The biochemistry of natural pigments

Transcription

1 The biochemistry of natural pigments G. BRITTON UNiVERSITATSilBLIOTHEK CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge London New York New Rochelle Melbourne Sydney

2 Contents 1 2 Preface Section I. Chemical and biochemical aspects Light and colour 1.1 Introduction.2 Colour and colour perception. Colour in living organisms.4 Light absorption.5 Spectroscopic methods in natural pigment research.6 The significance of colour in Nature 1.7 Conclusions and comments 1.8 Suggested further reading 1.9 Selected bibliography Carotenoids 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Structures and nomenclature 2. Properties 2.4 Distribution 2.5 Carotenoproteins 2.6 Biosynthesis 2.7 Regulation and control of biosynthesis 2.8 Metabolism of carotenoids by animals 2.9 Functions of carotenoids 2.10 Carotenoids as food colorants 2.11 Medical uses of carotenoids 2.12 Other polyene pigments 2.1 Conclusions and comments 2.14 Suggested further reading 2.15 Selected bibliography Quinones.1 Introduction.2 Structures ix

3 vi Contents. Properties 76.4 Occurrence and distribution 79.5 Contribution to colour 85.6 Biosynthesis 85.7 Functions and biological effects 97.8 Industrial and medicinal uses 99.9 Conclusions and comments Suggested further reading Selected bibliography 101 O-Heterocyclic pigments - the flavonoids Introduction Structures and nomenclature Properties Distribution Contribution to plant colours Biosynthesis Metabolism of flavonoids by animals Microbial degradation of flavonoids Functions of flavonoids in plants Use of anthocyanins as food colorants Conclusions and comments Suggested further reading Selected bibliography 128 Tetrapyrroles Introduction General structural features General light-absorption properties Chlorophylls Haem and haemoproteins Free porphyrins in animals Vitamin Bij Linear tetrapyrroles-bilins Biosynthesis and metabolism of tetrapyrroles Disorders of porphyrin metabolism Functions of tetrapyrrole pigments Conclusions and comments Suggested further reading Selected bibliography 187 Other non-polymeric 7V-heterocyclic pigments Introduction Purines, pterins and flavins Phenazines 204

4 Contents vu 6.4 Phenoxazines 6.5 Betalains 6.6 MiscellaneousN-heterocyclic pigments 6.7 Conclusions and comments 6.8 Suggested further reading 6.9 Selected bibliography Melanins 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Chemistry 7. Distribution 7.4 Biosynthesis 7.5 Factors affecting melanogenesis 7.6 Functions 7.7 Conclusions and comments 7.8 Suggested further reading 7.9 Selected bibliography Section II. Functional aspects The importance of colour in Nature 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Colour and pattern in animals 8. Animal pigment cells - chromatophores 8.4 Animal colour changes 8.5 Colour in plants 8.6 Conclusions and comments 8.7 Suggested further reading 8.8 Selected bibliography Pigments in vision 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The eye ; 9. Visual pigments 9.4 Functioning of the visual pigments - the visual cycles 9.5 Some aspects of colour vision 9.6 Accessory pigments in vision 9.7 Conclusions and comments 9.8 Suggested further reading 9.9 Selected bibliography Photosynthesis Introduction The photosynthetic apparatus of eukaryotes: the chloroplast 284

5 viii 11 Contents 10. Plant photosynthesis - a general outline Light harvesting-the primary process of 289 photosynthesis 10.5 Secondary events -the photo synthetic electron 296 transport system 10.6 The dark reactions Photosynthesis in eukaryotic algae Photosynthesis in the prokaryotic blue-green algae Bacterial photosynthesis Pigment synthesis in relation to chloroplast 10 development Development of the photosynthetic apparatus of 14 photosynthetic bacteria Fate of photosynthetic pigments during chloroplast 15 degeneration 10.1 Conclusions and comments Suggested further reading Selected bibliography Other photofunctions of natural pigments 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Phytochrome 11. Phototaxis 11.4 Phototropism 11.5 Bacteriorhodopsin 11.6 Extra-ocular and extra-retinal photoreceptors in animals 11.7 Photoprotection 11.8 Bioluminescence 11.9 Conclusions and comments Suggested further reading Selected bibliography Problems Answers Index