Occurs in Nature SOLID Inorganic (not from a plant or animal) Crystalline (forms crystals) Atoms / Molecules bond in a regular pattern
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1 #12: Mineral Occurs in Nature SOLID Inorganic (not from a plant or animal) Crystalline (forms crystals) Atoms / Molecules bond in a regular pattern Regular Composition EX- Halite (salt) is always NaCl Quartz is always SiO 2
2 #12B: Mineral Properties CRYSTAL FORM- (geometric shape of crystal) HARDNESS- (resistance to scratching) Scale of 1-10 (talc-diamond) STREAK- (color of mineral as powder by rubbing a porcelain tile) LUSTER light reflectiveness / shine Metallic or Nonmetallic CLEAVAGE- mineral has blocky flat surfaces Fracture breaks irregular / no cleaveage
3 13: Rocks Aggregates (mixtures) of one or many MINERALS Come from the solid outer layer of Earth LITHOSPHERE Aka CRUST
4 #14: IGNEOUS Rock Formed from COOLED / SOLIDIFIED molten (liquid) rock Magma Lava UNDERGROUND INTRUSIVE cooled SLOW -Big Crystals COARSE GRAINED VOLCANO EXTRUSIVE Tiny Crystals cools Fast FINE GRAINED Can have Gas Pockets
5 #15: SEDIMENTARY Rock Layers of sand / mud or bits of rock sediment COMPACTED and CEMENTED At the bottom of lakes / seas / oceans May have FOSSILS
6 #16: METAMORPHIC Rock Any rock changed or RECRYSTALLIZED by HEAT and PRESSURE Deep inside Mountain Mineral Foliation / BANDING
7 #17: ROCK CYCLE Any rock can be changed into any other rock type Solid material of the Crust is continuously recycled: WEATHERED into Sediment MELTED into molten rock METAMORPHOSED by heat and pressure
8 #18: WEATHERING BREAK UP of rock into smaller and smaller pieces / fragments (sediment): CHEMICAL WEATHERING- Acid Rain dissolves Calcite (Limestone and Marble) Oxygen (rusts minerals with Iron) PHYSICAL WEATHERING- Ice expands cracks rock, frost action (potholes) Waves / Rivers smooths and rounds Plants roots can lift and crack
9 #19: EROSION When Sediments are TRANSPORTED / MOVED by: GLACIERS RIVERS WIND WAVES Driven by force of GRAVITY
10 : Topographic Maps Map that shows ELEVATION or height above sea-level. Each line represents a height The amount each line goes up is the CONTOUR INTERVAL Ex:BALD HILL Contour Interval 100ft Steeper
11 #20 : Structure of Earth Lithosphere / Crust - Solid Rock / Plates - (apple skin) Mantle- Soft but not melted - (amorphous) - Convection Outer Core- Liquid Iron Inner Core Solid Iron and Nickel
12 #21: Plate Tectonics The crust of the Earth is broken into sections PLATES They shift and move as they ride atop the fluid / Convecting MANTLE Where the plates join form: VOLCANOES MOUNTAINS EARTHQUAKES
13 #22: Evidence of Continental Drift Puzzle Fit of continents shape Things MATCH when put back together FOSSILS MOUNTAINS ROCK TYPES Glacial / climate records SEA-FLOOR Spreading youngest rock in the middle of ocean, older near continents
14 #23: ASTHENOSPHERE Top of the Mantle Very soft and fluid rock Flows / CONVECTION Currents Moves the plates as they float on top
15 #24 : Plate Boundaries CONVERGENT DIVERGENT TRANSFORM
16 #25: Ring of Fire Ocean crust is being Subducted under the Continents by continuous Convergence all around the Pacific Ocean, which is lined completely by MOUNTAINS, EARTHQUAKES and VOLCANOES
17 #26: SUBDUCTION zone Crust is Destroyed Volcano Ocean Plate u p l i f t Continent Mantle Convection Melting
18 #27 : Seismic Waves Waves of energy that travel through the entire Earth from Earthquake Faults. Measured by Seismograph readings Seismologist study Earthquakes Tell us about Earth s interior Crust, Mantle, Core
19 #28: Earthquake Scales Richter Scale MEASURE OF ACTUAL ENERGY / POWER THE EARTHQUAKE RELEASED Mercalli Scale MEASURES EARTHQUAKE POWER BY LEVEL OF DEVASTATION TO BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES FLAWED BECAUSE DISTANCE TO EPICENTER OF MAN MADE STRUCTURES NEVER THE SAME
20 #29: Focus / Epicenter Earth s Surface Epicenter location on the surface directly above the Earthquake Focus Focus point of actual fault, energy release inside Crust
21 #30: Volcanic Winter When Volcanoes erupt, ASH (powdered rock) goes into the Atmosphere and spreads around the world, these particles reflect / blocks sunlight. Causes GLOBAL COOLING, drop in worldwide temperature
22 #31: Latitude
23 #32: Longitude
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