Helium Production in Big Bang 10 Nov. Objectives
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1 Helium Productio i Big Bag 10 Nov Homework 8 is o agel. Due oo o Mo, 15 Nov. Homework 9 will be due Fri, 19 Nov at start of class. No late aers. Covered o Test 3 (22 Nov). Log assigmet. Start early. He Fossil from Big Bag A fossil is a remat or trace of the ast. What is a fossil from the Big Bag? There are 7 rotos for every eutro The surface of the su is 25% He ad 75% H. What does that fossil tell about the BB? Fossil from Burgess Shale Objectives What are the fossils (somethig that ca be examied) from the uiverse at 3 mi? What did astroomers lear by examiig the fossils? AST207, F2010 1
2 Collectig the Fossil 4 He, 7 Li, 2 H, & 3 He are made i BB. Lots of 4 He Trace amouts of 7 Li, 2 H, & 3 He. Diagostics. Measure abudaces with sectra of rimordial objects First stars i our galaxy, made before much of the material had bee rocessed through stars. Dwarf galaxies, where material is rocessed through stars very slowly. Deuterium 2 H has same sectra as hydroge 1 H but slightly shifted. Abudace of 2 H: Stregth of 2 H sectral lie comared with 1 H lie. 400km/s=d wavelegth = wl/750 O Meara, et al., 2001, AJ 552, 718. Results Horizotal bars are measuremets. Lies are models for differig amouts of hotos/(+) The temerature of the radiatio from the BB tells us the umber of hotos. 1. How may 1 H uclei are there for every 2 H ucleus accordig to the measuremets? 2. The model for hotos/(+) = is icosistet with the measuremets. The measured 4 He is too. A. High B. Low Measuremets are cosistet with models for hotos/(+) = hotos/(+) Ned Wright s Cosmology Notes AST207, F2010 2
3 Examiig the fossil, coclusios Calculatios, which cotai U exadig ad uclear hysics, yield abudaces of 4 He, 7 Li, 2 H, & 3 He. The oly free arameter is umber desity of ad. Measured ad calculated abudaces are cosistet. 7Li is slightly off Uderstadig of BB (ad uclear hysics) is cofirmed. Surrise: Most of eutros ad rotos are ot i stars. Lots i gas betwee galaxies. Locatio of about 50% is ot kow. Fossil from Burgess Shale Objectives Why did the abudace of eutros chage before the fossil was laid dow ad ot afterwards? #/# does ot chage whe eutros are i a stable ucleus. (Doe o Mo) How do free eutros ad rotos chage idetity? How does the temerature of the radiatio affect this rocess? (Now) AST207, F2010 3
4 Chagig free eutros & rotos Neutros were free before uclei formed at 3mi. Proto chages ito eutro + e + eergy + Need 2MeV of eergy Neutro chages ito roto Positro must hit eutro + e + + eergy + Haes sotaeously i 1000s (17mi) + e + eergy + 1electro Volt is the tyical eergy of a chemical reactio. 1.5eV is the eergy a battery gives to oe electro. 1eV = J 1MeV is the tyical eergy of a uclear reactio. Chagig free eutros & rotos Case of equilibrium: There are may collisios betwee eutros ad ositros ad betwee rotos ad eutros. This is the case whe the desity of electros ad ositros was high. Whe desity of electros ad ositros was lower, collisios became too ifrequet to maitai equilibrium. Neutros decayed ito rotos. I equilibrium, eutros chage ito rotos ad rotos chage ito eutros. Chage occurs by rules of robability. A collisio of a eutro or a roto occurs. What is the result of the collisio? Probability of eutro / Probability of roto / E is eergy it takes to chage a ito a (2MeV) T is the temerature. kt is average eergy available. / (Prob. ) /(rob. ) AST207, F2010 4
5 Chagig free eutros & rotos Probability of eutro / Probability of roto / E is eergy it takes to chage a ito a (2MeV) T is the temerature. kt is average eergy available. 1. Whe the average available eergy is much higher tha eergy eeded to make a eutro, the robability of gettig a eutro is robability of gettig a roto. A. About the same as B. Much less tha C. Much more tha 2. I this case, the umber of is the umber of rotos. 3. Whe the average available eergy is much lower tha eergy eeded to make a eutro, the robability of gettig a eutro is robability of gettig a roto. (Same foils.) 4. I this case, the umber of is the umber of rotos. 5. Case i roblem 1 is whe uiverse was tha case i #3. A. Youger B. Older / (Prob. ) /(rob. ) e + eergy + + e + + eergy + Whe the temerature of the radiatio was hot ad the average eergy of was much bigger tha, eutros could chage ito rotos as easily as rotos ito eutros. As uiverse cooled, occurs more ofte tha, ad becomes more abudat tha. AST207, F2010 5
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