Introduction to Acoustic Remote Sensing and Seafloor Mapping (AE4-E13) May 19, 2010
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1 Introduction to Acoustic Remote Sensing and Seafloor Mapping (AE4-E13) May 19, Delft Vermelding Institute onderdeel of Earth organisatie Observation and Space Systems
2 Why Acoustic Remote Sensing? Contrary to other wave types, sound can propagate large distances under water due to limited attenuation: Acoustic remote sensing is therefore the main technique for sensing the underwater environment Low-frequency sound can propagate over large distances through the atmosphere May 19,
3 Mapping of the river and ocean-floors What is it and why is it needed? What? We are interested in the geometrical description of: Why? The seafloor topography/morphology Dynamic behaviour of seafloor topography (deformation) The seafloor material properties (thematic information) Example: for planning offshore wind mill parks, one needs to know: - Water depths - Seafloor dynamics - Seafloor composition Submarine earth observation becomes more important because of the intensifying human exploitation of the oceanic space: increasing need for accurate maps of the seafloor. 70 % of the Earth s surface is covered with water! May 19,
4 Applications of accurate maps of seafloor topography Geology and geophysics - Identifying areas of erosion/deposition on continental shelf - Locating areas of geo-hazard like slumps and faults - Neo-tectonic activity and submarine landslides - Deformation and sediment transportation (pollutants) Environmental contamination - Study of the fate of offshore dredge disposal sites Marine biology and fisheries - Inter- relation seafloor morphology/composition & fish abundance Hydrography and navigation - Maintaining safe navigation in waterways (where do we need dredging?) - Hydrographic surveying of new areas Coastal engineering - Cable and pipeline planning - Coarse sand extraction for making concrete - Preparing dredging operations - Deployment of offshore structures, building wind farms May 19,
5 A mapping system overview May 19,
6 Acoustic seafloor mapping techniques Technique Basic principle Lateral resolution shallow water (50 m) Single beam echo sounding Side-scan sonar (forward looking) Multi beam echo sounding (MBES) Synthetic aperture sonar Seismic profiling Drifting sonobuoys Lateral resolution deep water (5 km) Depth limit Surveyed area/ per unit time Platform Acoustic ranging 10 m 1 km none low ship (hullmounted) Acoustic ranging Acoustic ranging and beamforming (imaging acoustic backscatter) Imaging acoustic backscatter from the seafloor (low-frequency) acoustic ranging Inversion of LF long range propagation <0.1 m (across-track) 1 m (alongtrack) in principle the same as for shallow water none, in principle low/medium towed by ship 2 m 200 m none medium ship (hullmounted) or towed by ship 0.1 m Not applicable < 1 km Low/mediu m Ship/ AUV 10 m 10 m none medium ship (hullmounted) or towed by ship Typically 100 m 1 km Typically 100 m 1 km none medium /high radio link to ship May 19,
7 Non-acoustic seafloor mapping techniques Technique Basic principle Lateral resolution shallow water (50 m) bottom coring and grabbing LIDAR Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Altimetry Lateral resolution deep water (5 km) Depth limit Surveyed area/ per unit time mechanical 0.1 m 0.1 m none very low ship laser scanning and ranging imaging of radar backscatter from sea surface (where bottom topography changes sea surface roughness) accurate radar ranging of bumps and dips in ocean surface caused by topographic bottom features Platform 10 m not applicable < 30 m medium /high airborne 3 m (10x10 not applicable < 50 m high airborne km) 30 m (100x100 km) not applicable 10 km only deep water high satellite satellite May 19,
8 Seafloor mapping with multi-beam echo sounders (MBES) System: MBES characteristics - operating frequency ~ 100 khz - more than 100 beams - beam width ~1 or less - angular sector covered ~120 or more May 19,
9 Seafloor mapping with MBES Example of a topography and backscatter result: Los Angeles margin, California Perspective view m shelf: m Slope: m May 19, Bright: harder surfaces Shaded relief Backscatter Dark: softer surfaces
10 Seafloor mapping with MBES Application: Selection of suitable dump sites Analysis based on 16 MBES surveys Red: erosion Blue: deposition Western Scheldt estuary May 19,
11 Seafloor mapping Some current and near future developments Resolve small topographic features at large depth. Accurate topographic mapping in the near shore. (by fusion of LIDAR/SAR and MBES data). Classification based on acoustic backscatter information. Convert backscatter maps into geological maps. Higher data rates, increasing amounts of data, better visualisation methods. Application and development of advanced mathematical and statistical methods (e.g. data validation, feature extraction). Use of sound sources from natural origin May 19,
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