Regional Activities and Perspectives on GCW: Relevant FMI Activities at Northern Finland and Suggestions for GCW Monitoring Site Requirements

Transcription

1 Regional Activities and Perspectives on GCW: Relevant FMI Activities at Northern Finland and Suggestions for GCW Monitoring Site Requirements Jouni Pulliainen 21 November 2011

2 Suggestions for GCW monitoring sites: Case of sub-arctic and boreal forest zone Supersites with detailed integrated monitoring - Soil-snow-vegetation-atmosphere interaction - CAL-VAL of satellite instruments (including satellite reference systems) - Open data delivery and archiving Regular sites with a relaxed monitoring programme - Monitoring of key variables of the cryospheric processes - Coverage over different snow regimes needed - Open data delivery and archiving

3 Suggestions for GCW monitoring sites: Coverage over different snow regimes Snow cover class Typical characteristics Indicative range of max. SWE before melt (mm) Tundra A thin, cold and wind blown snow cover; high density Taiga Thin/moderate depth cold snow cover with low density, depth hoar typical Alpine A deep snow pack with intermediate to cold temperatures, some wind crust and some melt-refreeze effects Maritime A warm deep snow cover, melt features very common Ephimeral A thin, very warm snow cover Prairie A thin (except in drifts) moderately cold snow cover. Wind effects Mountain (special class) Highly variable snow cover -

4 Preliminary suggestions for GCW monitoring sites: Supersite requirements (a) Continuous automatic data (distributed observations covering e.g. different ecosystems/soil/land cover types) Soil moisture profiles (distributed) Soil temperature/soil frost profiles (distributed) Snow depth and/or SWE (distributed) Snow temperature profiles (distributed) Automatic synoptic weather station observations (including temperature 2 m, temperature ground, dew point temperature, air pressure, air relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, cloud height, amount of clouds, visibility, snow depth, prevailing weather code) Radiation observations (incoming and reflected) Distrometer observations on precipitation Atmospheric soundings (troposphere and stratosphere) CO2 and/or methane fluxes between the atmosphere and soil-vegetation system (preferably for different ecosystems) Water table depth on wetlands

5 Preliminary suggestions for GCW monitoring sites: Supersite requirements (b) Regular manual observations SWE and snow depth on snow pits (forest and bog sites) Snowpack layering and snow grain size on snow pits (visible snow grain size observations/photography and/or SSA measurements) Soil frost depth Snow surveys (snow courses with a preferable length of some kilometers) Optionally Specific reference measurements for Earth Observation (EO) instruments (e.g. reference systems of cryosphere monitoring satellite instruments) Aerosol optical depth Energy fluxes (sensible, latent and soil heat), evaporation/transpiration and soil respiration.

6 Preliminary suggestions for GCW monitoring sites: Regular site requirements Continuous automatic data Soil moisture profiles Soil temperature/soil frost profiles Snow depth and SWE Snow temperature profiles Automatic synoptic weather station observations Radiation observations (incoming and reflected) Regular manual observations SWE and snow depth on snow pits (forest and bog sites) Snowpack layering and snow grain size on snow pits (visible snow grain size observations) Snow surveys (snow courses with a preferable length of some kilometers)

7 Example of Feasible Regional Monitoring: Case of Northern Finland (Cryospheric) Monitoring Programme A proposed contribution to GCW

8 Pallas-Sodankylä GAW Station, northern Finland Pallas: tropospheric air chemistry atmosphere/ biosphere interactions (also in Sodankylä) Sodankylä: stratosphere ionosphere column measurements satellite observations (CAL-VAL)

9 Long term times series from the meteorological observatory First thermo-/barometer based records in 1856 Met station during the 1st IGY 1882/83 Continuous homogenized synoptic weather records from 1908 onwards Upper air soundings from 1949 onwards Solar radiation observations since 1957/58 (1st IPY) Radioactivity monitoring since 1963 Air quality observations since 1970s Ozone and UV-observations 1988 Stratospheric Aerosol/Humitidy mid 1990s Micrometeorological tower 1999 Weather radar at Luosto 2000 Satellite data processing 1998 Satellite data reception 2003

10 The measurements at Sammaltunturi include reactive gases (ozone, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) greenhouse gas concentrations (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and sulphur hexafluoride) aerosol particle number concentration and size distribution PM 10 particle mass concentration aerosol scattering coefficient black carbon volatile organic compounds (ethane, propane etc.) stable isotopes radon-222 meteorological parameters

11 Pallas-Sodankylä GAW Station, northern Finland

12 Relevant Sodankylä-Pallas Activities: Satellite CAL-VAL Sodankylä site: Reference instruments for various EO missions: ELBARA-II of ESA : Reference for SMOS (global soil moisture and ocean salinity) SnowScat of ESA: Reference for the planned CoReH2O SWE mapping SAR mission SodRad: Reference for SSMI/I and AMSR-E Mast-based spectrometer: Reference for MODIS, MERIS etc. ELBARA-II SMOS

13 SodRad and ESA-Elbara-II: References for space-borne radiometers

14 Sodankylä-Pallas satellite CAL-VAL-site (Satellite Pixel) Providing in situ data on atmospheric and surface parameters for remote sensing instruments Co-operation e.g. with NASA,ESA and EUMETSAT) Globally unique CAL-VAL site at (northern) boreal forest region 0.08 Measured spectrum from mast Radiance [ W/m^2] Measured reference spectrum Measured forest spectrum Measured open land spectrum Wavelenght

15 ESA CoReH2O preparation work at Sodankylä Cold Regions Hydrology Highresolution Observatory Dual frequency (X / Ku band) SAR for cryospheric mapping ESA Earth Explorer candidate - Phase A (decision for launch early 2012) Large ongoing ESA campaign activities (NOSREX 1,2&3 with participation from Finland, Canada, USA, Switzerland, Austria, France, UK )

16 ESA NoSREx campaign: Reference instruments for space-borne monitoring of the cryosphere Extensive ESA campaign activities at Sodankylä Reference instrument for the planned CoReH 2 O Earth Explorer - Dual frequency SAR for the global investigation of snow cover (Snow Water Equivalent) for NWP, hydrology and climate modeling - Coordinated activities with Canadian experiments at Churchill (Univ. of Waterloo and Environment Canada) Reference instruments for ESA SMOS and operational microwave radiometers of USA and Japan

17 Sodankylä Intensive Observation Area (IOA) N E Site typical boreal coniferous forest on mineral soil FMI Arctic Research Centre, Sodankylä, Finland Average permanent snow cover: 6th Nov 25 May ( ) Average maximum snow depth: 80 cm Easy access and technical support

18 IOA instrumentation Elbara-II SodRad radiometer 10, 18, 36, and 90 GHz SodRad2 21 and 150 GHz radiometer installed during coming winter SnowScat GHz scatterometer ASD spectrometer nm spectrophotometer Reference measurements soil moisture and temperature snow parameters meteorological parameters CO2 flux etc.

19 Manual snow measurements Weekly observed parameters Stratigraphy Density profile (snow fork and snow scale) Grain size profile Temperature profile Snow moisture Bulk values for SD, SWE, density Detailed snow measurements (one campaign period each year) Snow depth/swe distribution SSA measurements/ NIR photography High resolution penetromety Instruments in continuous observation mode (diurnal change observation)

20 Automated measurements snow depth and snow water equivalent (acoustic and gamma ray measurements) soil moisture vertical profile soil temperature profiles and frost depth snow temperature profile weather (AWS) and radiation measurements

21 Northern Finland test area Northern Finland test area 300x300 km Sodankylä-Pallas CAL/VAL area 150x150 km Other 0.8 % Open ( barren ) 1.2 % Bog 23.3 % Forest 70.9 % Lakes & rivers 3.7 % Sodankylä

22 New SM / ST vertical profile stations

23 Sodankylä area in-situ measurements Continuous automatic soil/snow measurements Soil moisture vertical profile + top layer measurements Soil temperature vertical profile + top layer measurements Snow depth and snow water equivalent Snow temperature profiles Manual in-situ measurements Snow pits on three locations Frost tubes on forest, open area and bog

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27 CoReH 2 O MAG, Innsbruck, Austria

28 Connecting in situ observations and satellite data: Products and observations for GCW

29 New Sodankylä Processing Facility Data processing Archiving Delivery (already open database operational litdb.fmi.fi)

30 Finnish Meteorological Institute

31 EUMETSAT: H-SAF FMI is responsible to the development of real-time snow mapping services for Europe SWE mapping approach is based on the further development of GlobSnow system EC: CryoLand Multinational EC project carrying partially on with GlobSnow efforts Development of operational satellite-based snow & land ice products

32 EC SnowCarbo estimation of CO2 balance of Northern areas Weather station data: Synoptic weather data Satellite data: Snow Covered Area Snow Depth/Water equivalent REMO JSBACH Model System REMO Regional Climate Model JSBACH Biosphere-Atmosphere Model Product validatio n Validation and error estimation Output: CO2 flux maps with error estimates CO2 consentration maps with error estimates Direct validation: CO2 flux measurements CO2 consentration measurements In direct validation: NDVI time series driven features Spring increase in photosynthesis Vegetation summer maximum Beginning of dormancy Timing of soil freezing Snow melt onset Snow clearance

33 Daily CO 2 balances at the spruce forest site in 2003 mean PPFD (μmol m -2 s -1 ) Daily CO 2 balance (mgco 2 m -2 d -1 ) Soil temperature Air temperature PPFD CO 2 balance Temperature (C) -20 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2003

34 30 year-long Climate Data Record (CDR) on snow conditions of Northern Hemisphere (ESA-GlobSnow) First time reliable daily map information on snow: - Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) - Snow Extent and melt Spaceborne passive microwave radiometer data combined with ground-based synoptic snow observations - Variational data-assimilation Part of Sodankylä Cryospheric Data Archive -system - 30-year-long time-series Continuous real-time hemispehirical processing started on October 2010

35 Trend in the snow melt date based on GlobSnow 30-year long product (change in days/decade) Satellite retrieval ECHAM5 (Obs. SST) INTAS-SCONE data Melts earlier Melts later Conclusion: Confidence on the climate model s ability to represent Eurasian snow cover with reasonable accuracy

36 Seasonal behaviour and hemispherical trend of snow mass 1995 Finnish Meteorological Institute

37 Thank You for Your Attention!