Chapter 54: Community Ecology

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1 AP Biology Guided Reading Name Chapter 54: Community Ecology Overview 1. What does community ecology explore? Concept 54.1 Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved. 2. This section will look at interspecific interactions. To begin, distinguish between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition (Don t know? Google it). Then, Give an example of each. Type of Competition Intraspecific Explanation Example Interspecific 3. As you read through section 54.1, define the following types of interspecific interactions. Also, notice the text will use +/ symbols to indicate how interspecific interactions affect survival and reproduction of the two species. Use this notation to indicate the impact on the organisms involved for each of these interactions. Type of Interaction Predation Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Interspecific competition Herbivory Explanation Impact on Organisms (+/+) or (+/-) or (-/-) or (+/0) 4. What is G. F. Gause s competitive exclusion principle? Give one example. 5. Define ecological niche. 1

2 6. Several species of Anolis lizards live in the same types of trees and have a similar diet. Discuss resource partitioning to explain how interspecific competition is reduced. (Study Figure 54.2.) 7. Predation is a term that you probably already know. Give an example of each predator-prey combination listed below. (Don t know? Google it) Predator Prey Example Fungus Bacteria Fungus Plant Plant 8. a. Identify 3 special adaptations that predator species possess for obtaining food. (3) b. Identify 3 ways prey species elude predators. (3) 9. What is herbivory? 10. a. Identify 2 specialized adaptations that herbivores have evolved to help them obtain food. b. Identify 2 plant adaptations that help them avoid herbivory. 11. There are three types of interspecific relationships that are symbiotic. What qualifies a relationship as symbiotic? 2

3 12. Provide 2 examples for each of the symbiotic relationships in the table below. Type of Symbiosis Organism 1 Organism 2 Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Concept 54.2 Dominant and keystone species exert strong controls on community structure 13. a. What is species diversity? b. List and define its two components? c. Why is it important? 14. Compare and contrast a food chain and a food web. 15. Use the following food chain to answer the questions that follow. Look ahead at pgs if you need help. Grass Cricket Field mouse Hawk a. How many trophic levels are represented in the food chain? b. Which organism is the secondary consumer? c. Which organism is the primary producer? d. Which organism is the herbivore? e. Which organism is the primary consumer? f. Which organism represents the 3 rd trophic level? g. Which organism is the tertiary consumer? h. Which organism represents the 1 st trophic level? i. Which organism is the primary carnivore? j. Which organism is the autotroph? k. Which organism represents the 2 nd trophic level? l. Which organism is the secondary carnivore? 3

4 16. According to the energetic hypothesis, why are food chains limited in length? How much energy is typically transferred to each higher level? 17. How is a keystone species different from a dominant species? 18. Name one keystone species, and explain the effect its removal has on the ecosystem. Concept 54.3 Disturbance influences species diversity and composition 19. What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? Give an example of a disturbance event, and explain the effect it has on the community. 20. Ecological succession is the changes in species that occupy an area after a disturbance. Fill in the table about the two types of ecological succession. Type of Succession Explanation Example Primary Secondary Concept 54.4 Biogeographic factors affect community biodiversity 21. Explain latitudinal gradients in terms of species richness. Where is species richness greatest? 22. What is more than likely the primary cause of the latitudinal difference in biodiversity? Explain. 4

5 23. Renowned American ecologists Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson developed a model of island biogeography. While the model can be demonstrated with islands, any isolated habitat represents an island. What are the two factors that determine the number of species on the island? 24. What two physical features of the island affect immigration and extinction rates? 25. a. Why do small islands have lower immigration rates? b. Higher extinction rates? 26. Closer islands have extinction rates and immigration rates. Concept 54.5 Community ecology is useful for understanding pathogen life cycles and controlling human disease 27. What is a pathogen? 28. a. What is a zoonotic pathogen? b. List three examples. (3) 29. a. What is a vector? b. List three examples. (3) 5

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