Materiales y tecnologías fotovoltaicas

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1 Materiales y tecnologías fotovoltaicas Amaru Palomino Töfflinger, Andrés Guerra, Rolf Grieseler, Roland Weingärtner Grupo de Ciencia de los Materiales Sección Física PUCP

2 Materials Science Group Physics, PUCP Total: 23 Roland Weingärtner Andrés Guerra 4 Scientists (PhD) 6 Phd students 11 Master students 1 Bachelor student 1 Assistant Amaru Töfflinger Deposition Rolf Grieseler Magnetron sputtering Thin-films: AlN, SiN, SiC, ITO Rare-earth doping: Tb 3+, Yb 3+ SiC:Tb 3+ Characterization: Optical, electrical and structural Semiconductor thin-films Passivation of silicon surfaces Rare earth luminescence Soon: SiC:H for the photoelectrochemical water splitting Photovoltaics (PV) Research

3 ~ 180 µm From a PV-panel to a solar cell P in 1. + (n+) 3. P out - + mc-si (p) 2. Al-BSF (p++) Commercial solar cell Efficiency η = % Power conversion efficiency: η = P out P in = I mpp V mpp P in 1. Absorption of light and generation of charge carriers 2. Separation of charge carriers (p/n-junction: E-field) 3. Extract photo-voltage and -current -> electric power P out

4 Optical + electrical properties: Semiconductor thin films Passivation of silicon surfaces Materials for PV applications Fundamental research Materials Science Group PV Research Efficiency 50% 40% Cooperation with HZB: Prototype Solar cells 20% Dye, organics Thin film c-si wafer III/V Conc. Cost per area

5 Enhance efficiency: tandem cells Top cell Bottom cell Perovskite cell Bandgap energy Silicon cell Bandgap energy Albrecht et al, Energy Environ. Sci. 9, (2016)

$cell Bottom cell Optical parameters of Perovskite: Complex refractive index n and bandgap E g - Device$ simulation + design - Bandgap engineering Bottom cell bandgap (ev) S. P. Bremner et al, Prog. Photovolt. Res.

simulation + design - Bandgap engineering Bottom cell bandgap (ev) S. P. Bremner et al, Prog. Photovolt. Res.

6 Top cell bandgap (ev) Silicon / Perovskite tandem cells Power conversion efficiency (PCE) Efficiency (%) Top cell Bottom cell Optical parameters of Perovskite: Complex refractive index n and bandgap E g - Device simulation + design - Bandgap engineering Bottom cell bandgap (ev) S. P. Bremner et al, Prog. Photovolt. Res. App. 16 (2008) HZB: S. Albrecht et al, Energ. Env. Sci. 9 (2016) 81-8

18 9 a) 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Variable Angle (nm) Spectral Ellipsometry 1.0 (VASE) 0.8 0.6 0.

7 18 9 a) Variable Angle (nm) Spectral Ellipsometry 1.0 (VASE) R bk R T R sub Optical modeling T sub Optical 120 modeling of Perovskite 60 thin films Spectrophotometry (R & T) Theor. n 180 b) (nm) k Andrés Guerra Alvaro Tejada Optical parameters n = n + ik (nm) c) d) (nm) Band fluctuation model Band gap energy E g + Urbach energy E u HZB + PUCP joint publication: J. A. Guerra et al (2017) J. Appl. Phys

8 Optical + electrical properties: Semiconductor thin films Passivation of silicon surfaces Materials for PV applications Fundamental research Materials Science Group PV Research Efficiency 50% 40% Cooperation with HZB: Prototype Solar cells 20% Dye, organics Thin film c-si wafer III/V Conc. Cost per area

~ 180 µm Reduce cost of silicon material Silicon material: 30 40 % of PV module

9 ~ 180 µm Reduce cost of silicon material Silicon material: % of PV module cost Commercial solar cell Efficiency η = % + (n+) mc-si (p) Al-BSF (p++)

10 ~ 13 µm LPC-silicon thin-film solar cell Liquid-phase-crystallized (LPC)-Si solar cells, Efficiency η = 14.2% HZB: C. T. Trinh, et. al., Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 174, (2017)

11 ~ 13 µm LPC-silicon thin-film solar cell Liquid-phase-crystallized (LPC)-Si solar cells, Efficiency η = 14.2% laser-crystallization a-si LPC-Si HZB: C. T. Trinh, et. al., Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 174, (2017)

12 ~ 13 µm PUCP: LPC-silicon passivation Liquid-phase-crystallized (LPC)-Si solar cells, Efficiency η = 14.2% Capacitance-voltage method: Interface defects states D it HPP: Hydrogen plasma process D it (ev -1 cm -2 ) HPP D it Amaru Töfflinger D it E V -0,4-0,2 0,0 0,2 0,4 E C Jorge Dulanto E - E i (ev) High quality LPC-Si interface passivation HZB + PUCP joint publications: N. Preissler, J. A. Töfflinger, et al. (2016) Phys. Status Solidi A 213 (7), 1697 N. Preissler, J. A. Töfflinger, et al. (2017) Progress in Photovoltaics 25, (7), 515

13 *HZB&PUCP: 3 joint publications since 2015 Optical + electrical properties: Semiconductor thin films Passivation of silicon surfaces Materials for PV applications Fundamental research Materials Science Group PV Research PV systems and technologies Modeling and yield studies P producida G = P stc γ T c 25 To be presented by Sebastian Gomez Cooperation with HZB: Prototype Solar cells Future project: Quality control under real climate conditions

14 Acknowledgements Materials Science group, Sección Física Oficina de la Internacionalización de la Investigación (OII), DGI Institut für Silizium Photovoltaik PVcomB Grupo IDEA Dr. Juan de la Casa Dr. Emilio Muñoz PNICP contract N o 274-PNICP-BRI-2015

PHOTOVOLTAICS Fundamentals

PHOTOVOLTAICS Fundamentals PV FUNDAMENTALS Semiconductor basics pn junction Solar cell operation Design of silicon solar cell SEMICONDUCTOR BASICS Allowed energy bands Valence and conduction band Fermi