The use of Phylogenies for Conservation purposes
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1 The use of Phylogenies for Conservation purposes Arnica Katarina Andreasen Systematic Biology, Uppsala University
2 Overview Biological distinctivness Measures of diversity Example: Malvaceae Arnica evolution
3 Criteria for prioritizing threatened species Threat Ecological importance Economical importance Charisma Biological distinctivness
4 Biological distinctiveness Traditional classifications Phylogenetic distinctness Tree based measures
5 Treebased diversity measures Topology based Taxonomic diversity (Vane-Wright & al 1991, Williams & al 1993) Topology & branch lenghts Phylogenetic diversity PD (Faith 1992) Evolutionary Distinctiveness ED (Isaac & al. 2007) EDGE - includes extinction risk
6 Taxonomic diversity Topology based # T/# V % A B C D E Total Vane-Wright & al. 1991
7 Phylogenetic diversity,, PD Based on topology & branch lenghts U A B C D 10 changes E Faith 1992
8 Phylogenetic diversity,, PD = Minimum spaning path for B, C, D PD for B, C, D :! lenghts of branches that are members of the minimum spaning path for B, C, D plus root U A B C D 10 changes E
9 Evolutionary Distinctiveness, ED Species terminal branch & its speciesweighted shares of ancestral branches EDGE includes extinction risk Isaac & al. 2007
10 Heightened Evolutionary Distinctiveness, HED Expected terminal branch lengths based on extinction probabilities (CR: 0.9 -> LC: 0.001) HEDGE weighted by current extinction risk Steel & al. 2007
11 Prioritize between species based on PD Common species represent assured PD Threatened species have to be prioritized Priorities are based on the gain in PD by adding a threatened species, the G-value
12 PD for threatened taxa Two species pairs: A common & a threatened species Malvaceae: Eremalche Sidalcea Are the species distinct? YES S. keckii NO E. kernensis How should they be prioritized? Andreasen Conservation Genetics 6: / / / Callirhoë Napaea Sphaeralcea 34 E. rotundifolia E. exilis_4 5 E. exilis_ / / / changes * * * * 73/ / /100 E. exilis_20 E. kernenis_5, 6 E. kernensis_7 E. parryi_11, 12, 15, 16 E. parryi_25 E. parryi_14 E. parryi_23 E. parryi_24 E. parryi_18 E. parryi_27, 26 E. kernensis_8 2 E. kernensis_2 E. kernensis_3 E. parryi_10 S. malachroides 52 S. stipularis 2 15 S. hickmanii parishii 2 S. hickmanii anomala 100/ / /100 98/ / /100 S. candida S. glaucescens 5 S. multifida /100 -/ / / /98 * 4 -/83 79/ / /100 78/98 8 -/ / /81 * S. keckii_61 S. keckii_62 4 S. keckii_101 S. hartwegii S. asprella S. campestris S. hirtipes S. diploscypha_22, 26 3 S. diploscypha_102 S. diploscypha_30 S. robusta 26 S. hirsuta 42 S. calycosa 8 S. covillei 2 S. pedata 5 S. malviflora ssp. malviflora, ssp. patula 99/100 S. malviflora purpurea 5 S. neomexicana S. cusickii_1 5 S. cusickii_2 S. hendersonii S. oregana ssp. valida, ssp. hydrophila S. nelsoniana ITS & ETS Eremalche kernensis Sidalcea keckii
13 PD & G-values Taxa Taxa G-values/round G-values in each roundb Lower G-value & Lower priority S. stipularis 64 S. keckii # S. cusickii S. hickmanii anomala S. hickmanii parishii S. malachroides 18 a Sidalcea stipularis S. covillei 8 8 S. robusta 6 6 S. campestris 6 6 S. oregana valida S. nelsoniana S. oregana hydrophila S. neomexicana 5 5 S. keckii # S. pedata 2 2 E. kernensis #2 2 2 S. malviflora 1 1 purpurea E. kernensis #5 1 1 E. kernensis #7 1 1
14 Programs for analyzing priorities Program Conserve (Agapow & Crozier 1998) Tuatara package of Mesquite (Maddison & Mooers 2007) MrTWIG (Wallberg)
15 Arnica: Hybridization, polyploidy & apomixis! Hybridization hypotheses! Di-,tri- & tetraploids X=19! Polyploidy correlated to apomixis Arnica angustifolia! Correlation glaciated areas and polyploidy! Polyploids more widespread than diploids
16 World distribution of Arnica Biogeography Circumboreal & montane Widespread taxa Disjunct taxa
17 Chloroplast regions in Arnica Sequenced >3700 cp nucleotides Only 45 informative characters Results in low support & low resolution Suggested subgenera are not supported Ekenäs, Baldwin & Andreasen 2007.
18 Polymorphic nrdna in Arnica Agamospermy (asexual seed production) -> Incomplete lineage sorting Ekenäs et al. 2009
19 Lineage sorting: the process of fixation of gene lineages along a species lineage Incomplete lineage sorting: Failure of allele fixation Retention of ancestral polymorphisms Deep coalescence More likely if time between divergences is short & population sizes large
20 RPB2-phylogeny in Arnica D-copies A: A A B C outgroups
21 Conclusions: Arnica evolution The 5 subgenera are not supported Results support a hypothesis of an origin in temperate western North America & subsequent dispersal to northern regions Polymorphisms in ribosomal DNA & low copy DNA may be caused by polyploidy, agamospermy, incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization The fact that the diploid species lack polymorphisms supports this
22 Collaborators & funding Catarina Ekenäs & Nahid Heidari, Systematic Biology,, Uppsala Doug Stone, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Bruce Baldwin, UC Berkeley Swedish Research Council Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Swedish King Carl XIV Gustaf Foundation
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