Iceland: Geomorphological overview. significant landscape features. Andreas Zöhrer
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1 Iceland: Geomorphological overview and significant landscape features Andreas Zöhrer
2 Content Endogenic forces: Plate tectonic Geological structure of Iceland Faulting and landforms Volcanism Volcanic system and volcanoe types External forces: Weathering Chemical Mechanical Rivers and fluvial erosion Glacial erosion Aeolian processes and landforms Marine denutation and landforms Rockfalls and landslides 2
3 Geological setting Controlled by Plate margins Muntle plume (Thordarson et al., 2002) 3
4 Plate boundaries and direction of movements (Einarsson, 1991) 4
5 Faulting and landforms A Fissure B Normal Fault C Reverse Fault D Strike Slip Fault E Graben F Horst Normal fault (Almannagjá) and open fissure (Flosagjá) in Thingvellir (Einarsson, 1991) (Einarsson, 1991) 5
6 Volcanic systems (Thordarson et al., 2002) 1. Reykjanes 2. Krýsuvík 3. Brennisteinsfjöll 4. Hengill 5. Hróðmundartindur 6. Grímsnes 6. Hrafnabjörg 8. Prestahnjúkur 9. Kjölur 10. Hofsjökull 11. Kerlingarfjöll 12. Tungnafellsjökull 13. Vestmannaeyjar 14. Eyjafjallajökull 15. Katla 16. Tindfjöll 17. Hekla 18. Torfajökull 19. Veiðivötn 20. Grímsvötn 21. Kverkfjöll 22. Askja 23. Fremrinámur 24. Krafla 25. Þeystareykir 26. Öræfajökull 27. Esjufjöll 28. Snæfell 29. Ljósufjöll 30. Helgrindur 31. Snæfellsjökull. 6
7 Central Volcanoes Shield volcano (Eyafjallajökull) (Thordarson et al., 2002) Stratovolcano ridge (Hekla) (Thordarson et al., 2002) Cone volcano (Snaefell) (Thordarson et al., 2002) 7
8 Basalt Volcanoes Lava shield (Skjaldbreidur) (Thordarson et al., 2002) Cone row (Laki) (Thordarson et al., 2002) Subglacial Volcanoes Herdubreid (Gudmundsson, 2007) (Thordarson et al., 2002) 8
9 Eruption products Lava (pahoehoe or aa lava fields) Tephra (from fine ash until bombs or blocks) (Thordarson et al., 2002) (Thordarson et al., 2002) 9
10 External forces: Weathering Chemical weathering: Rocks break down due to effects of material in solution in rainwater or ground water 10
11 Mechanical weathering: 1. Frost weathering Water expansion during freezing Fracture in rock is neccesary Frost weathering on an erratic on the Breidamerkursandur (Einarsson, 1991) 11
12 Frost activities Thufur Stone polygons Ice expansion not only causes lifting of soil also laterally pressure (Gudmundsson, 2007) (Gudmundsson, 2007) Solifluction In spring the thawned soil becomes saturated and creeps slowly downward on sloping ground (Gudmundsson, 2007) 12
13 2 Root shattering Plants roots force their way in fractures and shatter the rocks Moos in fractured solid rock Skalafell, Sun bursting In hot and dry climates rocks flakes off because of great heat difference between day and night 13
14 Geomorphology of rivers and fluvial landforms Canyons and gorges V shaped valleys Gorge of Jökulsá á Fjöllum with Hafragilsfoss Flat bottomed valley Peneplain Heinabergsdalur
15 Alluvial fans and deltas Sediments are deposited on the lower, more gentle sloped part of the river Skeidarársandur with glacial river Skeidárár (Einarsson, 1991) Delta of Gilsfjördur (Gudmundsson, 2007) 15
16 Glacial erosion Landscape shaped by rivers and glaciers Landscape formed by rivers Valley and corrie glaciers shape landscape Modify through rivers Skutulsfjördur with Ísafjördur and a corrie (Einarsson, 1991) (Einarsson, 1991) 16
17 Glacial landscape features Whalebacks of Skalafelljökull Moraines from Skaftafellsjökull
18 Aeolian processes and landforms Sandstorm in S - Iceland The effects of wind erosion depends greatly on the type of rock, so that softer beds are eroded first (Einarsson, 1991) 18
19 Soil erosion and aeolian sedimentation Erosion is most active on lava areas where the bedrock is highly porous and the precipitation sinks rapidly through the soil Sand dunes and drifts Aeolian sedimentary formations occur mainly where the wind meets an obstacle or the wind velocity is reduced (Einarsson, 1991) 19
20 Marine denutation and landforms Cliffs were formed as the land adjusted isostatically after the weight of the last Pleistocene ice sheet was removed Látrabjarg (Gudmundsson, 2007) Due to rapid untercutting through wave action a steep wave-cut cliff was formed. Trough the wave action the gravel is often carried inland to build up beach ridges. Lónsfjördur (Einarsson, 1991) 20
21 Rockfalls and landslides Rockfalls occur mainly through ice expansion and differential heating Klifatindur Landslides occured mainly after the last glacial Drápuhlídarfjall (Gudmundsson, 2007) 21
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