benchmark C. a lava flow from a volcano D. an avalanche down a mountain A. rift valley B. deep trench C. volcanic cone D.

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1 Name: Date: 1. The road shown below was suddenly broken by a natural event. Which natural event most likely caused the crack in the road? A. wind B. earthquake C. a lava flow from a volcano D. an avalanche down a mountain 2. Which feature would most likely be forming at converging continental tectonic plate boundaries? A. rift valley B. deep trench C. volcanic cone D. uplifted mountain 3. Which of the following is the best evidence that Earth s continents were once in vastly different positions than they are today? A. Penguins are found only in the Southern Hemisphere. B. Fossils of tropical plants are found in Antarctica. C. Volcanoes encircle the Pacific Ocean. D. Major rivers form deltas from continental erosion. 4. A rift valley is evidence of which kind of plate boundary? A. convergent B. divergent C. transform D. uniform 5. The convergence of two continental plates would produce A. island arcs. B. rift valleys. C. folded mountains. D. trenches. 6. Which of the following is most responsible for the formation of new crust at the edge of a tectonic plate? A. mountain building at a continent-continent convergent boundary B. magma rising up from the mantle at a divergent boundary C. two tectonic plates sliding past one another at a transform boundary D. subduction of one oceanic plate under another at a convergent boundary page 1

2 7. Earthquake vibrations are detected, measured, and recorded by instruments called A. sonargraphs. B. seismographs. C. Richter scales. D. magnetometers. 8. At which location would earthquakes be least likely to occur? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D Earthquake activity in California is primarily caused by A. the lowering of aquifer levels. B. the interaction of tides with the coast. C. mining activity during the nineteenth century. D. plates grinding past each other along active faults. 10. Of the following statements, which best supports the continental drift theory? A. All oceans are salty. B. Igneous rocks are found on all continents. C. Fossils of the same species of extinct land plants have been found in both South America and Africa. D. Early humans migrated to North America over a land bridge from eastern Asia. page 2

3 Earth scientists use theories and principles to help determine the relative age and formation of rocksand landforms. Superposition Cross-cutting Unconformities Younger sedimentary rock layers are generally found on top of older rock layers. Faults and igneous intrusions are younger than the rock they cut through. An eroded surface that separates older rocks below from younger rocks above. page 3

4 11. This area of land with a variety of surface features is viewed from above. What caused the shift of the surface features? A. A fault B. A road C. A flowing stream D. A volcanic intrusion 12. How was the mountain shown above most likely formed? cross section view A. Plates A and B are moving towards each other. B. Plates A and B are moving apart from each other. C. Plate A is moving away and Plate B is stationary. D. Plate A is stationary and Plate B is moving away. 13. An earthquake occurs when the tectonic plates below Earth s surface suddenly shift. These shifts of the tectonic plates are caused by A. movements in Earth s core. B. movements in Earth s mantle. C. deposition of sediments. D. eruption of volcanoes. page 4

5 14. Use the diagram below to answer the following question(s). Based on the diagram, which process explains why less dense, hot magma rises to the surface to displace more dense, cooler magma? A. conduction B. diffusion C. radiation D. convection 15. On the map below, dark circles indicate the positions of volcanoes in the Ring of Fire in and around the Pacific Ocean. Dark lines indicate tectonic plate boundaries of Earth s crust. Map showing positions of volcanoes in the Ring of Fire in and around the Pacific OceanAccording to this map, which of the following describes where volcanoes are most likely to form in the Ring of Fire? A. Volcanoes form in the middle of a tectonic plate. B. Volcanoes form below the surface of tectonic plates. C. Volcanoes form where tectonic plates meet other plates. D. Volcanoes form where earthquakes are least likely to occur. page 5

6 16. The best evidence that the continents were once connected is that they have matching A. weather, fossils, and rock types. B. rock types, fossils, and coastlines. C. coastlines, weather, and rock types. D. coastlines, weather, and fossils. 17. The illustration below shows the morphological change of two species. Which statement explains why species 1 and species 2 are different? A. An individual changed itself to suit the environment. B. Natural selection can cause gradual speciation changes. C. Interbreeding of species 2 results in no genetic mutations. D. Extinction of ancestor species occurs as a result of interbreeding. page 6

7 18. A termite population was sprayed with a certain brand of insecticide. After being sprayed, the number of surviving termites within the population were counted and recorded as a percentage of the total. This process was repeated until a total of six generations of termites had been sprayed. The results are shown in the table below. Termite Generation Percentage of Surviving Termites After Spraying 1 5% 2 10% 3 25% 4 40% 5 60% 6 80% Which statement best explains why later generations had higher percentages of termites that survived? A. Earlier generations had several members that were old and weak. B. Earlier generations had smaller numbers of termites than later generations. C. Later generations were able to live through the spraying because they were used to it. D. Later generations were the offspring of termites that were more resistant to the spraying. 19. On a small isolated island, there is a single species of seed-eating birds. Individual birds are able to eat seeds that are within 2 mm (larger or smaller) of their beak depth. The distribution of individuals is shown in the figure below. A long drought caused the plant species that produce seeds between 3 9 mm in size to go extinct. What does the Theory of Natural Selection predict will happen to the population of seed-eating birds over time? A. It will permanently shrink to approximately 25% of its current size. B. It will go extinct because there aren t enough seeds to support all of the individuals. C. It will diverge into two species: one that eats small seeds and one that eats large seeds. D. It will adapt and the birds that ate the medium sized seeds will learn to eat fish, insects, or other animals. page 7

8 20. How is natural selection in the evolution of long necks in giraffes best explained? A. Shorter-necked giraffes were killed by long-necked giraffes. B. Giraffe necks grew longer because of the bone structure of the animals. C. Giraffes with longer necks survived because they were better suited to the environment. D. Long-necked giraffes mated only with other long-necked giraffes. 21. Which of the following is a source of genetic variation within a species? A. cloning B. mutation C. selective breeding D. natural selection 22. Rainfall in a tropical region is below average for 10 consecutive years. Insect species adapted for dry conditions are much more plentiful at the end of the 10 years. Which of the following statements best explains the increase in the population of these insects? A. Biodiversity in the region has increased due to the dry conditions. B. Insects with a high tolerance for dry conditions have migrated out of the region. C. Natural selection has favored insect species with a high tolerance for dry conditions. D. Natural selection has selected against insect species that are adapted for dry conditions. 23. A population of termites initially consists of darkly colored and brightly colored members. After several generations, the termite population consists almost entirely of darkly colored members because the brightly colored termites are easier for a predatory species of insectivores to locate. This situation is an example of A. the evolution of a new species. B. natural selection. C. artificial selection. D. adaptive radiation. page 8

9 24. The fossilized jawbones in the diagram above show the changes in organisms over time. According to the diagrams, which of the following is a likely conclusion? A. These fossils provide evidence that evolution occurs rapidly. B. These fossils provide evidence that evolution occurs over long periods of time. C. These fossils belonged to organisms that were large and slow moving. D. These fossils lack similar characteristics in their structural design. page 9

10 25. The picture below shows a flower with a long slender bloom. The size and shape of a bird s beak are related to the type of food that the bird eats. Which of the following beaks is suitable for drinking nectar located deep within flowers such as the one shown above? A. B. C. D. 26. The diagram below represents part of the horse fossil record from three time periods. It includes illustrations of the hooves and teeth of horses from each time period. Which of the following statements is best supported by the horse fossil record? A. The horse has been a carnivore. B. The horse has changed over time. C. The horse has many common ancestors. D. The horse has lived in the same ecosystem. page 10

11 27. The diagram below shows the beaks of five species of birds that developed over time from one parent species. The five species of birds can be found living in the same area. Which of the following best explains why the beak shape of each species of bird developed differently? A. Each beak shape helps the birds to produce different songs. B. Each beak shape is an adaptation to a specific source of food. C. Each beak shape is designed to construct a different type of nest. D. Each beak shape helps protect the birds from a different predator. 28. One piece of evidence that supports the modern theory of evolution is the presence of similar structures that serve different functions in different organisms. Human Arm Bat Wing Insect Leg Human Leg Bird Wing Insect Wing Lizard Claw Bird Beak Which pair of features shown are similar structures that are serving different functions? A. Human arm and bat wing B. Insect leg and human leg C. Bird wing and insect wing D. Lizard claw and bird beak page 11

12 29. The pictures below show bone structures in three animals. Bat Wing Human Arm Dolphin Flipper The similarity in structure of the bones of these animals suggests that A. the size of these bones is the same. B. these species share common ancestors. C. these species developed at the same time and location. D. the chemical make-up of these animals is exactly the same. page 12

13 30. The drawings below show a turtle embryo and a chicken embryo. Which of the following statements is supported by the similarities between these embryos? A. The turtle is more advanced than the chicken. B. The chicken has more offspring than the turtle. C. The turtle and the chicken are similar as adults. D. The chicken and the turtle share a common ancestor. page 13

14 31. The diagram below shows the evolutionary relationship of several primates. Based on the diagram, which of the following statements is true? A. Lemurs were the most recent to evolve. B. Gorillas evolved directly from chimpanzees. C. Spider monkeys and lemurs evolved at the same time. D. Gorillas and baboons evolved from a common ancestor. page 14

15 32. Students used the three organisms shown below to study evolutionary relationships. Which of these structures are the best evidence of an evolutionary relationship? A. bat wing and bee wing B. bat lower jaw and whale lower jaw C. whale flipper and bee wing D. bat wing and whale flipper page 15

16 33. The picture below shows a horseshoe crab. Today s horseshoe crabs are related to trilobites. Trilobites lived more than 251 million years ago and are extinct. Which organism is most likely a trilobite? A. B. C. D. 34. This diagram shows a cladogram of six species based on amino acid similarities. Which two species are the most closely related? A. I and II B. II and IV C. I and V D. V and VI page 16