Maria Carmela Di Piazza. Gianpaolo Vitale. Photovoltaic Sources. Modeling and Emulation. ^ Springer

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1 Maria Carmela Di Piazza Gianpaolo Vitale Photovoltaic Sources Modeling and Emulation ^ Springer

2 Part I 1 From the Nuclear Fusion to the Radiated Energy on the Earth Inside the Universe The Sun Inside the Sun From the Sun to the Earth Finding One's Bearings on the Earth The Greenhouse Effect Tracking the Sun Measuring Sunlight Sunlight Emulation Collecting Sunlight Conclusions 17 Bibliography 18 2 From Radiated Energy to Electrical Energy: Physics of Photovoltaic Cells Prologue: The Photoelectric Effect Metals, Semiconductors, Insulators Inside the Band Structure of a Semiconductor Absorption of Light Allowable States for Holes and Electrons Energy Distribution for Holes and Electrons Doping Carrier Transport Drift Current Diffusion Current Semiconductor Resistivity 33 XI11

3 xiv 2.9 Semiconductor Fundamental Equations The Poisson's Equation Continuity Equation Minority Carrier Diffusion Equations P-N Junction P-N Junction Capacitance The PV Cell Minority Carriers Current Density Optical Generation Rate Recombination Rate Current Versus Voltage Law of Photovoltaic Cell Physical Model of a PV Cell Semiconductor Types Crystalline Silicon Multicrystalline Amorphous Thin Film Polymer Solar Cell Conclusions 52 Bibliography 53 3 Photovoltaic Source Models Introduction Static Model Circuit Model of a PV Cell Diffusion Diode Non-Ideality Parasitic Resistance Effects Generalized Double Diode Model Simplified Single Diode Model Cell-Module/Field Dynamic Model Parallel Capacitance Series Inductance Modeling PV Fields under Nonuniform Illuminating Conditions Conclusions 81 Bibliography 81 4 Parameter Identification for Photovoltaic Source Models Introduction Five-Parameter PV Model Formulation Four-Parameter PV Model Formulation Methods for the Parameter Extraction Analytical Solution 86

4 xv Numerical Solution Heuristic Methods-Based Solution Parameters Dependence on Temperature and Solar Irradiance Identification of PV Model Parameters by Linear Regression Methods PV Characteristic Representation Through Mapping Techniques Look-Up-Table Approach Neural Approach 113 (Hi 4.8 Examples of Matlab/Simulink Simulation of PV Electrical Characteristics PV Field Array Model Identified by the Discrete Approach PV Field Array Model Identified by the Regression Approach PV Source Model Under Non-Uniform Irradiance Conclusions 127 Bibliography Photovoltaic Source Dynamic Modeling Issues Introduction Dynamic PV Model Formulation Parameters Identification Matlab/Simulink Simulation of PV Electrical Characteristics V = f(i) Static Model Formulation I = f(v) Static Model Formulation S-Domain Dynamic Model Nonlinear Junction Capacitance Implementation PV Model Including Nonlinear Junction.. Capacitance Circuit Implementation Using PLECS Conclusions 168 Bibliography 168 Part II 6 Photovoltaic Source Emulation Introduction PV Emulators: Concepts and Realization Power Stage: A Survey of Proposed Solutions Control Stage: PV Behavior Implementation Dynamics and the Arbitrary Load Problem 191

5 xvl 6.4 Non-Ideal Operating Conditions Rated Power Modularity Examples of Solutions Available on the Market Conclusions 200 Bibliography DC/DC Power Converters Introduction Linear Conversion Linear Conversion by Voltage Divider Linear Conversion by Series Regulator Switching Conversion Buck Converter Continuous Operating Mode Discontinuous Operating Mode Continuous Operating Mode Including Parasitic Parameters Boost Converter Continuous Operating Mode Discontinuous Operating Mode Continuous Operating Mode Including Parasitic Parameters Buck-Boost Converter Continuous Operating Mode Discontinuous Operating Mode Continuous Operating Mode Including Parasitic Parameters Comparison Among Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost Topologies Non-Ideal Behavior of Devices and Their Influence on the DC/DC Converter Operation Inductor Capacitor Diode Power Switch State Space Representation State Space Averaging State Space Averaging of Buck Converter State Space Averaging of Boost Converter State Space Averaging of Buck-Boost Converter Synopsis Conclusions 250 Bibliography 251

6 xvii 8 Feedback Control of the DC/DC Converters for PV Source Emulation Negative Feedback Classical Control Closed-Loop Gain Stability Analysis Feedback Structure of a DC/DC Converter Feedback Network Transfer Function Pulse Width Modulator Transfer Function Compensation Networks Complete State Feedback (Pole Placement Technique) Enhanced Pole Placement for Buck Converter Simulink Implementation DC/DC Converter-Based Emulation of a PV Source DC/DC Power Converter Design Constraints Selection of the Best Topology Example of a FV Source Emulator Design Power Stage Design Pole Placement Voltage Controller PLECS-Based Simulation of PV Source Emulator Experimental Implementation of the PV Source Emulator DC/DC Buck Converter Control Board DC/DC Boost Converter for the MPPT Experimental Results Conclusions 295 Bibliography 296

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