see in a new light the very world in which we have lived all of our lives.

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1 Yur Challenge The difficulty in scilgy, is t manage t think in a cmpletely astnished and discncerted (unsettled r cnfused) way abut things yu thught yu had always understd. -Pierre Burdieu Yur Invitatin - Berger t be fascinated by the cmmn place, the everyday see in a new light the very wrld in which we have lived all f ur lives. t learn that things are nt what they seem. Yur Invitatin t be Challenged Be astnished, uncmfrtable, unsettled, cnfused, curius, fascinated, pen, nnjudgmental, excited, enthusiastic.. What is Scilgy 1 Scilgy B1 - R iess

2 Defining Scilgy Frm yur text bk: Scilgy is the scientific study f interactins and relatins amng human beings. -Lisa McIntyre Scilgy is a science which attempts the interpretive understanding f scial actin t arrive at a causal explanatin f its curse and effects. -Max Weber Scial facts are things, that is realities external t the individual. -Emile Durkheim Scilgy is a Science - Berger Astrnmers d nt live in remte galaxies. The nuclear physicist can, utside his labratry, eat and laugh and marry and vte withut thinking abut the insides f an atm. The gelgist lks at rcks nly at the apprpriate times. The linguist speaks English with his wife. The scilgist lives in sciety n the jb and ff it. The scilgist mves in the cmmn wrld f [humans] there is a deceptive simplicity and bviusness abut sme scilgical investigatins. 2 Scilgy B1 - R iess

3 Definitin f the Situatin If peple define situatins as real, they [the situatins] are real in their cnsequences. -W.I. Thmas Distinctin Difference r cntrast between similar things r peple. Definitin f an ther r ppsite categry r classificatin. Definitin f an us and them. Ecnmic Capital (+) Expensive Cultural Capital (+) (-) Inexpensive (-) 3 Scilgy B1 - R iess

4 Distinctin & The Definitin f the Situatin Hw d we knw abut these distinctins? Are these distinctins real? What functins d these distinctins serve? Where d these distinctins exist? Scial Cnstructin f Reality It is impssible t understand an institutin adequately withut an understanding f the histrical prcess in which it was prduced. Institutins als, by the very fact f their existence, cntrl human cnduct by setting up predefined patterns f cnduct, which channel it in ne directin as against many ther directins that wuld theretically be pssible. - Berger and Luckman 4 Scilgy B1 - R iess

5 A Very Brief Histry The church had t cncede certain scientific truths abut the physical wrld. Mving Tward a Psitivistic (Scientific) Understanding In the 16th century Greek/Egyptian astrnmer Ptlemy determined that the earth was the center f the universe (gecentric) using gemetry. This Gecentric perspective was reinfrced by the institutin f religin. We are Gd s unique creatin. We ught t be the center f his universe. Cpernicus then hypthesized that the universe was helicentric, meaning that the planets (including earth) revlved arund the sun. It was risky t g against the church in Cpernicus time. Galile, with the use f a new scientific tl fr bservatin, fund evidence t supprt the helicentric hypthesis. In part due t fear frm the church he published his bservatin as a debate between tw schlars. - Ptlemy v. Cpernicus Galile is fund guilty f heresy; he questined the church. Spent the last 8 years f his life in prisn. Died 1642 Newtn (brn in 1642) published wrks in 1687 and wuld ultimately salvage Galile s reputatin. Industrial Revlutin Sir Richard Arkwright s water frame (1768) 5 Scilgy B1 - R iess

6 Industrial Revlutin (Cntinued) U.S. Industrial Revlutin (tw waves). 1811//12-Mid 1800s (Start f WWI) Institutins at Wrk Luther s Refrmatin, 1517 Newtn publishes Principia (Mathematical Principles f Natural Philsphy), 1687 Sir Richard Arkwright s water frame (1768) A Little Thelgy All Things Bright and Beautiful - Mrs. Cecil Alexander, 1848 The rich man in his castle, The pr man at his gate, Gd made them high and lwly, And rdered their estate. HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY Henri de Saint-Simne ( ) Aristcrat Believed the ruling class shuld be given t the scientists. Industrialism is the future and prgress is nt a matter f science alne but affects all the cnditins f life the new sciety [will] prvide the basis fr slving all the ld prblems. 6 Scilgy B1 - R iess

7 Auguste Cmte ( ) Hired by Saint-Simne Cnsidered ne f the mst influential philsphers f the 1800s. Claimed scilgists wuld be the experts n the earthly scial wrld as astrnmers are the experts n the heavens. Scilgists wuld refrm sciety, making it a better place t live. Scilgy t take the place f religin. Gave us the term SOCIOLOGY in Psitivism A scientific apprach t knwledge based n facts. Wuld split frm Saint-Simne ver wh shuld receive credit fr the Law f Three Stages. The Law f Three Stages Thelgical Frm Metaphysical Frm Psitivistic Frm 7 Scilgy B1 - R iess

8 The Law f Three Stages The sciences develped in this rder: Mathematics Astrnmy Physics Chemistry Bilgy Scilgy Each f these sciences had t g thrugh each f the three stages: thelgical, metaphysical, psitivistic. Harriet Martineau ( ) Knwn primarily fr translating Cmte int English. Wrte 35 bks and numerus essays in scilgy, religin, and dmestics. Was said t have a masculine intellect. Herbert Spencer ( ) Scial Darwinism. Studied evlutinary change in sciety. Sciety evlving frm barbarian t civilized frms. Scilgists shuld nt guide scial refrm. Survival f the fittest. 8 Scilgy B1 - R iess

9 Karl I m an Ecnmist!!! Marx ( ) Engine f human histry is class cnflict. Everything is secndary t ecnmic realities. Religin is the pium f the masses (It numbs the pain). The Cmmunist Manifest. Burgeisie Prletariat. Emile Durkheim ( ) KEY TERM: Cllective Cnsciusness When mres are sufficient, laws are unnecessary; when mres are insufficient, laws are unenfrceable. Pre-Cntractual Slidarity Mechanical Slidarity Organic Slidarity Scial facts and suicide Majr Cntributins t: Deviance Religin Wrk 9 Scilgy B1 - R iess

10 Ferdinand Tönnies ( ) Interested in industrializatin and its impact n sciety. Tönnies examined changing relatinships. Tw types f relatinships: Gemeinschaft Gesellschaft Max Weber ( ) Mre than ecnmics. SES Ideal-Type Prtestant Ethic and the Spirit f Capitalism Examined Behavir Ratinal Behavir Nn-Ratinal Behavir Pre-Mdern / Mdern Typlgy What They Examined Pre-Mdern Sciety Mdern Sciety Durkheim Tönnies Weber 10 Scilgy B1 - R iess

11 Scilgy in the United States First curse taught by William G. Sumner at Yale University (1876). First Department f Scilgy was rganized in 1892 at the University f Chicag. In 1905, scilgists rganized the American Scilgical Sciety. Shrtly thereafter changed the name t the American Scilgical Assciatin (ASA). Basic vs. Applied Scilgy Jane Addams ( ) First and nly scilgist t win the Nble Prize fr Peace (1931) pened the Hull Huse fr Chicag s pr. Studied the causes and cnsequences f pverty. One f the funders f the NAACP. C-funded ACLU. Eight hur wrk day. Child labr. W.E.B. DuBis ( ) First African-American t earn a PhD frm Harvard (1895). Saw sciety as cnflict-ridden. Mre than ecnmic inequality there was racial inequality. Helped t fund the NAACP Later in life prmted segregatin. Mved t Ghana at age 93. KEY TERM: Duble Cnsciusness 11 Scilgy B1 - R iess