Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Guided Notes

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1 1. Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition 2. Outline Section 1: Weathering Section 2: Erosion Section 3: Deposition Section 4: Case Study Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Guided Notes 3. Section 1: Weathering i. What is weathering? ii. Compare and contrast mechanical and chemical weathering. iii. Categorize the specific forms of weathering we discussed. iv. What factors effect the rate of weathering? 4. What is Weathering? i. It is a slow, continuous process ii. Effects aren t easily observed There are two general types of weathering: 5. Mechanical Weathering Forms of mechanical weathering: i iv. 6. Frost Wedging Water seeps into small cracks, freezes and expands, which makes the cracks bigger over time Cracks in sidewalks Potholes in roads 7. Plant/Root Wedging Plant roots growing in the soil can loosen rock, which makes cracks bigger over time 8. Abrasion Rough edges of particles scrape off parts of rocks Think of abrasion like the five die you shake in Yahtzee 9. Exfoliation The peeling away of a rock layer caused by repeated heating and cooling of rock

2 10. Chemical Weathering Forms of chemical weathering: i 11. Oxidation Oxygen reacts with elements that make up the rock i. Iron in a rock reacts with oxygen, causing a color change 12. Hydrolysis Water can dissolve away many Earth materials, including certain rocks Acid rain can also break down rock i. Burning fossil fuels releases gases in the atmosphere, which can cause rain to become more acidic 13. Carbonation Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water form a weak acid, which can dissolve some types of rocks Calcite vs. Hydrochloric Acid 14. What Effects Weathering Rates? 15. Rock Composition Brittle rocks will break faster than stronger ones 16. Surface Area Exposing more of the rock will speed up weathering 17. Particle Size Larger particles weather slower and smaller particles weather at a faster rate 18. Climate Warm, moist climates have the most weathering. Heat and water can greatly increase the speed of chemical weathering. 19. Length of Time Obviously the longer a rock is exposed to its surroundings the more it will be effected by weathering processes

3 20. Section 1: Weathering i. What is weathering? Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Guided Notes ii. Compare and contrast mechanical and chemical weathering. iii. Categorize the specific forms of weathering we discussed. iv. What factors effect the rate of weathering? 21. Section 2: Erosion i. What is erosion? ii. Describe the different agents of erosion? iii. What factors affect the rate of erosion in running water? 22. What is Erosion? There are 6 main agents of erosion: i iv. v. v 23. Gravity Pulls on rocks and soil down slopes i. Landslides ii. Mudflows iii. Avalanches

4 24. Wind Tiny particles, often filled with holes are transported by wind Major agent of erosion in hot, dry climates or places with little vegetation i. In the desert, wind can erode soil enough that water is present, which allows shrubs/grasses to grow à Oasis 25. Wind Diagram 26. Running Water Sediments are transported in running water at the bottom of the river, flowing in the middle of the river, or as dissolved particles Three factors effect the erosion rates in running water: i 27. Running Water Slope When slope increases i. Water velocity increases ii. Particle size that can be carried increases So erosion increases 28. Running Water Volume When volume increases i. Water velocity increases ii. Particle size that can be carried increases So erosion increases 29. Running Water Position When particles travel near the outside of turns they move faster, so erosion increases. When particles travel near the inside of turns they move slower, so more particles are deposited. Particles suspended in the water will travel faster than particles at the riverbed. 30. Running Water Position 31. Running Water Position 32. Glaciers Produce large- scale dramatic effects Have the ability to carry HUGE rocks and piles of debris over great distances Glaciers can groove or scar the Earth when passing through 33. Glaciers Inside a Glacier

5 34. Waves Small sediments near coastal areas are easily swept away by ocean waves, storms, or wind. 35. Humans Humans change the landscape in many ways, which result in a faster rate of erosion. i iv. 36. Section 2: Erosion i. What is erosion? ii. Describe the different agents of erosion? iii. What factors affect the rate of erosion in running water? 37. Section 3: Deposition i. What is deposition? ii. What factors affect the rate of deposition? iii. What formations can result from deposition? iv. How are weathering, erosion, and deposition connected? 38. What is Deposition? This material can often form new landforms There are three factors that effect the rate of deposition: i 39. Deposition Rate: Sediment Size Larger sediments are typically deposited first because they cannot be carried as far by the agent of erosion

6 40. Deposition Rate: Sediment Shape Round/spherical particles settle at a faster rate than flat particles because flat particles tend to be swept up by currents 41. Deposition Rate: Sediment Density Particles with higher density will settle at a faster rate than particles with lower density 42. Deposition Formations Deposition formations come in all shapes and sizes and are different based on which type of erosion caused the particles to move i. Gravity ii. Wind iii. Running Water iv. Glaciers v. Waves vi. Humans 43. Gravity Deposition Scree a collection of small rock debris built up on the steep sides of mountains Talus a collection of large rock debris built on the steep sides of mountains 44. Gravity Deposition 45. Wind Deposition Erg an area that has collected large amounts of wind blown sand due to slowing wind speeds Dune a large accumulation of sand in one area, which eventually creates a sand hill 46. Wind Deposition 47. Running Water Deposition Delta a landform that is created by the collection of sediments where a river empties into a larger body of water Levee naturally forming barrier on the sides of a river caused by the deposition of sediment during a flood 48. Running Water Deposition 49. Running Water Deposition Floodplain area surrounding a river or stream that is covered with sediment from the river due to flooding 50. Glacier Deposition Esker a long unified ridge formed within ice- walled tunnels or flowing under glaciers Kame a hill or mound that formed from sediment within a melting glacier 51. Glacier Deposition

7 52. Glacier Deposition Moraine material left behind by a moving glacier, usually consisting of rock and soil Kettle when part of a glacier breaks off and lodges into the sediment, melts, and results in a shallow body of water 53. Glacial Deposition 54. Wave Deposition Beach sand deposited in an area where waves begin to slow and retreat back into the ocean Barrier Spit an extension of the land near the coast caused by the build up of sand/sediments in a given area 55. Wave Deposition 56. Human Deposition Acid deposition the addition of acidic chemicals to the atmosphere, water, or land by humans Dams man made barrier to hold back water usually in order to generate power 57. Human Deposition 58. Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Now that we have covered all of these topics think about how they are all connected breaks down the rock into smaller pieces, or sediments takes those sediments and moves them to a new place takes the sediments when slowed/stopped and settles them to eventually create a new landform 59. Section 3: Deposition i. What is deposition? ii. What factors affect the rate of deposition? iii. What formations can result from deposition? iv. How are weathering, erosion, and deposition connected?

8 60. Section 4: Case Study i. What type of the landform is discussed? ii. How did the following Earth processes create/change the landform? Weathering Erosion Deposition 61. Case Study: Wulingyuan Wulingyuan is located in the Hunan Province in China It is characterized by approximately 3,100 quartzite- sandstone pillars These pillars were created over a long period of time and give scientists valuable information about the geological history of the area. 62. Wulingyuan 63. Case Study: Wulingyuan The area of Wulingyuan was at one time all at the same elevation, near the peaks of the pillars. The giant pillars began to take their shape as water seeped into cracks in the Earth and eventually created caves. The caves collapsed causing the area surrounding the pillars to fall, leaving behind the pillars as we see them today. 64. Case Study: Wulingyuan 65. Case Study: Wulingyuan The pillars stayed standing through the water erosion because of their composition. Quartzite is a harder rock and more resistant to water erosion. In addition to water erosion, gravity erosion and root wedging have helped the pillars assume their current shape. 66. Case Study: Wulingyuan 67. Section 4: Case Study i. What type of the landform is discussed? ii. How did the following Earth processes create/change the landform? Weathering Erosion Deposition

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