Backscatter calibration for MBES Project Shom / Ifremer
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1 Backscatter calibration for MBES Project Shom / Ifremer Christophe Vrignaud Sophie Loyer Julian Le Deunf (Shom) Xavier Lurton - Jean-Marie Augustin Laurent Berger (Ifremer)
2 INTRODUCTION The main need: Shom has to be compliant with IHO standards including S- 44, with seafloor characterization. Other needs regarding seafloor characterization: Support for Defense Services and support for government maritime policies The «challenge»: perform a seabed classification using a remote system (like underwater acoustic) A good candidat: the latest MBES generation, with backscatter data International dynamic: BSWG - G. Lamarche (NIWA) and X. Lurton (Ifremer). 2
3 Theory and issues Backscatter compensation Backscatter calibration Conclusion 3
4 Theory and issues Backscatter compensation Backscatter calibration Conclusion 4
5 EXAMPLE OF BACKSCATTER DATA SHALLOW WATER MBES - EXAMPLE 5
6 SONAR FORMULA (THE BASIC) TL : Transmit Level PropaL : Propagation Losses TS : Target Strength PropaL : Propagation Losses NL : Noise Level RS : Received Sensitivity TL RS NL MBES: BS can be tuned Signal Excess = TL - 2.PropL + TS NL + RS For target detection : SE has to be strictly positive PropL PropL Backscatter raw data (linked to the TS): is a function of the grazing angle relatively to the seafloor, the footprint, the transmit signal, the water depth, the MBES RX process, and the sediment type. Doris Software (C, T, S profils) TS? Today, using correct software, and device, the unknown remains the seafloor properties. The Challenge: Extract the seafloor sediment information 6
7 BACKSCATTER DATA - OVERVIEW Outer beams The angular response of the sediment is the main characteristic of the raw data BS 7
8 BACKSCATTER DATA - OVERVIEW The reflectivity can be roughly split into 3 main parts (from GEOHAB BS cookbook): Normal incidence : backscatter from specular Oblique incidence: backscatter from volume Grazing incidence: backscatter due to interface roughness Normal Incidence Oblique Incidence Grazing Incidence Specular Volume Roughness BS Rapid decreasing stable Decreasing Angle Spéculaire Lambert Transitoire Modeling GSAB (Lurton et al.) 8
9 BACKSCATTER DATA: ISSUES MBES TX/RX MODES Shallow Water MBES Steps due to mode changes Shallow Water MBES Real time data (almost perfect) The real time acquisition process compensates the backscatter (but offsets are still visible) 9
10 BACKSCATTER DATA: ISSUE MBES TX SECTORS MBES with 3 Transmit sectors Backscatter Raw Data Sonarscope Backscatter Angular response (db) colored according to the sector number Kongsberg EM710 Flat seafloor 60m Depth (Sonarscope) 10
11 BACKSCATTER DATA: ISSUE SAME MBES BUT DIFFERENT HSL Bay of Stiff (2 HSL Macareux and Phaéton) Difference «Macareux - Phaeton» Macareux Phaéton 3dB offset between both HS (= intensity x 2) 11
12 BACKSCATTER DATA: SAME MBES BUT DIFFERENT HSL WITH DIFFERENT MODES 3km 12
13 Theory and issues Backscatter compensation Backscatter calibration Conclusion 13
14 BACKSCATTER COMPENSATION: THEORY The idea: compute a Backscatter angular response model, with a data set, on homogeneous area Backscatter Raw Data and Modeling (GSAB) Compensation = Backscatter Raw Data - Modeling Offsets dedicated for Compensation 14
15 BACKSCATTER COMPENSATION: EXAMPLE ON DIFFERENT TX SECTORS EM710 BS compensation Backscatter Raw Data Modeling (GESAB) Sonarscope BS-Cor file updated Affichage BS-Cor. # # Corrections made to reflect new frequencies as opposed to default frequency measurements # # The values in the first three row will be used instead of the program # default values. # # source level (db * 100) lobe angle (degrees * 100) lobe width (degrees * 100) # # Very shallow - not used # Shallow # Single swath # Dual swath # Dual swath MBES firmware updated with new BS-Cor Has to be done for all MBES TX modes And confirmed at sea! Backscatter Data compensated in real time (but so far in post-processing) 15
16 BACKSCATTER COMPENSATION: EXAMPLE ON DIFFERENT MODES EM2040c BS compensation Modeling of the BS angular response, on the same area, according to different modes, and frequencies 300kHz - Long Pulse CW 400kHz Long Pulse CW 300kHz Short Pulse CW Sonarscope 16
17 BACKSCATTER COMPENSATION: EXAMPLE ON DIFFERENT MODES EM122 BS compensation Mode «Deep» - Single swath (8 TX sectors) Modeling of the BS angular response, on the same area, according to different modes Mode «Deep» - Double swath (8 TX sectors) But this compensation is relative to the system itself 17
18 Theory and issues Backscatter compensation Backscatter calibration Conclusion 18
19 BACKSCATTER CALIBRATION: THEORY The idea: compute a Backscatter angular response model, with a calibration data set, on homogeneous area Raw Data Backscatter and Calibration Curve (external data) Calibration = Raw Data BS - Calibration curve Offsets dedicated for Calibration Azimuth dependence directly links to the sediment type Challenge: find this calibration curve! 19
20 BACKSCATTER CALIBRATION: PRACTICALLY The idea: Use a calibrated fisheries single beam. - For shallow water MBES calibration: single beam for fisheries EK60 300kHz. Ifremer NO Thalia Installation - For medium water MBES calibration: MBES for fisheries ME70 90kHz. Practically: use a reference area flat / homogeneous / close to the harbor and do a BS measurement, at different TX angle, with different frequencies, with a calibrated echo sounder. 20
21 BACKSCATTER CALIBRATION: REFERENCE AREA SEARCH ( PIERRES NOIRES ) 10dB 21
22 BACKSCATTER CALIBRATION: REFERENCE AREA SEARCH ( CARRÉ RENARD ) 1dB Vidéo (Navire Belgica) 22
23 BACKSCATTER CALIBRATION: 300KHZ-200KHZ CALIBRATION CURVE Dots: EK60 calibrated data for 2 frequencies (Curves: fitting curve model GSAB) EK60 vs EM2040c Offsets between EM2040c and EK60 (BS correction) 4dB Methodology Validated! Nevertheless : No BS_Cor available for EM2040 (so far) But, post-processing possible using Sonarscope 23
24 BACKSCATTER CALIBRATION: 90KHZ CALIBRATION CURVE Angular response of the calibrated ME70 on the shallow water area Firmware updated with new calibrated BS_Cor 6dB Sonarscope Offset between the calibration curve and the EM710 BS data (mode «Single Swath» / «Shallow» 3 TX sectors) Affichage BS-Cor. # # Corrections made to reflect new frequencies as opposed to default frequency measurements # # The values in the first three row will be used instead of the program # default values. # # source level (db * 100) lobe angle (degrees * 100) lobe width (degrees * 100) # # Very shallow - not used # Shallow # Single swath # Dual swath # Dual swath BS_Cor updated with calibrated values 24
25 Theory and issues Backscatter compensation Backscatter calibration Conclusion 25
26 CONCLUSION Using MBES with calibrated Backscatter data will provides the same seafloor response for all MBES This response is directly linked to the sediment type. It s an important progress to seabed classification using a remote system!! MBES EM710 to be calibrated in shallow water + Investigation on new 200m depth ref. area MBES EM2040c: looking forward for BS- Cor file, for calibration MBES EM122: compensation of the BS-Cor on deep water area (next winter) The next step is to collect calibrated backscatter data from well-known areas with various seabed types, in order to build a library of BS vs angle and frequency 26
27 MERCI!
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