AP Biology- Summer Assignment ( )

Transcription

1 AP Biology- Summer Assignment ( ) Welcome! AP Biology is an exciting, fun, and rigorous college-level course. There are so many topics to explore! We will cover almost every chapter in the Campbell book. Emphasis is placed on conceptual understanding, not just memorization of facts. This course requires a special commitment from you. Part of this commitment is a summer assignment. Completion of this summer assignment will allow us to get a jump start into AP Biology at the beginning of September. The summer assignment gives you the chance to demonstrate that you have the best intentions of giving this course your dedication, study time, intelligence, and humor. Time management is KEY in this class. Next year, you will need to put in at least 5-10 hours a week just on this class to be successful. We will cover (almost) the entire textbook. Some of the information will build on Honors Biology and other chapters will be completely new. The quality of work expected from students will be at the college level. There will be an exam on ecology the first week of class. All summer work will be submitted on Google Classroom on the first day of class. Late work will be half credit. Plagiarism, copying, and cheating will make it very difficult to pass your first unit exam. Please take a small amount of time each day to look through the material as the new school year approaches. Your assignment: 1. Sign-up for google classroom by August 15th. Class code: s4g4i9 2. Ecology Video Notes 3. Ecology Reading / Independent Study- Use the textbook. I will also have my personal powerpoints posted on the classroom as a resource. 4. Ecology FRQ Practice If you have any questions, me at sbarro.lauren@rvilleschools.org. Have a great summer!!! Mrs. Sbarro

2 What do GREAT video notes (exceeds expectations) look like? The video s title is written as it appears in the video on the top of the page The notes are organized Highlights or colors are used to emphasize key points, new vocabulary, and/or important concepts Examples are documented in some way when given in the video Pictures, charts, and graphs are displayed to demonstrate concepts from the videos Part 2. Video Links Crash Course Basic Ecology Overview: Crash Course Community Ecology: Bozeman Population Ecology: Bozeman Climate Change and Ecosystems: Bozeman BioDiversity:

3 AP Biology Name Summer Assignment Part 3. Ecology Reading / Independent Study Chapter Define biotic and abiotic. a. Give examples of each. b. Describe their interaction and interdependence in an ecosystem. c. Give two examples of the impact of abiotic factors on the distribution of organism: 2. Describe the following aquatic biomes. Write enough information to use this guided reading as a study tool for the test. Try to include all of the following for each biome: Physical environment, chemical environment, geologic features, photosynthetic organisms, animals, and human impact. a. Lakes b. Wetlands c. Streams and Rivers d. Estuaries e. Intertidal Zones f. Ocean Pelagic Biome g. Coral Reef h. Marine Benthic Zone 3. Describe the following terrestrial biomes. Write enough to use this guided reading as a study tool for the test. Try to include all of the following for each biome: Distribution, Precipitation, Temperature, Plants, Animals, and Human Impact. a. Tropical forest b. Desert c. Savanna d. Chaparral e. Temperate grassland f. Coniferous forest g. Temperate broadleaf forest h. Tundra Chapter 52 Synthesis Questions AP Biology Practice 1. How are the general characteristics of plants (for example, morphology) influenced by climate? In other words, explain what effects climate has on the types of plants that grow in the area. 2. In general, how is the distribution of major ecosystems or biomes related to climate? If you know the mean annual temperature and the mean annual precipitation of an area, would you be able to accurately predict the type of biome that could exist there? Explain. 3. Why isn t Earth s climate uniform? To answer this, summarize the major factors that can produce differences in climate from place to place. 4. Imagine that a large asteroid hit the Earth and altered the axis tilt from 23.5 degrees to 10 degrees. a. What effects would this have on seasons in the northern hemisphere? b. What effects would this have on biome distribution in the northern hemisphere?

4 Chapter Define the following terms: a. Population b. Immigration c. Emigration 2. What are the three patterns of population dispersion and what conclusions can you draw from these patterns? 3. Use the diagram below explain the three types of survivorship curves. 4. Compare and contrast semelparity and iteroparity. Give advantages of each as they apply to an example organism focus on the adaptive benefit. Are there any disadvantages? This is a core concept. a. Consider two rivers: one is spring fed and is constant in water volume and temperature year round; the other drains a desert landscape and floods and dries out at unpredictable intervals. Which is more likely to support many species of iteroparous animals? Why? 5. Compare the two common types of population growth exponential and logistic. Draw a picture of what each graph would look like. a. What is zero population growth? b. What is carrying capacity and what determines the carrying capacity of a population? 6. What is the difference between density-dependent and density-independent factors? Give examples of each.

5 7. Population growth rate practice problems: (You will be given the equations for the test but will have to know how to do the calculations.) a. A certain population of mice is growing exponentially. The growth rate of the population (r) is 1.3 and the current population size (N) is 2,500 individuals. How many mice were added to the population the following year? b. In 2006, the USA had a population of about 300 million people. If there were 14 births and 8 deaths per 1,000 people What was the country s net population growth that year? c. A population of 300 butterflies exhibits logistic growth. If the carrying capacity is 500 butterflies and r = 0.1, what is the population growth rate? Round to the nearest whole number. d. In a population of 600 squirrels, the per capita birth rate in a period is 0.06 and the per capita death rate is i. a. What is the per capita growth rate of the population? Round to the nearest hundredth. ii. What is the actual number of squirrels that die during this particular period? Round to the nearest whole number. iii. What is the actual number of squirrels that are born during this period? Round to the nearest whole number. e. Suppose that of a cohort of 200 rats in a rat colony born in January, 160 are still alive at the start of March and 120 are still alive at the start of May. i. What is the survivorship up to the start of March? Round to the nearest hundredth. ii. What is the mortality rate from the beginning of March to the beginning of May? Round to the nearest hundredth. iii. If the survivorship during May is 0.3, how many rats died during the month of May? Round to the nearest whole number. f. You set raccoon traps around an area and find that the population of raccoons is approximately 2,000. Over the course of the next year, you determine that 300 raccoons are born and 290 die. Calculate the growth rate. Chapter 53 Synthesis A researcher has recently discovered three species of parasites (A, B, and C) that infect developing salamanders. He suspects that one or more of these species cause fatalities during salamander development and that the death rate varies with salamander population density. To test his hypothesis, the researcher sets up a series of experiments. In each experiment, he varies the density of the salamander populations. At the start of each experiment, he infects 5% of each test population with a single parasite species and then measures the mortality/death rate after four weeks. To establish a baseline mortality rate, he sets up a control experiment that differs only in that no parasite is introduced at any density. The data table and graph below relate the mortality rate of salamanders (caused by the three different parasites) to the original density of the developing salamander population. Given the data presented in the graph, indicate whether each of the parasite species (A, B, and C) is acting in a density-dependent or density-independent fashion. Explain your answers. Exp. 1 Exp. 2 Exp. 3 Control Control Density A Mortality Density B Mortality Rate Density C Mortality Rate Density Mortality Rate Rate

6 Chapter What is the relationship between interspecific interactions, interspecific competition and the Competitive Exclusion Principle? 2. Define and give an example of the following physiological defense adaptations. a. Cryptic coloration b. Aposematic coloring c. Batesian Mimicry d. Müllerian mimicry 3. Give an example of a plant defense against herbivory. 4. Define and give an example of mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. 5. Is the evolution of Batesian mimicry an example of coevolution, support your answer? 6. Explain why food chains are relatively short. (Include information on the 10% Rule) 7. How do you characterize the dominant species? How is this different from the keystone species? 8. What are the effects of ecosystem engineers? 9. Compare and contrast the bottom-up model with the top-down model. 10. Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession. What is an example of a pioneer species? Chapter Define the following terms: a. Gross primary production b. Net primary production 2. Explain the flow of energy and matter through an ecosystem as it relates to the laws of thermodynamics and the law of conservation of mass. 3. Draw an ecological pyramid and label all trophic levels including the types of consumers found at that level and the amount of energy available.

7 Ch Examine the impact of human activity on biodiversity. For each term, explain the cause and also the effect on biodiversity. Acid Rain Smog Climate change Eutrophication Biomagnification Ozone depletion Overharvesting Invasive species Habitat loss

8 Part 4. Ecology FRQ Practice Tips for writing an FRQ: - Pay attention to the key terms - You do not have to write introductory or closing sentences. - Answer the question completely. Label each part - a, b, c, d - when responding. 1. Genetically modified crops have been developed that produce a protein that makes the plants resistant to insect pests. Other genetic modifications make the crops more resistant to chemicals that kill plants (herbicides). a) DESCRIBE TWO potential biological risks of large-scale cultivation and use of such genetically modified plants. b) For each of the risks you described in part (a), PROPOSE a practical approach to reducing the risk Ecological succession describes the pattern of changes in communities over time. The graph below shows changes in plant diversity following the abandonment of an agricultural field in a temperate biome. (c) Design a controlled experiment to determine how the diversity of plant species in a newly abandoned field would be affected by large herbivores. (a) Discuss the differences in plant diversity shown in the graph and explain how the changes affect the animal species composition between years 0 and 120. (b) Identify TWO biotic and TWO abiotic factors and discuss how each could influence the pattern of ecological succession.

9 3. Invasive species, such as red fire ants, introduced into an ecosystem often threaten native plants and animals. (a) Describe THREE different factors that contribute to the success of invasive species in an ecosystem. (b) Discuss THREE ways that an invasive species can affect its new ecosystem. (c) The map indicates the spread of the red fire ant after its initial entrance into the United States at the port of Mobile, Alabama, in the 1930s. Discuss TWO environmental factors that might have determined the pattern of fire ant invasion. (d) Discuss TWO possible methods of eradicating or slowing the spread of these ants, including the environmental consequences of each method. 4. The diagram above shows the succession of communities from annual plants to hardwood trees in a specific area over a period of time. (a) DISCUSS the expected changes in biodiversity as the stages of succession progress as shown in the diagram above. (b) DESCRIBE and EXPLAIN THREE changes in abiotic conditions over time that has led to the succession in the diagram above. (c) For each of the following disturbances, DISCUSS the immediate and long-term effects on ecosystem succession. (i) A volcano erupts, covering a 10-square-kilometer portion of a mature forest covered with lava. (ii) A 10-square-kilometer portion of a mature forest is clear cut.

10 5. Compared with other terrestrial biomes, deserts have extremely low productivity. a) DISCUSS how temperature, soil composition, and annual precipitation limit productivity in deserts. b) DESCRIBE a four-organism food chain that might characterize a desert community, and IDENTIFY the trophic level of each organism. c) DESCRIBE the results depicted in the graph. EXPLAIN one anatomical difference and one physiological difference between species A and B that account for the CO 2 uptake patterns show. DISCUSS the evolutionary significance of each difference. 6. The energy flow in ecosystems is based on the primary productivity of autotrophs. a) DISCUSS the energy flow through an ecosystem and the relative efficiency with which it occurs. b) DISCUSS the impact of the following on energy flow on the global scale. ~ Deforestation ~ Global climate change

11 7. Organisms rarely exist alone in the natural environment. The following are five examples of symbiotic relationships. - Plant root nodules - Digestion of cellulose - Epiphytic plants - AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) - Anthrax Choose FOUR of the above and for each example chosen, (a) IDENTIFY the participants involved in the symbiosis and DESCRIBE the symbiotic relationship. (b) DISCUSS the specific benefit or detriment, if any, that each participant receives from the relationship. The following FRQ will prepare you for our first unit in AP Biology. 8. Water is important for all living organisms. The functions of water are directly related to its physical properties. (a) Describe how the properties of water contribute to TWO of the following. transpiration thermoregulation in endotherms plasma membrane structure (b) Water serves as a reactant and a product in the carbon cycle. Discuss the role of water in the carbon cycle. (c) Discuss the impact of one human activity on the water cycle.