhale while cvering the exhalatin valve t ensure that a psitive pressure can be built up. Failure t build a psitive pressure indicates a pr fit. 10. Depending n type f suit: Put n lng-sleeved inner glves (similar t surgical glves). Secure glves t sleeves, fr suits with detachable glves (if nt dne prir t entering the suit). Additinal verglves, wrn ver attached suit glves, may be dnned later. 11. Put sleeves f suit ver arms as assistant pulls suit up and ver the SCBA. Have assistant adjust suit arund SCBA and shulders t ensure unrestricted mtin. 12. Put n hard hat, if needed. 13. Raise hd ver head carefully s as nt t disrupt face seal f SCBA mask. Adjust hd t give satisfactry cmfrt. 14. Begin t secure the suit by clsing all fasteners n pening until there is nly adequate rm t cnnect the breathing hse. Secure all belts and/r adjustable leg, head, and waistbands. 15. Cnnect the breathing hse while pening the main valve. 89

90 16. Have assistant first ensure that wearer is breathing prperly and then make final clsure f the suit. 17. Have assistant check all clsures. 18. Have assistant bserve the wearer fr a peridf time t ensure that the wearer is cmfrtable, psychlgically stable, and that the equipment is functining prperly. B. DOFFING AN ENSEMBLE. 0. Exact prcedures fr remving a ttally encapsulating suit/scba ensemble must be established and fllwed in rder t prevent cntaminant migratin frm the respnse scene and transfer f cntaminants t the wearer's bdy, the dffing assistant, and thers. 1. Sample dffing prcedures are prvided in Table VIII:1-6 belw. These prcedures shuld be perfrmed nly after decntaminatin f the suited end user. They require a suitably attired assistance. Thrughut the prcedures, bth wearer and assistant shuld avid any direct cntact with the utside surface f the suit. TABLE VIII:1-6. SAMPLE DOFFING PROCEDURES If sufficient air supply is available t allw apprpriate decntaminatin befre remval: 3. Remve any extraneus r dispsable clthing, bt cvers, uter glves, and tape. 4. Have assistant lsen and remve the wearer's safety shes r bts. 5. Have assistant pen the suit cmpletely and lift the hd ver the head f the wearer and rest it n tp f the SCBA tank. 6. Remve arms, ne at a time, frm suit. Once arms are free, have assistant lift the suit up and away frm the SCBA backpack--aviding any cntact between the utside surface f the suit and the wearer's bdy--and lay the suit ut flat behind the wearer. Leave internal glves n, if any. 7. Sitting, if pssible, remve bth legs frm the suit. 8. Fllw prcedure fr dffing SCBA. 9. After suit is remved, remve internal glves by rlling them ff the hand, inside ut. 10. Remve internal clthing and thrughly cleanse the bdy. If the lw-pressure warning alarm has sunded, signifying that apprximately 5 minutes f air remain: 11. Remve dispsable clthing. 90

91 12. Quickly scrub and hse ff, especially arund the entrance/exit zipper. 13. Open the zipper enugh t allw access t the regulatr and breathing hse. 14. Immediately attach an apprpriate canister t the breathing hse (the type and fittings shuld be predetermined). Althugh this prvides sme prtectin against any cntaminatin still present, it vids the certificatin f the unit. 15. Fllw Steps 1 thrugh 8 f the regular dffing prcedure abve. Take extra care t avid cntaminating the assistant and the wearer. C. USER MONITORING AND TRAINING. 0. The wearer must understand all aspects f clthing/equipment peratin and their limitatins; this is especially imprtant fr fully encapsulating ensembles where misuse culd ptentially result in suffcatin. During prtective clthing use, end users shuld be encuraged t reprt any perceived prblems r difficulties t their supervisr. These malfunctins include, but are nt limited t: Degradatin f the prtectin ensemble; Perceptin f drs; Skin irritatin; Unusual residues n clthing material; Discmfrt; Resistance t breathing; Fatigue due t respiratr use; Interference with visin r cmmunicatin; Restrictin f mvement; and Physilgical respnses such as rapid pulse, nausea, r chest pain. 1. Befre end users undertake any activity in their chemical prtective ensembles, the anticipated duratin f use shuld be established. Several factrs limit the length f a missin, including: Air supply cnsumptin as affected by wearer wrk rate, fitness, bdy size, and breathing patterns; Suit ensemble permeatin, degradatin, and penetratin by chemical cntaminants, including expected leakage thrugh suit r respiratr exhaust valves (ensemble prtectin factr); Ambient temperature as it influences material chemical resistance and flexibility, suit and respiratr exhaust valve perfrmance, and wearer heat stress; and Clant supply (if necessary). 91

92 II. DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES. C. DEFINITION AND TYPES. 0. Decntaminatin is the prcess f remving r neutralizing cntaminants that have accumulated n persnnel and equipment. This prcess is critical t health and safety at hazardus material respnse sites. Decntaminatin prtects end users frm hazardus substances that may cntaminate and eventually permeate the prtective clthing, respiratry equipment, tls, vehicles, and ther equipment used in the vicinity f the chemical hazard; it prtects all plant r site persnnel by minimizing the transfer f harmful materials int clean areas; it helps prevent mixing f incmpatible chemicals; and it prtects the cmmunity by preventing uncntrlled transprtatin f cntaminants frm the site. 1. There are tw types f decntaminatin: Grss decntaminatin: T allw end user t safely exit r dff the chemical prtective clthing. Decntaminatin fr reuse f chemical prtective clthing. D. PREVENTION OF CONTAMINATION. The first step in decntaminatin is t establish Standard Operating Prcedures that minimize cntact with chemicals and thus the ptential fr cntaminatin. Fr example: Stress wrk practices that minimize cntact with hazardus substances (e.g. d nt walk thrugh areas f bvius cntaminatin, d nt directly tuch ptentially hazardus substances). Use remte sampling, handling, and cntainer-pening techniques (e.g. drum grapples, pneumatic impact wrenches). Prtect mnitring and sampling instruments by bagging. Make penings in the bags fr sample prts and sensrs that must cntact site materials. Wear dispsable uter garments and use dispsable equipment where apprpriate. Cver equipment and tls with a strippable cating that can be remved during decntaminatin. Encase the surce f cntaminants, e.g. with plastic sheeting r verpacks. Ensure all clsures and ensemble cmpnent interfaces are cmpletely secured; and that n pen pckets that culd serve t cllect cntaminant are present. E. TYPES OF CONTAMINATION. 0. Surface Cntaminants. Surface cntaminants may be easy t detect and remve. 1. Permeated Cntaminants. Cntaminants that have permeated a material are difficult r impssible t detect and remve. If cntaminants that have permeated a material are nt remved by decntaminatin, they may cntinue t permeate the material where they can cause an unexpected expsure. Fur majr factrs affect the extent f permeatin: 92

93 Cntact time. The lnger a cntaminant is in cntact with an bject, the greater the prbability and extent f permeatin. Fr this reasn, minimizing cntact time is ne f the mst imprtant bjectives f a decntaminatin prgram. Cncentratin. Mlecules flw frm areas f high cncentratin t areas f lw cncentratin. As cncentratins f chemicals increase, the ptential fr permeatin f persnal prtective clthing increases. Temperature. An increase in temperature generally increases the permeatin rate f cntaminants. Physical state f chemicals. As a rule, gases, vaprs, and lw-viscsity liquids tend t permeate mre readily than high-viscsity liquids r slids. F. DECONTAMINATION METHODS. 0. Decntaminatin methds either (1) physically remve cntaminants; (2) inactivate cntaminants by chemical detxificatin r disinfectin/sterilizatin; r (3) remve cntaminants by a cmbinatin f bth physical and chemical means. 1. In general, grss decntaminatin is accmplished using detergents (surfactants) in water cmbined with a physical scrubbing actin. This prcess will remve mst frms f surface cntaminatin including dusts, many inrganic chemicals, and sme rganic chemicals. Sapy water scrubbing f prtective suits may nt be effective in remving ily r tacky rganic substances (e.g. PCB's in transfrmer il). Furthermre, this frm f decntaminatin is unlikely t remve any cntaminatin that has permeated r penetrated the suit materials. Using rganic slvents such as petrleum distillates may allw easier remval f heavy rganic cntaminatin but may result in ther prblems, including: Permeatin int clthing cmpnents, pulling the cntaminant with it; Spreading lcalized cntaminant int ther areas f the clthing; and Generating large vlumes f cntaminated slvents that require dispsal. 2. One prmising methd fr remving internal r matrix cntaminatin is the frced circulatin f heated air ver clthing items fr extended perids f time. This allws many rganic chemicals t migrate ut f the materials and evaprate int the heated air. The prcess des require, hwever, that the cntaminating chemicals be vlatile. Additinally, lw level heat may accelerate the remval f plasticizer frm garment materials and affect the adhesives invlved in garment seams. 3. Unfrtunately, bth manufacturers and prtective clthing authrities prvide few specific recmmendatins fr decntaminatin. There is n definitive list with specific methds recmmended fr specific chemicals and materials. Much depends n the individual chemicalmaterial cmbinatin invlved. 93

94 G. TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DECONTAMINATION. 0. Prtective clthing r equipment reuse depends n demnstrating that adequate decntaminatin has taken place. Decntaminatin methds vary in their effectiveness and unfrtunately there are n cmpletely accurate methds fr nndestructively evaluating clthing r equipment cntaminatin levels. 1. Methds which may assist in a determinatin include: Visual examinatin f prtective clthing fr signs f disclratin, crrsive effects, r any degradatin f external materials. Hwever, many cntaminants d nt leave any visible evidence. Wipe sampling f external surfaces fr subsequent analysis; this may r may nt be effective fr determining levels f surface cntaminatin and depends heavily n the material-chemical cmbinatin. These methds will nt detect permeated cntaminatin. Evaluatin f the cleaning slutin. This methd cannt quantify clean methd effectiveness since the riginal cntaminatin levels are unknwn. The methd can nly shw if chemical has been remved by the cleaning slutin. If a number f garments have been cntaminated, it may be advisable t sacrifice ne garment fr destructive testing by a qualified labratry with analysis f cntaminatin levels n and inside the garment. H. DECONTAMINATION PLAN. 0. A decntaminatin plan shuld be develped and set up befre any persnnel r equipment are allwed t enter areas where the ptential fr expsure t hazardus substances exists. The decntaminatin plan shuld: Determine the number and layut f decntaminatin statins; Determine the decntaminatin equipment needed; Determine apprpriate decntaminatin methds; Establish prcedures t prevent cntaminatin f clean areas; Establish methds and prcedures t minimize wearer cntact with cntaminants during remval f persnal prtective clthing; and Establish methds fr dispsing f clthing and equipment that are nt cmpletely decntaminated. 94

95 1. The plan shuld be revised whenever the type f persnal prtective clthing r equipment changes, the use cnditins change, r the chemical hazards are reassessed based n new infrmatin. 2. The decntaminatin prcess shuld cnsist f a series f prcedures perfrmed in a specific sequence. Fr chemical prtective ensembles, uter, mre heavily cntaminated items (e.g. uter bts and glves) shuld be decntaminated and remved first, fllwed by decntaminatin and remval f inner, less cntaminated items (e.g. jackets and pants). Each prcedure shuld be perfrmed at a separate statin in rder t prevent crss cntaminatin. The sequence f statins is called the decntaminatin line. 3. Statins shuld be separated physically t prevent crss cntaminatin and shuld be arranged in rder f decreasing cntaminatin, preferably in a straight line. Separate flw patterns and statins shuld be prvided t islate wrkers frm different cntaminatin znes cntaining incmpatible wastes. Entry and exit pints t expsed areas shuld be cnspicuusly marked. Dressing statins fr entry t the decntaminatin area shuld be separate frm redressing areas fr exit frm the decntaminatin area. Persnnel wh wish t enter clean areas f the decntaminatin facility, such as lcker rms, shuld be cmpletely decntaminated. 4. All equipment used fr decntaminatin must be decntaminated and/r dispsed f prperly. Buckets, brushes, clthing, tls, and ther cntaminated equipment shuld be cllected, placed in cntainers, and labeled. Als, all spent slutins and wash water shuld be cllected and dispsed f prperly. Clthing that is nt cmpletely decntaminated shuld be placed in plastic bags, pending further decntaminatin and/r dispsal. 5. Decntaminatin f wrkers wh initially cme in cntact with persnnel and equipment leaving expsure r cntaminatin areas will require mre prtectin frm cntaminants than decntaminatin wrkers wh are assigned t the last statin in the decntaminatin line. In sme cases, decntaminatin persnnel shuld wear the same levels f prtective clthing as wrkers in the expsure r cntaminated areas. In ther cases, decntaminatin persnnel may be sufficiently prtected by wearing ne level lwer prtectin (e.g. wearing Level B prtectin while decntaminating wrkers wh are wearing Level A). I. DECONTAMINATION FOR PROTECTIVE CLOTHING REUSE. Due t the difficulty in assessing cntaminatin levels in chemical prtective clthing befre and after expsure, the respnsible supervisr r safety prfessinal must determine if the respective clthing can be reused. This decisin invlves cnsiderable risk in determining clthing t be cntaminant-free. Reuse can be cnsidered if, in the estimate f the supervisr: N "significant" expsures have ccurred. Decntaminatin methds have been successful in reducing cntaminatin levels t safe r acceptable cncentratins. 95

96 Cntaminatin by knwn r suspected carcingens shuld warrant autmatic dispsal. Use f dispsable suits is highly recmmended when extensive cntaminatin is expected. J. EMERGENCY DECONTAMINATION. 0. In additin t rutine decntaminatin prcedures, emergency decntaminatin prcedures must be established. In an emergency, the primary cncern is t prevent the lss f life r severe injury t persnnel. If immediate medical treatment is required t save a life, decntaminatin shuld be delayed until the victim is stabilized. If decntaminatin can be perfrmed withut interfering with essential life-saving techniques r first aid, r if a wrker has been cntaminated with an extremely txic r crrsive material that culd cause severe injury r lss f life, decntaminatin shuld be cntinued. 1. If an emergency due t a heat-related illness develps, prtective clthing shuld be remved frm the victim as sn as pssible t reduce the heat stress. During an emergency, prvisins must als be made fr prtecting medical persnnel and dispsing f cntaminated clthing and equipment. III. INSPECTION, STORAGE, AND MAINTENANCE. The end user in dnning prtective clthing and equipment must take all necessary steps t ensure that the prtective ensemble will perfrm as expected. During emergencies is nt the right time t discver discrepancies in the prtective clthing. Teach end user care fr his clthing and ther prtective equipment in the same manner as parachutists care fr parachutes. Fllwing a standard prgram fr inspectin, prper strage, and maintenance alng with realizing prtective clthing/equipment limitatins is the best way t avid chemical expsure during emergency respnse.. INSPECTION. 0. An effective chemical prtective clthing inspectin prgram shuld feature five different inspectins: Inspectin and peratinal testing f equipment received as new frm the factry r distributr. Inspectin f equipment as it is selected fr a particular chemical peratin. Inspectin f equipment after use r training and prir t maintenance. Peridic inspectin f stred equipment. Peridic inspectin when a questin arises cncerning the apprpriateness f selected equipment, r when prblems with similar equipment are discvered. 1. Each inspectin will cver different areas with varying degrees f depth. Thse persnnel respnsible fr clthing inspectin shuld fllw manufacturer directins; many vendrs prvide 96

97 detailed inspectin prcedures. The generic inspectin checklist prvided in Table VIII:1-7 may serve as an initial guide fr develping mre extensive prcedures. 2. Recrds must be kept f all inspectin prcedures. Individual identificatin numbers shuld be assigned t all reusable pieces f equipment (many clthing and equipment items may already have serial numbers), and recrds shuld be maintained by that number. At a minimum, each inspectin shuld recrd: Clthing/equipment item ID number; Date f the inspectin; Persn making the inspectin; Results f the inspectin; and Any unusual cnditins nted. A. Peridic review f these recrds can prvide an indicatin f prtective clthing which requires excessive maintenance and can als serve t identify clthing that is susceptible t failure. TABLE VIII:1-7. SAMPLE PPE INSPECTION CHECKLISTS Clthing Befre use: Determine that the clthing material is crrect fr the specified task at hand. Visually inspect fr: Imperfect seams; Nnunifrm catings; Tears; and Malfunctining clsures. Hld up t light and check fr pinhles Flex prduct: Observe fr cracks. Observe fr ther signs r shelf deteriratin. 97

98 If the prduct has been used previusly, inspect inside and ut fr signs f chemical attaack: Disclratin Swelling Stiffness During the wrk task, peridically inspect fr: Evidence f chemical attack such as disclratin, swelling, stiffening and sftening. Keep in mind, hwever, that chemical permeatin can ccur withut any visible effects. Clsure failure Tears Punctures Seam discntinuities Glves Befre use: Pressurize glve t check fr pinhles. Either blw int glve, then rll gauntlet twards fingers r inflate glve and hld under water. In either case, n air shuld escape. Fully Encapsulating Suits Befre use: Check the peratin f pressure relief valves Inspect the fitting f wrists, ankles, and neck Check faceshield, if s equipped, fr: - cracks - crazing - fgginess B. STORAGE. 98

99 0. Clthing must be stred prperly t prevent damage r malfunctin frm expsure t dust, misture, sunlight, damaging chemicals, extreme temperatures and impact. Prcedures are needed fr bth initial receipt f equipment and after use r expsure f that equipment. Many manufacturers specify recmmended prcedures fr string their prducts. These shuld be fllwed t avid equipment failure resulting frm imprper strage. 1. Sme guidelines fr general strage f chemical prtective clthing include: Ptentially cntaminated clthing shuld be stred in an area separate frm street clthing r unused prtective clthing. Ptentially cntaminated clthing shuld be stred in a well-ventilated area, with gd air flw arund each item, if pssible. Different types and materials f clthing and glves shuld be stred separately t prevent issuing the wrng material by mistake (e.g. many glve materials are black and cannt be identified by appearance alne). Prtective clthing shuld be flded r hung in accrdance with manufacturer instructins. C. MAINTENANCE. 0. Manufacturers frequently restrict the sale f certain prtective suit parts t individuals r grups wh are specially trained, equipped, r authrized by the manufacturer t purchase them. Explicit prcedures shuld be adpted t ensure that the apprpriate level f maintenance is perfrmed nly by thse individuals wh have this specialized training and equipment. In n case shuld yu attempt t repair equipment withut checking with the persn in yur facility wh is respnsible fr chemical prtective clthing maintenance. 1. The fllwing classificatin scheme is recmmended t divide the types f permissible r nnpermissible repairs: Level 1: User r wearer maintenance, requiring a few cmmn tls r n tls at all. Level 2: Maintenance that can be perfrmed by the respnse team's maintenance shp, if adequately equipped and trained. Level 3 : Specialized maintenance that can be perfrmed nly by the factry r an authrized repair persn. 2. Each facility shuld adpt the abve scheme and list which repairs fall int each categry fr each type f prtective clthing and equipment. Many manufacturers will als indicate which repairs, if perfrmed in the field, vid the warranty f their prducts. All repairs made must be recrded n the recrds fr the specific clthing alng with apprpriate inspectin results. 99

100 IV. TRAINING.. BENEFITS. Training in the use f prtective clthing: Allws the user t becme familiar with the equipment in a nnhazardus, nnemergency cnditin. Instills cnfidence f the user in his/her equipment. Makes the user aware f the limitatins and capabilities f the equipment. Increases wrker efficiency in perfrming varius tasks. Reduces the likelihd f accidents during chemical peratins. I. CONTENT. Training shuld be cmpleted prir t actual clthing use in a nn-hazardus envirnment and shuld be repeated at the frequency required by OSHA SARA III legislatin. As a minimum the training shuld pint ut the user's respnsibilities and explain the fllwing, using bth classrm and field training when necessary, as fllws: The prper use and maintenance f selected prtective clthing, including capabilities and limitatins. The nature f the hazards and the cnsequences f nt using the prtective clthing. The human factrs influencing prtective clthing perfrmance. Instructins in inspecting, dnning, checking, fitting, and using prtective clthing. Use f prtective clthing in nrmal air fr a lng familiarity perid. The user's respnsibility (if any) fr decntaminatin, cleaning, maintenance, and repair f prtective clthing. Emergency prcedures and self-rescue in the event f prtective clthing/ equipment failure. The buddy system. The discmfrt and incnvenience f wearing chemical prtective clthing and equipment can create a resistance t its cnscientius use. One essential aspect f training is t make the user aware f the need fr prtective clthing and t instill mtivatin fr the prper use and maintenance f that prtective clthing. II. RISKS.. HEAT STRESS. Wearing full bdy chemical prtective clthing puts the wearer at cnsiderable risk f develping heat stress. This can result in health effects ranging frm transient heat fatigue t serius illness r death. Heat stress is caused by a number f interacting factrs, including: Envirnmental cnditins; Type f prtective ensemble wrn; 100

101 The wrk activity required; and The individual characteristics f the respnder. When selecting chemical prtective clthing and equipment, each item's benefit shuld be carefully evaluated fr its ptential fr increasing the risk f heat stress. Fr example, if a lighter, less insulating suit can be wrn withut a sacrifice in prtectin, then it shuld be. Because the incidence f heat stress depends n a variety f factrs, all wrkers wearing full bdy chemical prtective ensembles shuld be mnitred. Review Paragraph III: Chapter 4, Heat Stress, in the OSHA Technical Manual. The fllwing physilgical factrs shuld be mnitred. A. HEART RATE. Cunt the radial pulse during a 30-secnd perid as early as pssible in any rest perid. If the heart rate exceeds 110 beats per minute at the beginning f the rest perid, the next wrk cycle shuld be shrtened by ne-third. B. ORAL TEMPERATURE. 0. D nt permit an end user t wear prtective clthing and engage in wrk when his r her ral temperature exceeds F (38.1 C). 1. Use a clinical thermmeter (three minutes under the tngue) r similar device t measure ral temperature at the end f the wrk perid (befre drinking), as fllws: III. If the ral temperature exceeds 99.6 F (37.6 C), shrten the next wrk perid by at least ne-third. If the ral temperature exceeds 99.6 F (37.6 C) at the beginning f a respnse perid, shrten the missin time by ne-third. C. BODY WATER LOSS. Measure the end user's weight n a scale accurate t plus r minus 0.25 punds prir t any respnse activity. Cmpare this weight with his r her nrmal bdy weight t determine if enugh fluids have been cnsumed t prevent dehydratin. Weights shuld be taken while the end user wears similar clthing, r ideally, in the nude. The bdy water lss shuld nt exceed 1.5% f the ttal bdy weight lss frm a respnse. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Barker, R.L. and Cletta, G.C Perfrmance f Prtective Clthing. American Sciety fr Testing Materials: Philadelphia. Frsberg, K. and Keith, L.H Chemical Prtective Clthing Perfrmance Index Bk. Jhn Wiley & Sns: New Yrk. Frsberg, K. and Mansdrf, S.Z Quick Selectin Guide t Chemical Prtective Clthing. Van Nstrand-Reinhld: New Yrk. Perkins, J.L. and Stull, J.O., ed Chemical Prtective Clthing Perfrmance in Chemical Emergency Respnse. American Sciety fr Testing Materials: Philadelphia. Schwpe, A.D., et al Guidelines fr the Selectin f Chemical Prtective Clthing. Third Ed. ACGIH: Cincinnati. 101

102 ANSI Z Appendix J ANSI Z The new standard is a vluntary standard and there is n requirement that manufacturer r end user cmply with it unless it is mandated by the United States Department f Labr OSHA. Hwever, in the past, mst manufacturers have chsen t cmply with revisins t the Z87.1 Standard. Currently, OSHA requires (29 CFR ) that eye prtectrs cmply with the 1989 versin f the Z87.1 Standard, and eye prtectin devices nw in use may cntinue t be used. **All f the prtective eyewear we sell already cmplies with the perfrmance requirements f the new standard. The new marking requirements will be phased in ver time by each manufacturer.** 1. Tw Levels f Prtectin: Basic and High LENSES: The new standard designates that lenses will be divided int tw prtectin levels, Basic Impact and High Impact as dictated by test criteria. Basic Impact lenses must pass the drp ball test, a 1" diameter steel ball is drpped n the lens frm 50 inches. High Impact lenses must pass high velcity testing where 1/4" steel balls are sht at different velcities. Spectacles: 150 ft./sec. Gggles: 250 ft./sec. Faceshields: 300 ft./sec. FRAMES: Nw, all eyewear/gggle frames, faceshields r crwns must cmply with the High Impact requirement. (This revisin helps eliminate the use f test lenses, and assures all prtectrs are tested as cmplete - lenses in frame - devices). After making an eye hazard assessment, emplyers (safety persnnel) shuld decide n apprpriate eyewear t be wrn, althugh High Impact wuld always be recmmended. All f ur spectacles are High Impact prtectrs. 2. Nw, Prducts Must Indicate Impact Prtectin Level. T identify a device s level f impact prtectin, the fllwing marking requirements apply t all new prductin spectacles, gggles and faceshields. Basic Impact spectacle lenses will have the manufacturer s mark, i.e. an AOSafety prduct will have AOS and a Pyramex prduct will have a "P" etc. Gggles and faceshields will have AOS and Z87 (AOS Z87). High Impact spectacle lenses will als have a plus + sign, (AOS+) r "P+" etc. All gggle lenses and faceshield windws are t be marked with the manufacturer's mark, Z87, and a + sign (AOSZ87+). Nte: Lenses/windws may have additinal markings. Shaded lens may have markings denting a shade number such as 3.0, 5.0 etc. Special purpse lenses may be marked with S. A variable tint lens may have a V marking. 3. Sideshield Cverage Area Increased Sideshield cverage, as part f the lens, part f the spectacle, r as an individual cmpnent, has been increased 102

103 rearward by 10-millimeters via a revised impact test prcedure. While side prtectin in the frm f wraparund lens, integral r attached cmpnent sideshield devices is nt mandated in this standard, it is highly recmmended. Further, OSHA des require lateral prtectin n eye prtectin devices wherever a flying particle hazard may exist, and flying particle hazards are virtually always present in any ccupatinal envirnment. All f ur nn-prescriptin safety spectacles meet the requirements f OSHA and the new Z87.1 fr side prtectin. 4. N Minimum Lens Thickness Requirement Fr High Impact Lenses. The new standard des nt have a minimum lens thickness requirement fr High Impact spectacle lenses. The previus standard required a 2-millimeter minimum. Hwever, the prtective advantages f wrap-arund lenses and the many ther advancements in eyewear design, have eliminated this need. Nte: Glass lenses still fall int the Basic Impact lens categry. The minimum lens thickness f 3 millimeters remains in effect fr this categry. 103

104 Appendix K ATTENTION- Students Wh Wear Cntact Lenses: Recently, cncerns abut wearing cntact lenses in science labs have cme t ur attentin. The fllwing is an article frm the Washingtn Science Teachers Jurnal. (A) All cntact lenses- It has been argued that cntact lenses ffer a great deal f prtectin frm damage by particles and chemicals in science labs. Accrding t the Natinal Institute fr Occupatinal Safety and Health, nthing culd be further frm the truth. An eye that has received a chemical splash shuld be irrigated with water until the material has been cmpletely remved. The recmmended time fr this is fifteen minutes as a minimum. If a cntact lens is present, the chemical may be drawn under the lens by capillary actin where it is nt reached by nrmal irrigatin water. Therefre, the lens must be remved t permit effective washing. Under the traumatic cnditins f pain and pssible fear, it may prve next t impssible t remve a lens frm a victim's eyes. Thus cntact lenses shuld be discuraged r if pssible, prhibited in science labs. (B) Sft Cntact Lenses- Students and teachers shuld pay heed t the restrictins suggested by the manufacturers f cntact lenses. Fr example, a brchure issued by Bausch and Lmb, Inc. reads as fllws; "Sftlens Cntact Lenses (plymacn) shuld be remved befre sleeping r swimming and in the presence f nxius and irritating vaprs." Sme chemical vaprs can readily be absrbed by the Sflens Cntact Lenses. Nt nly can there be irritatin t the eye, but as sme vaprs are sluble in the plastic f the lens, there is a pssibility that a lens might adhere t the crnea f the eye. In light f this article, and fr the maximum prtectin f yur student, we recmmend that: (a) Glasses be wrn instead f cntact lenses fr labratry wrk. OR (b) If glasses are nt wrn, cntact lenses shuld be remved befre labratry wrk is dne, if visual acuity will s allw. Please sign and return the lwer prtin f this frm. Thank yu CONTACT LENS FORM I have read this frm and understand the risks f wearing cntact lenses in Bilgy/ Chemistry labratries. Date Name 104

105 Appendix L Chemical Resistant Glves Guide The fllwing table gives recmmended material fr chemically-resistant glves fr wrk invlving a variety f chemicals. Chemical resistant glves Material Generally suitable fr Aldehydes Carbxylic acids Butyl rubber Glycls and ethers Hydrxyl cmpunds and alchls Perxides Latex See nte belw Acetne Achls Alkalies and Caustics Natural rubber Ammnium fluride Dimethyl sulphxide (DMSO) Phenl Plating slutins Alchls Alkalies and caustics Cellslve Neprene Degreasing slvents Mineral acids Oils Plating slutins Alchls Ammnium fluride Frens Hexane Hydrfluric and hydrchlric acid Nitrile rubber Perchlric acid Perchlrethylene Phsphric acid Ptassium and sdium hydrxide Water sluble materials, dilute acids and bases General preventin f cntaminatin Vinyl Medical examinatin Nuisance materials 105

106 Nte: All latex glves present a risk f causing irritatin, sensitizatin r allergic reactin in susceptible individuals, althugh this risk is reduced in glves with lwer levels f latex prtein and prcess chemicals. Pwdered latex glves carry an additinal risk t sensitized individuals, because the latex prtein leaches int the pwder and becmes airbrne when glves are remved, r may be carried arund n the wearer's clthing. This may affect thers in the vicinity, nt just the persn wearing the glves. Therefre pwdered latex glves must nt be used. If latex glves are chsen, then nly gd-quality, pwder-free nes with lw levels (< 100 micrgrams per gram) f extractable r leachable latex prtein shuld be used. Nte that a ban n pwdered latex glves is a Great Falls Cllege MSU Safety Plicy; such glves are nt t be used in the building. 106

107 Appendix M EPA Regulatins fr Hazardus Wastes Please see dcumentatin link: 107

108 Appendix N EMERGENCY PROCEDURE 1. Call 911 (Depending upn the emergency at yur discretin) 2. Ntify Crisis Team: Dial 9999 frm any campus phne. 3. Evacuate building if necessary and mve t UGF McLaughlin Center, ur Emergency Evacuatin Site. 4. Faculty/Supervisrs must accunt fr all staff and students they teach/supervise at that time. 5. All infrmatin shuld be reprted t and annunced by the Directr f Cmmunicatins and Marketing. 6. Wait fr instructins frm a member f the Crisis Team, fr prlnged situatins, check the Great Falls Cllege web site and lk fr a text frm GFC Alert. 108

109 Appendix O Mntana State Department f Envirnmental Quality Cntact List 109