AP Biology. Lab Review. AP Biology

Transcription

1 Lab Review

2 Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis

3 Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis Procedure u Part A - Dialysis tubing filled with starch-glucose solution in beaker filled with IKI solution u Part B - Effect of sucrose concentration on osmosis Part B Part A

4 Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis Potato cores in sucrose solutions Part C Using the graph, determine the molar concentration of the potato cylinders. This is equivalent to the sucrose molarity in which the potato core mass is constant.

5 Water Potential (ψ) = Pressure Potential (ψp) + Osmotic Potential (ψπ) Water potential is determined by calculating the osmotic potential when the pressure potential is zero. Part C Osmotic potential can be calculated using the following formula: ψπ = icrt i = ionization constant (1 for sucrose) C = osmotic molar concentration (moles/liter) (determined in part C) R = pressure constant (R =.0831 liter bars/mole Kelvin) T = temperature ( Kelvin)

6 Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis Distilled water: Salt water: Part E Turgor pressure Plasmolysis

7 Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis Concepts u Semi-permeable membrane u Diffusion u Osmosis u Solutions Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic u Water potential

8 Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis Conclusions u Water moves from high water potential (hypotonic=low solute) to low water potential (hypertonic=high solute) u Solute concentration & size of molecule affect movement through semi-permeable membrane

9 Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis Procedure u Measured factors affecting enzyme activity catalase u H 2 O 2 H 2 O + O 2 u Measured rate of hydrogen peroxide decomposition by enzyme catalysis Titrate with KMnO 4

10 Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis Concepts u Substrate u Enzyme enzyme structure u Product u Denaturation of protein u Experimental design rate of reactivity w reaction with enzyme vs. reaction without enzyme optimum ph or temperature titration

11 Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis Conclusions u Enzyme reaction rate is affected by: ph temperature substrate concentration enzyme concentration

12 Lab 3: Mitosis & Meiosis

13 Lab 3: Mitosis & Meiosis Procedure u Cell stages of mitosis exam slide of onion root tip count number of cells in each stage to determine relative time spent in each stage u Stages of & crossing over in meiosis model cell stages & crossing over farther gene is from centromere the greater number of crossovers observed crossing over in fungus, Sordaria fimicola w arrangement of ascospores

14 Lab 3: Mitosis & Meiosis Concepts u Cell Cycle interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase u Meiosis meiosis I w separate homologous pairs meiosis II w separate sister chromatids u Crossing over in prophase I I P M A T

15 Lab 3: Mitosis & Meiosis Conclusions u Mitosis cell division w growth, repair w Reproduction in unicellular organisms longest phase = prophase each subsequent phase is shorter in duration u Meiosis reduction division w making gametes w increasing variation crossing over in Prophase 1

16 Sordaria fimicola Analysis % crossover = distance from centromere = total crossover total offspring % crossover 2

17 Lab 4: Photosynthesis

18 Lab 4: Photosynthesis Procedure u u Paper chromatography to separate plant pigments Calculate Rf values

19 Lab 4: Photosynthesis Procedure u Determine rate of photosynthesis under different conditions light vs. dark boiled vs. unboiled chloroplasts chloroplasts vs. no chloroplasts u Use DPIP in place of NADP + DPIP ox = blue DPIP red = clear u Measure light transmittance using spectrophotometer

20 Lab 4: Photosynthesis Concepts u Photosynthesis u Photosystems NADPH u Chlorophylls & other plant pigments chlorophyll a chlorophyll b xanthophylls carotenoids u Experimental design control vs. experimental

21 Lab 4: Photosynthesis Conclusions u Pigments pigments move at different rates based on solubility in solvent and affinity to chromatography paper u Photosynthesis light & unboiled chloroplasts produced highest rate of photosynthesis Which is the control? Cuvette #2 = DPIP + chloroplasts + light

22 Lab 4: Photosynthesis Table 1: Rate of Photosynthesis Time (min) Light, Unboiled % transmittance Dark, Unboiled % transmittance Light, Boiled % transmittance Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample Explain the above sample data...

23 Lab 4: Photosynthesis Graph 1:

24 Lab 5: Cell Respiration

25 Lab 5: Cell Respiration Procedure u Using respirometer to measure rate of O 2 consumption by pea seeds non-germinating peas germinating peas effect of temperature control for changes in pressure & temperature in room

26 Lab 5: Cell Respiration Room temperature Ice bath

27 Lab 5: Cell Respiration Concepts u Cell respiration u Experimental design Control vs. experimental Function of KOH Function of vial with only glass beads What is corrected difference?

28 Lab 5: Cell Respiration Conclusions u temp = cell respiration u germination = cell respiration Calculate rate?

29 Lab 6: Molecular Biology

30 Lab 6: Molecular Biology Description u Bacterial Transformation insert foreign gene in bacteria by using engineered plasmid also insert ampicillin resistant gene on same plasmid as selectable marker u Gel Electrophoresis cut DNA with restriction enzyme fragments separate on gel based on size

31 Lab 6: Molecular Biology Concepts u Transformation u Plasmid u Selectable marker ampicillin resistance u Restriction enzyme u Gel electrophoresis DNA is negatively charged smaller fragments travel faster

32 Lab 6: Bacterial Transformation Conclusions u Can insert foreign DNA using a vector (plasmid) u Ampicillin becomes selecting agent for transformed bacteria.

33 Lab 6: Gel Electrophoresis Why do we need to use a buffer solution? Power source Electrophoresis chamber To which end must the DNA (wells) be placed? + or -?

34 Lab 6: Gel Electrophoresis Conclusions DNA = negatively charged Correlate distance to size Smaller fragments travel faster & therefore farther

35 Lab 7: Mendelian Genetics

36 Lab 7: Mendelian Genetics Description u Given fly of unknown genotype use crosses to determine mode of inheritance of trait

37 Lab 7: Mendelian Genetics Concepts u Phenotype vs. genotype u Dominant vs. recessive u P, F1, F2 generations u Sex-linked u Monohybrid cross u Dihybrid cross u Test cross u Chi square

38 Lab 7: Mendelian Genetics Conclusions: Can you solve these? Case 1 Case 2

39 Lab 8: Population Genetics Size of population & Gene pool Random vs. Non-random mating

40 Lab 8: Population Genetics Description u Simulations were used to study effects of different parameters on frequency of alleles in a population Selection Heterozygous advantage Genetic drift

41 Lab 8: Population Genetics Concepts u Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p + q = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 Required conditions w large population w random mating w no mutations w no natural selection w no migration u Gene pool u Heterozygous advantage u Genetic drift Founder effect Bottleneck

42 Lab 8: Population Genetics Conclusions u Recessive alleles remain hidden in the pool of heterozygotes Even lethal recessive alleles are not completely removed from population u Know how to solve H-W problems! To calculate allele frequencies, use p + q = 1 To calculate genotype frequencies or how many individuals, use, p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1

43 Lab 9: Transpiration

44 Lab 9: Transpiration Protocol u Test the effects of environmental factors on rate of transpiration temperature humidity air flow (wind) light intensity

45 Lab 9: Transpiration Concepts u Transpiration u Stomates u Guard cells u Xylem Adhesion Cohesion w H bonding

46 Lab 9: Transpiration Conclusions u Transpiration wind light u Transpiration humidity

47 Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology

48 Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology Description u Study factors that affect heart rate Body position Level of activity u Determine whether an organism is an endotherm or an ectotherm by measuring change in pulse rate as temperature changes Daphnia

49 Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology Concepts Thermoregulation Endotherm Ectotherm Q 10 u Measures increase in metabolic activity resulting from increase in body temperature u Daphnia can adjust their temperature to the environment, as temperature in environment increases, their body temperature also increases which increases their heart rate u For many biological reactions, the Q 10 is around 2!

50 Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology Conclusions u Activity increase heart rate in a fit individual pulse & blood pressure are lower & will return more quickly to resting condition after exercise than in a less fit individual u Pulse rate changes in an ectotherm as external temperature changes

51 Lab 11: Animal Behavior

52 Lab 11: Animal Behavior Description u Set up an experiment to study behavior in an organism Betta fish agonistic behavior Drosophila mating behavior Pillbug kinesis

53 Lab 11: Animal Behavior Concepts u Innate vs. learned behavior u Experimental design Control vs. experimental Hypothesis u Choice chamber Temperature Humidity Light intensity Salinity Other factors

54 Lab 11: Animal Behavior Hypothesis development u Poor: I think pillbugs will move toward the wet side of a choice chamber. u Better: If pillbugs prefer a moist environment, then when they are randomly placed on both sides of a wet/dry choice chamber and allowed to move about freely for 10 minutes, most will be found on the wet side.

55 Lab 11: Animal Behavior Experimental design Sample size

56 Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved O 2 availability

57 Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen O 2 Probe Winkler Method

58 Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen Description u Measure primary productivity by measuring O 2 production u Factors that affect amount of dissolved O 2 Temperature w as water temperature, its ability to hold O 2 decreases Photosynthetic activity w in bright light, aquatic plants produce more O 2 Decomposition activity w as organic matter decays, microbial respiration consumes O 2 Mixing & turbulence w wave action, waterfalls & rapids aerate H 2 O & O 2 Salinity w as water becomes more salty, its ability to hold O 2 decreases

59 Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen Concepts u Dissolved O 2 u Primary productivity measured in 3 ways: w amount of CO 2 used w rate of sugar (biomass) formation w rate of O 2 production u Net productivity vs. Gross productivity u Cell respiration

60 Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen Conclusions u temperature = dissolved O 2 u light = photosynthesis = O 2 production u O 2 loss from cell respiration u cell respiration = dissolved O 2 (consumption of O 2 )

61 Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen Nomograph: To measure how much oxygen water can hold (saturation), you need to be able to read a nomograph.