Optics, Light and Lasers
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1 Dieter Meschede Optics, Light and Lasers The Practical Approach to Modern Aspects of Photonics and Laser Physics Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition BICENTENNIAL.... n 4 '':- t' $W1LEY 2007 tri ni, 4 r BICENTENNIAL WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
2 v I Contents Preface IX 1 Light rays Light rays in human experience / 1.2 Ray optics Reflection Refraction Fermat's principle: the optical path length Prisms Light rays in wave guides Lenses and curved mirrors Matrix optics Ray optics and particle optics 27 Problems for chapter Wave optics Electromagnetic radiation fields Wave types Gaussian beams Polariation Diffraction 60 Problems for chapter Light propagation in matter Dielectric interfaces Complex refractive index Optical wave guides and fibres Functional types and applications of optical fibres Photonic materials Light pulses in dispersive materials 116 Optics, Light and Lasers: The Practical Approach to Modern Aspects of Photonics and Laser Physics, Second Edition. Dieter Meschede Copyright 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
3 VI I Contents 3.7 Anisotropic optical materials Optical modulators 135 Problems for chapter Optical images The human eye Magnifying glass and eyepiece Microscopes Telescopes Lenses: designs and aberrations 165 Problems for chapter Coherence and interferometry Young's double slit Coherence and correlation The double-slit experiment Michelson interferometer: longitudinal coherence Fabry Perot interferometer Optical cavities Thin optical films Holography Laser speckle (laser granulation) 215 Problems for chapter Light and matter Classical radiation interaction Two-level atoms Stimulated and spontaneous radiation processes Inversion and amplification 248 Problems for chapter The laser The classic system: the He Ne laser Mode selection in the He Ne laser Spectral properties of the He Ne laser Applications of the He Ne laser Other gas lasers Molecular gas lasers The workhorses: solid-state lasers Selected solid-state lasers Tunable lasers with vibronic states Tunable ring lasers 293 Problems for chapter 7 295
4 Contents IVII 8 Laser dynamics Basic laser theory Laser rate equations Threshold-less lasers and micro-lasers Laser noise Pulsed lasers 320 Problems for chapter Semiconductor lasers Semiconductors Optical properties of semiconductors The heterostructure laser Dynamic properties of semiconductor lasers Laser diodes, diode lasers, laser systems High-power laser diodes 366 Problems for chapter Sensors for light Characteristics of optical detectors Fluctuating opto-electronic quantities Photon noise and detectivity limits Thermal detectors Quantum sensors I: photomultiplier tubes Quantum sensors II: semiconductor sensors Position and image sensors 396 Problems for chapter Laser spectroscopy Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) Absorption and dispersion The width of spectral lines Doppler-free spectroscopy Transient phenomena Light forces 424 Problems for chapter Photons an introduction to quantum optics Does light exhibit quantum character? Quantiation of the electromagnetic field Spontaneous emission Weak coupling and strong coupling Resonance fluorescence 454
5 VIIil Contents 12.6 Light fields in quantum optics Two-photon optics Entangled photons 478 Problems for chapter Nonlinear optics I: optical mixing processes Charged anharmonic oscillators Second-order nonlinear susceptibility Wave propagation in nonlinear media Frequency doubling Sum and difference frequency Optical parametric oscillators 515 Problems for chapter Nonlinear optics II: four-wave mixing Frequency tripling in gases Nonlinear refraction coefficient (optical Kerr effect) Self-phase modulation 531 Problems for chapter Appendix A Mathematics for optics 533 A.1 Spectral analysis of fluctuating measurable quantities 533 A.2 Poynting theorem 539 B Supplements in quantum mechanics 541 B.1 Temporal evolution of a two-state system 541 B.2 Density-matrix formalism 542 B.3 Density of states 543 Bibliography 545 Index 553
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