Physics Methods in Art and Archaeology
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1 Physics Methods i Art ad Archaeology Michael Wiescher PHYS 78
2 Archaeologist i the 90ties Somewhere i South America
3 80 years later --- i the Valley of the Kigs, gypt
4 Physics Tools & Techology Dager & Adveture is goe Physics tools ad moder techology domiate the aalysis of art ad archaeological artifacts! ad worse (?): biological & medical techiques are at the horizo! Be prepared! Goal of course: Preset a comprehesive overview of physics techiques Preset examples for applicatio of these techiques
5 . The Physics Priciples. Priciples of physics tools ad moitors Must provide uique sigature Must be o-destructive or must require oly limited sample size. Geeral summary of tools a. Atomic ad uclear spectroscopy Origi ad ature of the electromagetic spectrum Atomic lie spectroscopy i IR, optical, ad UV x-ray sigatures γ-ray sigatures b. Radiatio Origi ad Radiatio Laws Nature of radiatio Productio of radiatio
6 .. Goals ad Purpose of Archaeometry Withi archaeological artifacts there is a record to which a archaeologist is blid but which a physicists ca hope to read (M.J. Aitke, Physics Report 978) To be able to read ad aalyze archaeological or historical artifacts, you eed to probe the microstructure of the matter to determie it s cosistecy ad age. This requires o-destructive methods for material aalysis ad material datig which are provided by the tools developed for atomic ad uclear spectroscopy!
7 Purpose of Material Aalysis Techiques Artifact Purpose of Material Aalysis Material Idetificatio Techology Aalysis Locatio Aalysis Stoe Obsidia Marble mieral cotet tracer elemets tracer elemets O, Sr isotopes O isotopes Ceramics hardess, elemet tracer elemets cotet, texture C profile Glas Metal Pait, Tictures chem. compoets Silicat structure aalysis of material elemet cotet characteristics, chem. compoets, molecular hardess, alloy structure structure, elemetal isotope distributio or isotope compoets ad distributio, texture chem. structure, elemet cotet, crystal phase Purpose of Material Datig Techiques Determie age of artifact or material
8 Physics Methods i Material Aalysis Atomic Spectroscopy Techiques iclude: atomic absorptio ad emissio spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescece aalysis (XRF), proto-iduced X-ray emissio (PIX). Nuclear Spectroscopy Methods rage from: eutro activatio techiques, uclear resoace aalysis, mass separatio techiques atural decay measuremets.
9 Physics Methods i Material Datig Datig methods rely o atural radioactivity: radio-carbo datig, potassium/argo datig, uraium/thorium datig, aalysis of radiatio damage, thermolumiiscece critical parameter, time-scale of radioactive clock!
10 .. Basic Priciples of Atomic Physics xtremely simplified quatum mechaical model of the atom is the Bohr model based o Rutherford scatterig experimets. Negative electros are boud by electric (Coulomb) attractio to positive ucleus excitatio de-excitatio The atomic ucleus: positive charge: C atomic mass: ~ A g miiscule size: ~ cm K L M N The electro orbits: egative charge: C egligible mass: ~ g fair size: ~ cm Oly certai orbits for electros are allowed: quatum states are characterized by certai radius ad eergy state oly limited umber of electros allowed per quatum state
11 The Hydroge Atom l Z 0 ev is eergy ecessary to ioize atom Z 0 is charge of ucleus, Z mai quatum umber l - orbital mometum quatum umber l0 l0
12 Mathematics of Quatum Trasitios Hydroge atom: sigle proto i ucleus, sigle electro i orbit r [ m] 9 lectro orbit radius [ ev ] 34,,,... lectro orbit eergy lectro trasitio betwee orbits requires or releases eergy: ergy comes quatized as light particles: photos ev J
13 Trasitio betwee eergy orbitals Possible emissio or absorptio of light with fixed wavelegths by trasitios of electros betwee orbits! Wavelegth depeds o eergy differece betwee orbits! Hydroge emissio spectrum Balmer Series -3.6/
14 ergy ad wavelegth of emitted or absorbed light photos i f H R c h h λ λ ν ν R hc. m. Js. m s H f i i f ν R Rydberg Costat: h Plack Costat: ] c Speed of Light: H [ ] [ [ / ] [ ] ev R c h i f i f H f i 3.6 ν ν
15 xamples Calculate the wavelegth of a photo emitted by a electro trasitio i the hydroge atom from the L-shell ( ) to the K-shell ( ) (Lyma-series L α )! λ R H f λ i R H m.5 m :.097 wavelegth 0 7 [ / m] 0.75 I iterstellar space you fid highly excited hydroge atoms which emit radio waves. The wavelegth correspods trasitio from 73 to 7. Calculate the wavelegth! RH R H λ f i 7 λ 0.93 m : radio wavelegth [ / m]
16 Wavelegth rage i the electromagetic spectrum The wavelegth rage exteds from 0-5 m (γ-radiatio) or 0-9 m (X-ray radiatio) through 0-6 m (visible light) to radio wave legths m.
17 ultraviolet visible ifrared Characteristic spectrum of elemets Solar Spectrum ach elemet has its ow characteristic trasitios depedig o the orbit quatum umbers ad the charge Z (umber of electros, protos). These trasitios ca be aalyzed by so-called spectroscopy of light to determie the elemetal abudace!
18 Multi-lectro Atoms More tha oe electro, Z is the charge ad determies the chemical characteristics of the elemet, e.g. Z(Hydroge) Z47 (Silver). lectro trasitios ad photo emissio is more complex ad depeds o Z ad the shieldig S by ier electro shells. K-trasitios to λ K K K ( Z S ) ( Z ) ( Z ) hc γ 3.6 ( Z ) + ( Z ) 3.6 hc 3.6 hc λ K
19 X-ray trasitios i high Z atoms Ag alysis
20 xample: Calculate the K ad L x-ray lies for Ag K Ag : ( Z ) 3.6[ ev ] Z 47 i 3 K K α β [ ev ] 583[ ev ] 9 [ ev ] 5580[ ev ] K β L α L L α ( Z ) 3.6[ ev ] 4 9 ( 46) 3.6[ ev ] 3997[ ev ] i K α
21 trasitio scheme with orbital mometum quatum umber Level splittig due to elliptic orbitals
22 higher accuracy x-ray eergies Z lemet Kα Kα Kβ Lα Lα Lβ Lβ 47 Ag asy to obtai: Typical spectra:
23 !Summary! To use atomic spectroscopy methods you eed to excite the atoms of the material that you wat to aalyze. The decay back to the atomic groud state cofiguratio causes the emissio of photos with characteristic eergies!
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