2. A rock cycle diagram is shown below. Which rock layer most likely contains fossils of the most recently evolved organisms?

Transcription

1 Do Not Write On Test - You Will Fail 1. The picture below shows a model of the rock cycle. 3. Shale is a sedimentary rock that can be metamorphosed into slate by A. cementation. B. chemical weathering. C. sedimentation. D. increased pressure. 4. The diagram below shows a geologic cross section. During which part of the rock cycle does water break rocks apart? A. part 1 B. part 2 C. part 3 D. part 4 2. A rock cycle diagram is shown below. Which rock layer most likely contains fossils of the most recently evolved organisms? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D The youngest rocks on the ocean floor are typically located near what feature? What happens to rocks at location 3 in the diagram? A. heating and pressing B. melting and cooling C. weathering and eroding D. compacting and cementing A. a mid-ocean ridge B. a continental shelf C. an abyssal plain D. a subduction trench 6. Relative cooling rates of igneous intrusive rocks can be estimated by comparing rocks A. crystal sizes. B. composition. C. density. D. chemical reactivity. page 1

2 7. The country of Iceland uses geothermal energy as a primary source of heat. Hot water is pumped from the ground and used to heat most of Iceland s homes and businesses. What is the source of the energy that produces the hot water? A. magma within Earth s crust B. the insulating effect of snow and ice C. warm water from the Gulf Stream D. friction caused by continental drift 8. A volcanic rock is black, glossy, and smooth. How did this rock most likely form? A. Rapidly, on the Earth s surface B. Rapidly, beneath the Earth s surface C. Slowly, on the Earth s surface D. Slowly, beneath the Earth s surface 9. Use the diagram to answer the following question. 10. Ricardo has an igneous rock in his rock collection. Where did this rock most likely form? A. in a volcano B. on a forest floor C. on a coral reef D. at the bottom of a river 11. Which feature would most likely be forming at converging continental tectonic plate boundaries? A. rift valley B. deep trench C. volcanic cone D. uplifted mountain 12. Which of the following is the best evidence that Earth s continents were once in vastly different positions than they are today? A. Penguins are found only in the Southern Hemisphere. B. Fossils of tropical plants are found in Antarctica. C. Volcanoes encircle the Pacific Ocean. D. Major rivers form deltas from continental erosion. 13. Which of the following provides evidence for plate tectonics? A. sea-floor topography The diagram shows the fossils in two different sections of rock found on opposite sides of a canyon. Which layer in rock section one is approximately the same age as layer X in rock section two? A. layer 1 B. layer 2 C. layer 3 D. layer 4 B. ocean currents C. Coriolis effect D. atmospheric temperatures 14. A rift valley is evidence of which kind of plate boundary? A. convergent B. divergent C. transform D. uniform page 2

3 15. Which of the following is most responsible for the formation of new crust at the edge of a tectonic plate? 20. If the locations of earthquakes over the past 10 years were plotted on a world map, which of the following would be observed? A. mountain building at a continent-continent convergent boundary B. magma rising up from the mantle at a divergent boundary C. two tectonic plates sliding past one another at a transform boundary D. subduction of one oceanic plate under another at a convergent boundary A. Earthquakes occur with the same frequency everywhere on Earth. B. Earthquakes generally occur along the edges of tectonic plates. C. Earthquakes most frequently occur near the middle of continents. D. Earthquakes do not seem to occur in any consistent pattern. 16. Earthquake vibrations are detected, measured, and recorded by instruments called 21. Which of the following best describes Earth s tectonic plates? A. sonargraphs. B. seismographs. C. Richter scales. D. magnetometers. 17. The Richter scale measures which of the following earthquake characteristics? A. intensity B. magnitude C. frequency D. probability 18. Which type of volcano would be the least explosive? A. cinder cone B. stratovolcano C. shield volcano D. composite cone 19. Earthquake activity in California is primarily caused by A. the lowering of aquifer levels. B. the interaction of tides with the coast. C. mining activity during the nineteenth century. D. plates grinding past each other along active faults. A. They move away from each other at the equator. B. They move because of convection currents in the mantle. C. They collide at midocean ridges. D. They form at subduction zones. 22. An earthquake is caused by sudden shifts in which of the following layers of Earth? A. outer core B. crust C. inner core D. mesosphere 23. After a rainstorm, a big pile of rocks blocks part of a mountain road. Which event most likely caused the rocks to move onto the road? A. a tsunami B. a blizzard C. a landslide D. a hurricane 24. Which of the following is a slow process that changes Earth s surface? A. flooding B. earthquake C. wind erosion D. volcanic eruption page 3

4 25. The African plate is moving north toward the Eurasian plate. 28. The Hawaiian Islands are younger on the eastern end than on the western end of the chain. What will most likely happen if this movement continues for many million years? A. Volcanoes will form and erupt at the plate boundary. B. The Mediterranean Sea will shrink and mountains will form. C. The African plate will force the Eurasian plate to break into several pieces. D. The size of the Mediterranean Sea will increase and mountains will form on both sides. 26. Which of the following can cause erosion? A. falling leaves B. flowing water C. growing grass D. rising temperatures 27. A glacier is a slow moving river of ice. How does a glacier help create soil? What is causing the age differences among the islands? A. Two crustal plates are colliding. B. A divergent boundary exists in the ocean floor. C. An ocean plate is moving southeast across a hot spot. D. An ocean plate is moving northwest across a hot spot. 29. How do plants most commonly break large rocks into smaller pieces? A. Plant leaves insulate surrounding rocks from extreme temperatures. B. Plant roots grow into cracks in rocks. C. Seeds from plants fall onto rocks and release acidic compounds. D. Stems of plants surround and squeeze rocks. A. It scrapes small particles off large rocks. B. It carries plants down mountains and to oceans. C. It melts and becomes part of streams and rivers. D. It freezes small particles of dirt to form large rocks. 30. The freezing and thawing action of water affects a rock by A. transforming the rock into igneous rock. B. chemically changing the rock. C. gradually breaking down the rock into smaller pieces. D. leaving behind sedimentary particles from evaporated solutions. page 4

5 31. It is harder to read the wording on very old tombstones than it is to read the wording on newer ones. This difference is most likely a result of: A. dirt filling in the letters; B. modern tombstones being made of artificial materials; C. weathering of the stone; or D. slow crystallization of the stone. 32. The topsoil covering an area of land was washed away by rain. The land was most likely A. steep, without vegetation B. steep, with vegetation C. flat, without vegetation D. flat, with vegetation 35. Layers of volcanic ash often serve as useful geologic time markers because ash layers usually A. deposit quickly over a wide area B. are older than the surrounding rock C. can be sampled easily D. darken with age 36. What is the estimated age of Earth? A years B years C years D years 37. The accompanying geologic cross section below represents a cliff outcrop. Some bedrock layers are labeled as millions of years old (myo). Letters A through E represent different rock types. 33. Which of the following is most likely to make a rock crack and crumble? A. dew evaporating on the rock B. leaves decaying on the rock C. snow melting in a crack in the rock D. water freezing in a crack in the rock 34. Which factor causes a mud slide? A. the amount of rain in an area B. the amount of carbon dioxide in an area C. the amount of pollution in an area D. the amount of wind in an area What is a possible age of igneous rock E? A. 1.5 million years old B. 12 million years old C. 28 million years old D. 40 million years old page 5

6 38. Which statement best describes Earth s crust and mantle? A. The crust is thicker and less dense than the mantle B. The crust is thicker and more dense than the mantle C. The crust is thinner and less dense than the mantle D. The crust is thinner and more dense than the mantle 39. Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is generally 42. Through which materials can P-waves travel? A. solid rock, only B. magma and water, only C. magma, water, and natural gas, only D. solid rock, magma, water, and natural gas 43. The accompanying cross section shows the distribution of earthquake waves as they travel through Earth s interior. The arrows within Earth s interior represent the pathways followed by some earthquake waves. A. older and thinner B. older and thicker C. younger and thinner D. younger and thicker 40. Why is Earth s outer core inferred to be a liquid? A. P-waves can pass through the outer core. B. P-waves cannot pass through the outer core. C. S-waves can pass through the outer core. D. S-waves cannot pass through the outer core. 41. Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is A. less dense, more mafic, and thinner B. less dense, more felsic, and thicker C. more dense, more mafic, and thinner Which types of earthquake waves will most probably be detected in zones A and B? A. zone A P-waves, only; zone B S-waves, only B. zone A P-waves, only; zone B no P- or S-waves C. zone A S-waves, only; zone B P-waves, only D. zone A S-waves, only; zone B no P- or S-waves D. more dense, more felsic, and thicker Ground moraine page 6

7 44. Which change is most likely to occur in a landscape if its climate changes from humid to arid? A. Wind will become a more important agent of erosion. B. Surface features will become more rounded. C. Chemical weathering will increase. D. Vegetation will increase. 45. Obsidian s glassy texture indicates that it formed 48. A deep-sea earthquake has occurred off the Aleutian Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Which of the following would be the greatest concern to residents of a coastal city in Hawaii? A. The shock tremors may destroy many buildings. B. The shock tremors may cause a power blackout. C. A tsunami (tidal wave) may destroy coastal property. D. Inland pineapple crops may be damaged. A. slowly, deep below Earth s surface B. slowly, on Earth s surface 49. The picture below shows fossils found in four layers of rock. C. quickly, deep below Earth s surface D. quickly, on Earth s surface 46. You are planning a hike across Sloan s Island from west to east, as shown. Which part of your hike would be steepest? A. From point P to point Q B. From point Q to point R C. From point R to point S D. From point T to point U 47. Rocks found on Earth are generally classified as sedimentary, metamorphic or igneous. What is the basis by which these classifications are made? A. Where the rocks are found B. How the rocks were formed C. What the rocks are made of (composition) D. The color and shape of the rocks Each layer is from a different time period and includes types of organisms that lived during each time period. a) Give one reason why there are fossils of different organisms in each rock layer. b) Choose one layer. Write one inference describing the environment when the organisms in that layer were living. 50. Where does seafloor spreading occur? What leads to seafloor spreading? page 7

8 The outer two layers of Earth are the crust and the mantle. a) Describe the difference between the density of the crust and of the mantle. Like all landforms, mountains are affected by environmental conditions that can change their appearance. Describe two factors that can change the appearance of a mountain over time. Explain your answer fully. 52. Dating Rock Layers Use the diagram below to answer the question. b) Describe the difference between the thickness of the crust and of the mantle. 55. Natural processes and changes on Earth can take place in a short period of time or can take millions of years. a) Describe an example of a process or change that takes place in a short period of time. b) Describe an example of a process or change that takes millions of years. 56. Use the information below to answer the following question(s). The rock cycle is a process that alters sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks. The diagram below shows the rock cycle. The diagram above shows 5 rock layers. You have been asked to determine the age of rock layer 5. Two measures of geologic time are absolute time, which relates to the year something happened, and relative time, which relates to the order or sequence in which events occurred. a) Describe three methods that could be used to determine the age of the rock layer. One of the three methods should be a method for determining relative time. One of the three methods should be a method for determining absolute time. b) How will these methods identify the age of the rock layer? 53. Earth s crust and rigid upper mantle are broken into enormous slabs called tectonic plates that interact at plate boundaries. The three types of plate boundaries are transform, divergent, and convergent. a) Describe the plate movements at two of these boundaries. Explain how metamorphic rocks are part of the rock cycle. In your explanation, be sure to include the features that make each rock type different the processes that result in the formation of each rock type Write your answer in the space provided. b) Give one example of a formation created at each of the boundaries that you described in part a. page 8