Root Words In-Class Homework. -Fetal Pig Dissection. -Fetal Pig Dissection. Picture: -Late Arrival! - Introduction to Structure vs.

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1 Biology Week #20 Week of: January 14th - 18th Day Root Words In-Class Homework 1/14: Monday Word: Definition: As in: - Picture: -Fetal Pig Dissection 1/15: Tuesday Word: Definition: As in: - Picture: -Fetal Pig Dissection 1/16: Wednesday Word: Definition: As in: - Picture: -Late Arrival! - Introduction to Structure vs. Function of Cells 1/17: Thursday Word: Definition: As in: - Picture: - History of Microscopes - The Discovery of Cells -Fetal Pig Lab Quiz Word: Definition: Picture: 1/18: Friday As in: - -Week #20 Quiz Need Help? Raymond Houk Lundgren Lesniak McKittrick McCormack Monday 127-7th 205-7th Tuesday 298-8th 194-4th 245-7th T.C. - Pd. 1 Wednesday 127-7th 205-7th Thursday 298-8th 194-4th 245-7th T.C. - Pd. 1 Friday 127-7th 205-7th AM = before school, PM = after school, T.C. = tutoring center Or you can always make an appointment Website = GOOGLE CLASSROOM ( Classwork tab) Annotation Guidelines: Red (vocab), Orange (questions), Blue/Black (notes or answers to analysis questions) 1

2 Fetal Pig Dissection Directions: As we dissect the fetal pig, shade in the parts we saw (follow colors on pgs. 3-4) 2

3 Comparative Anatomy Directions: Go back to page 2 to help you complete the table below. Name of Color Code pg. 2 What Organs you saw? Were organs hard or easy to see? Why? Respiratory blue Circulatory red Digestive green Excretory orange 3

4 Endocrine yellow Muscular purple Skeletal brown Nervous black Immune gray 4

5 20 Unique Facts About the Human Body Read the following 20 interesting facts about the human body. Circle the 3 most interesting facts to you! 1. A human being loses an average of 40 to 100 strands of hair a day. 2. A cough releases an explosive charge of air that moves at speeds up to 60 mph. 3. Every time you lick a stamp, you re consuming 1/10 of a calorie. 4. A fetus (unborn baby) gets fingerprints at the age of three months. 5. Every person has a unique tongue print. 6. According to German researchers, the risk of heart attack is higher on Monday than any other day of the week. 7. After spending hours working at a computer display, look at a blank piece of white paper. It will probably appear pink. 8. An average human drinks about 16,000 gallons of water in a lifetime. 9. A fingernail or toenail takes up to 6 months to grow from base to tip. 10. An average human scalp has 100,000 hairs. 11. It takes 17 muscles to smile and 43 to frown. 12. Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood have only 206 in our bodies. 13. Beards are the fastest growing hairs on the human body. If the average man never trimmed his beard, it would grow to nearly 30 feet long in his lifetime. 14. By age 60, most people have lost half of their taste buds. 15. By the time you turn 70, your heart will have beat some two-and-a-half billion times. 16. Each square inch of human skin consists of 20 feet of blood vessels. 17. Every human spent about half an hour as a single cell. 18. Every square inch of the human body has an average of 32 million bacteria on it. 19. Fingernails grow faster than toenails. 20. Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour (about 1.5 pounds a year). By age 70, an average person will have lost 105 pounds of skin. Circle the 3 most interesting facts to you! 5

6 Now use the internet to find 10 interesting or unique facts about BODY SYSTEMS

7 Structure and Function of Cells Problem: If all organs look different, do all cells look different? Explain. Name of Cell What you think function of the cell is? What you think the cell looks like? Actual function Actual structure Muscle Cell Neuron Liver Cell Bone Cell 7

8 Name of Cell What you think function of the cell is? What you think the cell looks like? Actual function Actual structure Blood Cell Sperm Cell Egg Cell Bacterium Plant Cell 8

9 Problem: If all organs look different, do all cells look different? Explain using three examples from our notes. 9

10 Cell Organization Reading Read and annotate the following article (FOLLOW OUR RULES = Red: vocab, Orange: questions, and blue/black: notes/answers) and answer the questions (USING COMPLETE SENTENCES!). Cell Organization All living things are made up of one or more cells. This includes plants, animals, and many bacteria. Bacteria are unicellular organisms made up of only one cell. Histologists, scientists who study cells, have learned many new things. They have noticed that cells have tiny structures inside of them. Organelles Scientists named the tiny organs inside the cell organelles. Each organelle performs specific functions for the cell. The cell works in much the same way as a busy manufacturing plant. Anything that works, works best if someone is in control. Most things that work need energy to keep things working. A cell, like a manufacturer, transforms simple materials into complex substances and packages them to be delivered where they are needed. These are just a few of the responsibilities of various cell organelles. Organelles are many tiny parts within a cell that make the cell run smoothly and keep it alive. 1. Describe the job of a histologist. 2. What are organelles? 3. The nucleus, where DNA is stored, is an example of one organelle in a cell. Come up with the name and function of another organelle (use the Internet if you can t think of one!). 10

11 Cells In multicellular organisms, histologists learned that certain cells that did the same job were similar in their size and shape. As an example, nerve cells are like telephone wires inside your body. They carry messages to all parts of the body by an impulse. They are long and thin and do the same job. Nerve cells make up nerve tissue. A group of cells that are similar and act together to do a certain job make up a larger part of your body called a tissue. Tissue A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to do the same job. Each cell in a tissue does its part to keep the tissue alive. For example, muscle cells are joined together to make muscle tissue. These tissues include leg muscles, arm muscles, and your heart muscle. Cells in your muscle tissue work together to make your body move. You have four main kinds of tissue: muscle tissue, covering tissue, connective tissue, and nerve tissue. Tissues in your body that are similar and do the same job are organized into a somewhat larger part of your body called organs. 4. Describe the differences between cells and tissues. 5. Describe the similarities between cells and tissues. 11

12 Organs An organ is a structure that is made up of two or more different types of tissue that work together to do the same job. An organ is the main working part of plants and animals. Each organ does a specific job to make all your systems run smoothly. Your heart is an organ made up of muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and blood tissue. The heart is made up of muscle tissue that contracts, making the heart pump blood. The nerve tissue receives messages from your body that tells the heart how fast to beat or pump the blood. A group of organs working together to perform a certain job make up an organ system. Organ A group of similar organs doing the same job make up an organ system. Your heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries make up your circulatory system. In multicellular organisms, several systems work together in order to perform life functions efficiently. You have various systems that work together to keep you alive. Organelles make up your cells, your cells make up your tissues, your tissues make up your organs, and your organs make up the systems that keep you alive. You have nine main systems: skeletal, muscular, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous, immune, and endocrine. 6. Describe the difference between an organ and an organ system. 7. Write the following words in the correct order below (from smallest to biggest): Organ system, cells, tissues, organs, organism, organelles. 8. Use the following words to complete the sentences below (each word is used only once): Cells, organelles, organs, tissues, organ system a. are the tiny parts inside of a cell. b. that do the same job are similar in size and shape. c. Similar cells that work together make up. d. A(n) is a structure made up of two or more different types of tissue. e. A group of similar organs doing the same job make up a(n). 12

13 The History of Microscopes Of the five senses, the most important is sight. It aids in the process of gathering information about the environment that we are part of. However, this visual gathering is only adequate to a certain point. Beyond this point, the human unaided eye fails to help us; the amount of detail that it can provide is severely limited. In order to overcome those limitations, humans started to develop instruments like the magnifying glass, the spectacles, the telescope and the microscope. 1. View the cork on your table with your naked eye. Draw what you see in the space provided. The earliest development of the microscope can be traced back to the ancient world with the appearance of the magnifying glass, which was at that time use as a burning glass. The conception of the magnifying glass to produce a magnified image that could supplement the human eye first appeared in the 13th century. 2. Now view the cork on your table with your magnifying glass. Draw what you see in the space provided. How did that image change? It took several hundred years before anyone assembled glass lenses in a way that made distant objects appear close or small objects appear bigger. The appearance of new scientific ideas in the 17th century led to the invention of instruments like the telescope and the microscope. Eventually, the microscope was invented by Robert Hooke in the 17th century. The 17th century was a period of great interest in microscopy. During this time, the word "microscope" was beginning to be accepted and regularly used. However, the microscope wasn't just a scientific tool; throughout this century, microscopes were owned by the upper class as recreational toys! 3. How do you think the invention of microscopes helped science? 13

14 Hooke observed a thin slice of cork under the microscope and saw that it was mostly air, which allowed it to float, be firm, and yet compress under force. However, he also saw that there were pieces of material making up a meshwork of supporting structures around the tiny pockets of air. Hooke named these pockets of air "cells" after the small monastery rooms they reminded him of. He had no idea that those air pockets that he called cells were the remains of what is now considered the primary structure of life. The name, cell, remains until this day. 4. Look in your microslide viewer. Use the prepared slide of a cork (Slide #1) the first object to be viewed under a microscope to make your observations. Draw what you see in the space provided. During the 18 th and 19 th centuries, the microscope went through a time of several mechanical improvements. The ability of this new microscope to create such images caught the attention of the scientific community and society in general. The microscope became very popular once again, but this time it underwent a high-volume, low-cost, mass production. 5. Why do you think it is important that the microscope underwent a high-volume, low-cost, mass production. In the 20th century new developments and improvements have rendered the discoveries of the 19th century to be very basic. The new microscopes are not only able to use light as a way of reflecting the image of the sample, but they are more versatile and capable of using electrons of high resolution power to examine a sample and reproduce its image. This type of microscope is called an electron microscope. The versatility of these microscopes allows one to observe a sample in a 3-dimensional fashion rather than on a flat plain like the conventional microscopes. Also, the magnification power of these new microscopes is incredible; they can easily reach 200,000x, or 10,000 times more than the earliest microscopes. 6. What advancements do you think the electron microscope contributed to science? Compound microscope - uses two lenses, an objective lens and an ocular lens to provide greater magnification than is possible with a single lens. Electron Microscope - uses electrons to "illuminate" an object. It has an electron gun that emits electrons in a vacuum, which then strikes the specimen and records its image in a monitor rather than through an objective lens. 14

15 The Discovery of Cells Read, annotate, and answer the following questions. Seeing is believing, an old saying goes. It would be hard to find a better example of this than the discovery of the cell. Without the instruments to make them visible, cells remained out of sight and, therefore, out of mind for most of human history. All of this changed with a dramatic advance in technology the microscope. Early Microscopes In the late 1500s, eyeglass makers in Europe discovered that using several glass lenses in combination could magnify even the smallest objects to make them easy to see. Before long, they had built the first true microscopes from these lenses, opening the door to the study of biology as we know it today. 1. Microscopes use (one / several circle one) lenses to magnify objects. In 1665, Englishman Robert Hooke used an early microscope to look at a nonliving thin slice of cork, a plant material. Under the microscope, cork seemed to be made of thousands of tiny empty chambers. Hooke called these chambers cells because they reminded him of a monastery's tiny rooms, which were called cells. The term cell is used in biology to this day. Today we know that living cells are not empty chambers, but in fact they contain a huge array of working parts, each with its own function. 2. Why did Robert Hooke choose the term cell? 3. What does the word array mean in the last sentence? 15

16 In Holland around the same time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a single-lens microscope to observe pond water and other things. To his amazement, the microscope revealed a fantastic world of tiny living organisms that seemed to be everywhere, in the water he and his neighbors drank, and even in his own mouth. Leeuwenhoek's illustrations of the organisms he found in the human mouth which today we call bacteria are shown to the right. 4. Describe what van Leeuwenhoek saw. 16