ELECTRICAL PROPEORTIES OF SOLIDS
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1 DO PHYSICS ONLINE ELECTRICAL PROPEORTIES OF SOLIDS ATOMIC STRUCTURE ucleus: rotos () & electros electros (-): electro cloud h h DE BROGLIE wave model of articles mv ELECTRONS IN ATOMS eergy levels i atoms eergy quatized electro behaves as a wave calculate the robability of fidig the electro withi a atom or solid sodium Na Z = s 1 4d 4s 3 3s 3s overlaig bads coductio bad valece bad eergy levels - sodium atom eergy bads for sodium metal good coductor emty filled electros at the to of highest filled bad ca easily gai eergy by movig ito the coductio bad ad act as charge carriers electric curret DO PHYSICS ONLINE 1
2 ELECTRONS IN SOLIDS ENERGY BANDS IN SOLIDS eergy quatized electros i atoms Electroic cofiguratios (atoms) diamod C Z = alumium Al Z = s silico Si Z = s hoshorus P Z = s gallium Ga Z = s s germaium Ge Z = s s arseic As Z = s s Eergy bad theory of solids Coductivity (resistace), relative abudace of free electros (coductio electros) I qv A A R L isulators high resistace coductors resistace icrease with temerature semicoductors resistace decrease with temerature Diamod is a very good isulator. The electroic cofiguratio i the groud state is It might aear that diamod is a coductor because it has oly two electros i the eergy level ad that the bad is oly artly filled. However, there are two distict eergy bads searated from each other by a eergy ga of 6 ev. The lower bad is comletely filled. At room temerature, eergy due to thermal motio is oly about 0.03 ev, much small tha the eergy ga, so virtually o electros will be foud i the uer eergy bad. Silico has a much smaller bad ga ad therefore less eergy is required for electros to be free electros ad take art i coductio. eergy bads for diamod isulator C Z = forbidde bad exists betwee two bads eergy bads for silico semicoductor Si Z = s forbidde bad exists betwee two 3 bads coductio bad 3 3 valece bad valece bad 3s ~ 6 ev ~ 1 ev DO PHYSICS ONLINE 2
3 electro eergy electro eergy The greater the umber of charged carriers i the coductio bad, the better the coductio. I a semicoductor holes drift i the directio of the exterally alied electric field ad the free electros move i the oosite directio. isulator semicoductor coductor Itrisic Semicoductors valece 4 Ge Si germaium Ge first used i trasistors (other ure materials ot available at the time) becomes coductig very easily with temerature silico Si today, most widely used semicoductor material (at first was difficult to urify) Do roblems DO PHYSICS ONLINE 3
4 Extrisic (Doed) Semicoductors tye semicoductors electros valece 5 P, As door levels see Periodic Table tye semicoductor a door imurity atom has a 5 th valece electro that does ot articiate i the covalet bodig ad is very loosely boud. It is relatively easy for a electro to be excited from the door level ito the coductio bad where it acts as a charge carrier charge carriers are maily egative electros i the coductio bad. tye semicoductors holes (absece of electro) valece 3 Al, Ga, I accetor levels tye semicoductor accetor imurity atom has oly 3 valece electros, so it ca borrow a electro from a eighbourig atom. A electro ca move from the valace bad to the accetor level creatig a hole i the valace bad. The resultig hole is free to move about the crystal ositive charge carriers movig i valece bad. DO PHYSICS ONLINE 4
5 Do roblems ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS juctio diodes rectifiers AC to DC (curret sigle directio) I I = 0 Trasistor switches & amlifiers ivetio lead to the develomet of itegrated circuits (microchis, microrocessors) Juctio trasistors (, ) collector base emitter Valves thermioic devices - evacuated glass cotaiers (gas at low ressure) electros released from hot filamet thermioic emissio large (bulky) hot used lots of eergy diodes rectificatio triodes amlifiers, switches Solid state devices - miiaturisatio diodes ( juctios) trasistors (, ) IC - itegrated circuits cosume little ower may cotai millios of trasistors Do roblems DO PHYSICS ONLINE 5
6 Solar cells hotocells hotovoltaic effect - juctio Photos are absorbed creatig electro-hole airs if the hoto eergy is greater tha the bad ga eergy. The holes ad electros roduce a curret that whe coected to a exteral circuit becomes a source of emf ad ower. coductio bad coductio bad electros i coductio bad eergy ga E g valace bad valace bad e - holes i valace bad light (hoto) f > E g / h tye tye - I emf roduces a curret to load - load Solar cell hotovoltaic effect - curret across a load (resistace) geerated whe light shies o the -side of a juctio Do roblems DO PHYSICS ONLINE 6
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