Index. carrier diffusion. 26 carrier drift mobility 90

Transcription

1 Index absorption constant 84 absorption grating 91, 92 active stabilization 164 active stabilization system 381 anisotropic diffraction 99 anisotropic media. 96 anisotropic wave mixing 299 anisotropy of the photoexcitation 85 anisotropy parameter 107 antisite defects 237 attenuated total reflection 294 attractors 166 average electro-optic coefficient 404 band grating 213 band-gap 203 barium titanate 303, 398, 403, 407, 408, 414 BaTiO 3 87, 90, 104, 111, 113, 260, 305, 398, 403, 410, 413, 414 beam coupling 2 beam coupling direction 305 beam fanning bipolar transport 66 birefringence 9, 23 bound surface charge density 413 Bragg angle 213 Bragg condition 33 Bragg conditions 94 Bragg matching 98 Bragg mismatch 97 Bragg selectivity 101 bright solitons carrier diffusion. 26 carrier drift mobility 90 carrier mobilities 209 channel waveguides 301 charge density 209 clamped static dielectric tensor 86 codirectional two-wave mixing 38 coercive field 398, 399, 409 coherence 16 coherent oscillation 263 combinational gratings 387 complex refractive index 22 (complex) modulation index 86 congruent LiTaO counterpropagating beams 255 counterpropagating pattern formation 262 coupled first order equations: relaxation modes 374 coupled wave model 91 coupled-wave equation 35, 93 coupled-wave theory 91 coupling coefficient 39 coupling constant 36 coupling strength 165 cross-talk effects 60 Curie temperature 295 dark conductivity 218 dark decays of diffraction efficiency 386 dark electronic conductivity 373 dark intensity I d 218 dark solitons DAST 99 Debye screening length 57 developing 377 developing process 382 development without light

2 418 Index dichroic materials 83 dichroism 23, 84 dielectric gratings 91 dielectric relaxation time 56, 111 dielectric tensor 85 difference frequency 19 diffraction efficiency 34, 37, 95, 96, 97, 101, 293 diffusion 29 diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in lithium niobate 384 diffusion field 104, 207 diffusion length 56 diffusion time 209 direct recombination constant 205 dispersion law 126 dispersion relation 125 displacement vector field 87 domain fixing 402, 413 domain walls 400, 409, 413 drift 29 drift length 56 dynamic grating 7, 102 dynamic holograms 1, 204 effective amplitude absorption constants 96 effective dielectric constant 84, 86, 104, 110, 112, 205 effective electro-optical coefficient 84, 112 effective mobility 216 effective third-rank electro-optic tensor 89 efficient diffraction without developing 383 Einstein summation convention 86 elastic stiffness tensor 86 electric displacement vector 86 electrical fixing 397, 398 electro-optic coefficients 267, 299 electro-optic effect 30 electro-optic tensor 89 electrochemical reduction 303 electron density 205 electron tunneling 231 electron-hole competition factor 66 electronic feedbacks 163 energy density 12 energy transfer 2 excitation time 203 exponential gain 103, 107 feedback condition 164, 165, 166, 195 feedback equation 168, 169 feedback loop 168 feedback loop response time 169 feedback setup 168 feedback signal 171 feedback-controlled beam coupling 163, 167 feedback-controlled grating recording 170 feedback-controlled steady states 177 Fermi function 25 ferroelectric domains 398 ferroelectrics 122 fiber Bragg gratings 308 fidelity 413, 414 filamentation 258 final developed ratio 382 fixed gratings 414 fixing after recording 378 fixing in photorefractive waveguides 388 flat-top hat beam 73 four-wave mixing 1 Fourier control is 281 Fourier transform 34 frame rate 223, 223 Franz-Keldysh effect 204 free charge limiting field 211 free-carrier absorption 28 gain media 93 gain-length product 106 Gaussian 77 Gaussian beam 8, 10 Gaussian beams 70 general equations 372 generation of subharmonics 61 Ginzburg-Landau 273 graded-index waveguide 291 grating anisotropy 100 grating coupler 292 grating enhancement 57 grating instabilities 61

3 Index 419 grating 34 grating period 12 Helmholtz equation 34 hexagonal structure 260 high-contrast effects 145 hole density 205 hologram lifetime 231, 377 holographic memory 223 holographic sensitivity 298 hysteresis loop 400 ideal conditions 170 ideal feedback 180 incoherent-to-coherent conversion 204, 221 inertial feedback 181 inertial feedback conditions 166 integrated optics 290 interband absorption 26 interband photorefractive effect 203 interference tensor 13 intrinsic levels 203 ion implantation 302 ionic conductivity 231 isotropic wave mixing 299 JFT correlator 223 K 1 x Li x Ta 1 y Nb y O Kerr medium 255 KNbO 3 90, 104, 111, 113, 206, 212, 213, 260, 398 Kogelnik [1] 91 Kogelnik s expression 99, 100 Kramers Kronig relation 27 large-angle electro-optical switch/ deflector 392 level population 23 lifetime of the holograms 244 light domains 190 light fanning 113 light induced domain switching 225 light induced waveguides 225 light intensities 107 light-matter interaction 31 linear electro-optic effect 88 linear excitation 131 linear polarization 15 linear stability analysis 269 liquid crystals 100 LiTaO lithium niobate 297 lithium tantalate (LiTaO 3 ) 217, 301 local response 172 local thermal fixing 382 localized optical beams 67 long-term fixing 4 longitudinal geometry 212 low-frequency peculiarities 145 material excitation 19, 21 maximization of the diffraction efficiency 167 Maxwell dielectric time 90, 203 mechanical deformation fields 84 Mg doped LiTaO mixed transmission gratings 95 mobile charge carriers 85 mobility 84 mobility tensor 84, 90, 111 modified elasto-optic tensor 89 modified intensity ralio 107 modulation depth 53 modulation technique 168 modulational instability 256 molecular beam epitaxy 295 multiple active centers 65 multiple pattern region 274 multiple quantum-well 204 Nb 4þ Li defects as electron donors 379 near-stoichiometric LiTaO nondestructive readout 231 nonlinear optics 1 nonlinear stability analysis 272 nonlocal response 172, 179 nonreciprocal behavior of light-diffraction 96 nucleation 400 one-photon processes 204 optical correlation 204, 223 optical damage 289, 298, 301

4 420 Index optical indicatrix 88, 92 optical interconnections 307 optical path difference 32 optical tunneling 302 optical waveguides 289 oxide crystals 289 parallel processing 204 parametric instability 137 parametric processes 63 pattern control 253 pattern formation 253 periodic state 166, 180 permittivity 9 phase conjugate 2 phase coupling factor 103 phase fluctuations 163 phase grating 92 phase-matching conditions 135 photoconductivity 206, 218, 298 photoexcitation 84, 203 photoexcitation anisotropy 104, 113 photoexcitation constant 205 photoexcitation tensor 107 photogalvanic effect 104, 217 photorefractive effects 1 photorefractive materials 119 photorefractive nonlinearity 43 photorefractive space-charge electric field 85 photovoltaic current 299 photovoltaic drift 48 photovoltaic effect 300, 373 photovoltaic length 57 photovoltaic solitons physical model for thermal fixing 371 piezoelectric stress tensor 86 planar waveguide 291 plane hologram 92 Pockels electro-optic coefficients 46 polarization 11 polarization conversion 300 polarons 237 polymer-dispersed liquid crystals 100 population gratings 20 potassium niobate 213, 304 Poynting vector 8, 94, 105 prism coupler 291 proton exchange 295, 296 pulsed lasers 1 pulses 10 pump depletion 106 pump wave amplitude 95 pyroelectric 231 pyroelectric field 241 quality factor 120 quantum efficiency 85 quantum-confined Stark effect 204 rate equations 47 recombination fields 207 recombination time 56 reconfigurable optical interconnects 226 recording at high temperature 375 reflection filters 308 reflection gratings 100, 109, 226 reflection volume grating 33, 36 refractive index 91 refractive index change 292 refractive index profiles 294 resolution 221 resonant response 179 resonant wave effects 119 response speed 203 response time 303 rippled domain 409 rippled-domain wall 414 rocking curve 213 Sagnac interferometer 309 Sawyer-Tower 400 Sawyer-Tower circuit 399 SBN 259 scalar coupling constants 94 scalar effective electro-optic coefficient 90, 94 scaling relations 183 screening nonlinearity screening solitons 72 second harmonic generation 301 self-consistency 290 self-focusing 225 self-organizing phenomena 254 semiconductor 24, 204 separatrix 176

5 Index 421 shallow levels 231 shallow trap 217 sillenites 307 singularities 76 slowly varying envelope amplitude approximation 255 Sn 2 P 2 S 6, (SPS) 212, 219 soft proton-exchanged (SPE) LiNbO 3 guides 388 soliton-induced waveguiding space charge field 29, 48, 103, 107 space-charge field amplitude 89 space-charge waves 64, 119 spatial coherenc 18 spatial light modulator 223 spatial solitons 4 spatio-temporal structures 253 spontaneous polarization P s 397, 398, 402 sputtering 295 Sr 0:61 Ba 0:39 Nb 2 O 6 398, 408, 409, 414, steady state 175 stop band 101 strain tensor 86 strain-optic effect 306 strontium-barium niobate 305 subharmonic generation 119 surface charge density 400 symmetry breaking bifurcation 257 telecommunication applications 231 temporal coherence 16 tensor gratings 22 thermal fixing 309, 369, 370 thick gratings 33, 91 Ti: LiNbO 3 waveguides 392 thin dynamic hologram 223 thin gratings 31 third-rank effective electro-optic tensor 94 three-step method 372, 378 three-valence model 235 tin hypothiodiphosphate 219 titanium diffusion 295 transmission gratings 94, 106 transmission volume grating 33, 36 transverse effects 254 transverse geometry 212 transverse instabilities 253 transverse nonlinear optics 255 trap grating 213 trap-free model 205 trap-limited field 104 tunable Bragg filters 226 two-beam interference 11 two-center model 234 two-level models 234 two-photon processes 204 two-photon recording 370 two-step excitation 231 two-step method 372 two-step recording 4 two-wave mixing 102, 258, 260 two-wave mixing gain 214 two-wavelength technique 370 unclamped (free) dielectric tensor 88 unclamped electro-optic tensor 112 undepleted pump approximation 103 usefully dissipated energy 85 usefully dissipated energy 85 vapor-phase proton exchange 297 walkoff angle 99 wave equation 91 wave-mixing 299 waveguide devices 392 waveguides 204 wavelength division multiplexing 308 wavelength filters 101 wavelength-demultiplexer 247 wavevectors 84 wavevector diagram 93 wavevector mismatch 94 Wiener Khintchine theorem 17 WKB method 294 writing beams 14

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