KANARÙ SALOS KARÖTASIS PASAULIO TAÖKAS

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "KANARÙ SALOS KARÖTASIS PASAULIO TAÖKAS"

Transcription

1 PAÞINIMO ROMANTIKA m. gruodþio 6-13 d. kartu su Ðvedijos ir Suomijos studentais autorë dalyvavo geologinëje ekspedicijoje Kanarø salose. Ekspedicijai vadovavo Lundo universiteto prof. Anders Lindh. Ekspedicijos metu buvo aplankytos Lancarotës, Gran Kanarijos ir Tenerifës salos, siekiant detaliau patyrinëti jø prigimtá ir vystimosi raidà. Straipsnio autorës, geologijos magistrës, Vilniaus universiteto doktorantës Irmos Vëjelytës þurnalo skaitytojams pristatyti nereikëtø, nes jau ne vienas jos straipsnis apie tolimø ðaliø geologijà yra spausdintas G.A. puslapiuose. Kartu norisi paþymëti, kad Irma jau ne pirmà kartà randa galimybæ pasinaudoti atvirø sienø ir Pasaulio universiteto bendradarbiavimo galimybëmis, kaupdama þinias rengiamai daktaro disertacijai. Irma Vëjelytë, Vilniaus universitetas KANARÙ SALOS KARÖTASIS PASAULIO TAÖKAS Kanarø salos tai jaunas archipelagas, kurá sudaro 13 salø. Ið jø 7 (Lancarotë (Lanzarote), Fjurventjura (Fuerteventura), Gran Kanarija (Gran Canaria), Tenerifë, Gomera, La Palma, Hiero (Hierro)) gyvenamos. Salos iðsidësèiusios rytinëje Atlanto vandenyno dalyje ir prisiðliejusios prie ðiaurës vakariniø Afrikos þemyno krantø. Prieþastys, sukëlusios Kanarø vulkanizmà, nëra tiksliai nustatytos, todël ðiø salø susidarymo klausimas aktualus iki ðiø dienø. Ilgà laikà mokslininkai diskutavo, ar Kanarai susidarë ant okeaninës, ar ant kontinentinës plutos. Viena hipoteziø tvirtino, kad salos iðsidësèiusios ant vadinamosios tranzitinës (pereinamos) plutos, t.y. Afrikos kontinentinës ir Atlanto okeaninës litosferos plokðèiø pakraðèiuose. Taèiau, remdamiesi naujausiais seisminiais duomenimis, dauguma mokslininkø daro vieningà iðvadà, kad ðios vulkaninës salos susidarë ant okeaninës plutos ir pagal savo kilmæ priskiriamos vienam ið vulkaniniø salø tipui, kuris geologijoje ávardijamas karðtojo taðko terminu. Kanarø vulkaninës salos iðkilo skylant okeaninei plutai dël gilumoje tarp okeaninës plutos ir mantijos susidariusio konvekcinio mantijinio plumo, kuris yra apversto grybo formos kotas labai plonas, o kepurë plaèiai iðsiskleidusi po litosfera. Plumà sudaro iðsilydþiusi mantijos medþiaga, kuriai kylant aukðtyn susidaro magmos þidiniai. Magma, pradeginusi litosferà, á Þemës pavirðiø iðsiverþia lavos pavidalu, suformuodama ugnikalnius ið pradþiø vyksta povandeninis vulkanizmas, o pasiekus jûros lygá, jis pereina á kontinentiná. Kanarø salø vietoje plumas ilgà laikà buvo stabilus, laikësi vienoje vietoje, o okeaninë plokðtë slinko virð jo, tokiu bûdu susidarë Kanarø vulkaniniø salø grandinë. Salos driekiasi apie 350 km vakarø-rytø kryptimi, ne visai linijine trajektorija. Tokia trajektorija greièiausiai susijusi su labai maþais litosferos plokðèiø judëjimo greièiais (kai plokðèiø judëjimo greièiai didesni, okeaninës vulkaninës salos iðsidësto viena linija). Nors ðios salos yra arti viena kitos, jø reljefas, amþius ir net vystimosi istorija ryðkiai skiriasi. Todël daugiausia dëmesio mokslininkai skiria Kanarø vulkanizmo prigimties ir evoliucijos klausimams spræsti. Salos lyginamos su tokiais karðtaisiais taðkais kaip Havajai, Azorai ir pan. Karðtøjø taðkø Þemës planetoje rasta apie 50 vietø. Ðiame straipsnelyje Lancarotës, Gran Kanarijos ir Tenerifës salø ypatumai aptariami pradedant nuo seniausios. Lancarotës lavos tipø ávairovë Lancarotë viena seniausiø salyno salø. Salà nuo Afrikos kontinento skiria tik ðimtas kilometrø. Lancarotëje vulkanizmas prasidëjo prieð mln. metø atsivërus gausybei plyðiø, lava kilo á virðø ir iðsiliejo Þemës pavirðiuje. Toks intensyvus vulkanizmas pasibaigë maþdaug prieð 0,69 mln. metø. Vëliau buvo ramybës metas, kuris tæsësi iki XVIII a., kai po ilgai trukusios pertraukos m. vël prasidëjo povandeninis vulkanizmas, kurio metu ið mantijos ir okeaninës plutos á pavirðiø buvo iðkelti dideli kiekiai olivino ksenolitø. Pagal cheminæ sudëtá Lancarotës saloje vyrauja bazaltinë lava, bet pagal amþiø ði lava priklauso keturioms generacijoms: I bazaltas 15,5-12,3 mln.metø, II 2,7-1,0 mln.

2 74 PAÞINIMO ROMANTIKA Pahoechoe lava Lancarotës saloje. Pahoehoe lava in the island of Lanzarote. metø, III 0, 73-0,24 mln. metø, IV tûkst. metø ir jaunesnës. Be bazalto, dviejose vietose aptikta trachito. Saloje gerai iðsilaikæ ne tik didþiuliai ðvieþios lavos laukai, bet ir lavø tuneliai bei kûginiai vulkanai. Lancarotë tuo ir unikali, kad èia galima studijuoti jaunus, gerai iðsilaikiusius vulkanizmo darinius ir procesus. Didþiulá áspûdá palieka ávairûs lavø tipai. Vulkanologai turi nemaþai pavadinimø ávairiems lavø pavirðiams ávardyti. Lancarotëje vyraujantys lavø pavirðiai vadinami aa ir pahoehoe. Aa lavos pavirðius atvësta anksèiau negu jos vidinës dalys, todël tebejudant srautams lavos viduje bei stingstant pavirðiuje lava deformuojama ir ágyja nelygø pavirðiø bei aðtrius kampus. Aa lavos laukai panaðûs á tarsi buldozeriu sustumdytas lavos krûvas. Tokios lavos formavimuisi itin svarbûs trys veiksniai temperatûra, fluidø kiekis ir lavos srauto tëkmës greitis. Daþnai viename lavos sraute, be aa, gali susidaryti ir kitas lavos tipas pahoehoe. Pahoehoe lavos pavirðius lygus ir glotnus, todël já nesunku atskirti nuo aa. Pahoehoe lava ðioje saloje taip pat yra bazaltinës sudëties, taèiau maþesnio klampumo nei aa ir sudaro daug plonesnius sluoksnius, kuriø pavirðiø dengia apie 5 cm storio stiklo plëvelë (neiðsikristalizavusi medþiaga). Pahoehoe lavos tankis didesnis uþ aa, kadangi jos sudëtyje vyrauja stiklas, o ne iðsikristalizavæ kristalai. Ði lava juda poþeminiais tuneliais iðlaikydama ðilumà ir þemà klampumo laipsná. Iðsiliejusi Þemës pavirðiuje, ji slenka ið lëto ir atvësta pamaþu, taip susidaro susisukæs, susiraukðlëjæs lavos pavirðius, vadinamas virveliniu. Saloje gausu pavirðiuje atsiverianèiø lavos kanalø, kuriais neiðsikristalizavusi lava migravo po þeme bei iðsiliejo þemës pavirðiuje. Lavø tuneliø susidarymas po þeme priklauso nuo daugelio veiksniø nuo fiziniø ir cheminiø lavos ypatybiø, nuo iðsiverþimo greièio ir reljefo. Dar vienas ryðkus objektas ðioje saloje tai kûgio pavidalo plyðiniai vulkanai, iðsidëstæ linija vienas uþ kito. Ði ypatybë rodo regione vyravusá plyðiná vulkanizmà. Kûginiai vulkanai sudaryti ið piroklastiniø uolienø daugiausia ið vulkaniniø smulkiø daleliø (pelenø), uolienø ir stiklo nuolauþø (lapiliø), iðmestø á orà sprogimo metu. Kai kuriuose vulkanuose, pavyzdþiui, Cuervo ir Kolorado apatinëse kupolo dalyse, rasta dunito ksenolitø, iðkeltø net ið mantijos bei apatinës plutos. Piroklastiniai vulkanø iðsiverþimai itin pavojingi þmonijai. Nuo padidëjusio á orà iðmestø dujø ir dulkiø kiekio dûsta þmonës, gyvûnai, sunaikinama gamta. Vienas liudininkø kunigas Jaiza, stebëjæs 1730 m. prasidëjusá vulkanizmà Lancarotëje, savo dienoraðtyje raðë: Rugsëjo 1 d. tarp 9 ir 10 val. Þemë sprogo ir kità rytà jau iðkilo aukðti kalnai. Po keliø dienø nauji plyðiai atsivërë, ið kuriø pradþioje kaip vanduo pradëjo verþtis lava, uþtvindydama du kaimus. Rugsëjo 11 d. vël suaktyvëjo vulkanizmas ir dar vienas kaimas buvo paverstas pelenais. Ypaè didþiulá siaubà sukëlë lava, iðsiverþusi vandenyne. Didþiuliu negyvø þuvø sluoksniu buvo nuklota salos pakrantë. O spalio

3 PAÞINIMO ROMANTIKA Vulkaninë bomba, atskriejusi ið vulkano Kolorado (raudonas) Lancarotëje (jos svoris 50 tonø!). 18 d., atsivërus Þemëje dar trims naujoms angoms, iðsiverþë neátikëtinai didelis piroklastø kiekis. Nuo dujø uþduso daugybë galvijø, lavos srautai uþklojo derlingas þemes. Þmonës bëgo á kità salà, ðalia esanèià Gran Kanarijà. Pakartotinai vulkanai iðsiverþdavo iki 1736 m. Gran Kanarijos Lavos Jaunesnëje Gran Kanarijos saloje vulkanizmas prasidëjo ðiek tiek vëliau nei Lancarotëje prieð 14,5 mln. metø. Skirtingai nei Lancarotëje, èia, be bazaltinës lavos (tefritinës, ðarminio bazalto ir toleitinës), yra ir felzinës (fonolitinës, trachitinës, riolitinës). Be to, ði sala iðsiskiria giliais slëniais staèiais ðlaitais, kai kur besileidþianèiais tiesiai á vandenynà, ir veðlia augmenija. Gran Kanarija susidarë ið didþiulio skydinio vulkano, kurio didþioji apatinë dalis slypi po okeanefelininës lavos kolonos, susidariusios prieð 5,48 mln. metø joms bûdinga stulpinio skirumo struktûra. Nephelinite lava columns formed about 5.48 million years ago with typical column structure. 75 A volcanic bomb that flew from the Colorado volcano (red) in Lanzarote (it weighs about 50 tonnes!).

4 76 PAÞINIMO ROMANTIKA Tenerifës salos vaizdas ið Kanadas kalderos, èia dar galima aptikti tebeveikianèiø fumarolitø. Tenerife Island a view from Canadas Caldera, where one can detect active fumaroles. nu, o virðutinë dalis iðkilusi virð jo. Prieð 13 mln. metø, staiga iðsiverþus vulkanui, á atmosferà buvo iðmestas didelis kiekis magmos. Dar miocene iðtuðtëjus magmos kamerai (talpyklai), jos sienos nebeiðlaikë slegianèio svorio, todël vulkano stogas ákrito á iðtuðtëjusios magmos ertmæ, susiformavo kaldera. Vëliau daugiafaziai lavos ir karðtø dujø iðsiverþimai, intrudavusios uolienos (sienitai) bei kûginiø daikø spieèiai uþpildë kalderos vidø. Nukritusi ið atmosferos vulkaninë medþiaga uþklojo Þemës pavirðiø, suformuodama horizontalius piroklastinius sluoksnius (ignimbritus). Magmos kilimo kelias buvo nevienalytis (heterogeninis) ið pradþiø ji kilo radialiniais lûþiais, vëliau þiedo formos lûþiais. Tokie procesai átakojo naujø struktûrø grabenø, horstø ir pan. susidarymà. Pleistocene vulkanas pakartotinai iðsiverþë, o vëliau suiro. Vulkanizmas Gran Kanarijoje buvo nevienalaikis, todël salos vulkanines uolienas mokslininkai pagal amþiø skirsto á Güigüi (14,3 mln. metø senumo), Hogarzales (14,4 mln.metø.), Mogan (13,63-13,04 mln.metø), Fataga (12-9,85 mln.metø), Roque Nublo (5,48-2,7mln. metø) ir C fazës (3,5-3 mln. metø senumo). Itin áspûdingos Roque Nublo formacijai priklausanèios nefelininës sudëties vulkaninës uolienos su stulpinio skirumo struktûromis. Tokiø struktûrø susidarymas susijæs su lavos vësimo procesais: vëstant lavai nuo pavirðiaus gilyn, jos tûris sumaþëjo, todël susidarë plyðiai, statmeni jos tekëjimo krypèiai. Lava tapo panaði á vertikaliø daugiakampiø, daþniausiai penkiakampiø, skirtingo amþiaus stulpø kolonà. Kai kur ðie nefelininiai stulpai deformuoti, sulinkæ. Tokioms deformacijoms susidaryti átakos galëjo turëti vëlesnio lavos srauto ásiskverbimas. Ádomus geologinis objektas Martelës mara. Jos raida prasidëjo, kai magma pasiekë gruntiná vandená, kuriam staigiai ákaitus susidarë palankios sàlygos greitam vandens garavimui bei tûrio plëtimuisi. Sumaþëjus slëgiui, susikaupusios dujos ir vandens garai Þemës gelmëse sprogo ir toje vietoje susidarë plokðèiadugnis dubens formos krateris, apjuostas aukðto pylimo, supilto ið biriø vulkaninio stiklo nuolauþø (0,2-0,64 mm). Teidë aukðèiausia Kanarø virðûnë Tenerifë vienas didþiausiø þemës plotø Kanaruose. Èia iðkilusi ir aukðèiausia Kanarø salø virðûnë Teidë, kuri siekia net 3718 m. Pagal aukðtá Teidë uþima treèià vietà tarp okeaniniø vulkaniniø salø virðûniø. Uþ jà aukðtesnës tik Havajø Mauna Loa (4170 m) ir Mauna Kea (4205 m). Kai kuriø mokslininkø nuomone, Tenerifæ miocene (prieð 4 mln. metø) sudarë dvi ar trys trikampiu iðsidësèiusios atskiros salos. Prieð milijonà metø èia vandenyno gelmëse prasidëjæs vulkanizmas ir suformavo vientisà salà Tenerifæ. Vëliau ðis vulkanas suiro suformuodamas kalderà, taèiau vulkanizmas buvo aktyvus ir vëlesniais etapais. Ðioje kalderoje iðkilo dar vienas vulkanas, vëliau taip pat sugriuvæs ir suformavæs naujà kalderà, kurios dalis iðliko iki ðiø laikø ir vadinama Kanadas kaldera. Ði kaldera susidarë prieð 170 tûkst. metø, kai staigios nuoðliauþø griûtys sugriovë salos kûginæ formà ir suformavo vulkano virðûnëje didþiulæ ádubà (depresijà), apjuostà staèia siena, t.y. Kanadas kalderà. Dabar iðlikusi tik dalis ðios kalderos sienos, nes kita dalis nuslinko á Atlanto vandenynà. Ypaè áspûdingas kalderos amfiteatras atsiveria pakilus eskalatorium á 3200 m aukðtá netoli Teidës virðûnës èia dar randama tebeveikianèiø fumaroliø

5 PAÞINIMO ROMANTIKA 77 Erozijos sukurtos skulptûros Roques de Gracija daikos Tenerifëje. Volcano Cuervo formed of volcanic cinder in Lanzarote. Erosion created sculptures in Roques de Gracia dykes in Tenerife. bei sulfato ir alunito (KAl 3 (SO 4 ) 2 OH 6 ) nuosëdø. Vulkaniniø uolienø tyrimai ir geologiniø procesø paþinimas aktualûs visame pasaulyje ir reikalingi analizuojant Lietuvos kristalinio pamato kernà. Vulkanologiniai tyrimai ir konsultacijos su Summary Canary Islands a Hot Point of the World On 6 13 December 2006, the author of the present article, together with Swedish and Finnish students, had an opportunity to take part in a geological expedition to the Canary Islands under the guidance of Lund University Professor Anders Lindh. Three islands Lanzarote, Gran Canaria and Tenerife have been visited during the expedition that was arranged to study these islands, especially to elucidate their origin and development as one of hot points of the Earth. Canary Islands a young archipelago consist of 13 isles, 7 of which are populated, i.e. Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Gomera, La Palma and Hiero. They are situated in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean close to the north-western coast of Africa (at the Sahara Desert). Factors, which caused volcanism in the Canary area, are not clear enough. Therefore, the issue of formation of these islands remains topical up to now. For a long time, scholars used to debate whether they were formed on the oceanic specialistais padeda geriau suprasti savo kraðto gelmëse slûgsanèiø metavulkaniniø (bazaltø, andezitø, dioritø, riolitø) ir subvulkaniniø (diabazø) uolienø susidarymà bei geologinæ raidà. Padëka. Nuoðirdþiai dëkoju profesoriui Anders Lindh uþ parodytus ádomius geologinius objektus ir vertingus paaiðkinimus, taip pat dëkoju Lundo universiteto Geologijos fakultetui uþ finansavimà. or continental crust. There is a hypothesis that the islands are situated on a so-called transit crust, i.e. at the margin of continental African and oceanic Atlantic lithosphere plates. The latest seismic data, however, show that these volcanic islands were formed on the oceanic crust and should be attributed to the volcanic island type the geologists call it the hot spot volcanism. The Canary Islands emerged because of the rifting of the oceanic crust due to convectional plume of the mantle formed between the oceanic crust and the mantle. This plume has a shape of a mushroom; its stem is very thin, whereas its cap is widely expanded under the lithosphere. The plume consists of mantle s molten matter that is turning up and forming sources of magma that burns a hole in the lithosphere and erupts as lava onto the Earth s surface, thus forming volcanoes. In the initial phase, this was the underwater volcanism. Later, as it emerged from water, its type became the continental one. The author would like to express her sincere gratitude to Prof. Anders Lindh for acquaintance with such interesting geological sites and valuable explanations about their origin. I am also grateful to Lund University Geology Faculty for funding my trip.

LIETUVOS UGNINIS LANKAS

LIETUVOS UGNINIS LANKAS 33 Gediminas Motuza, Vilniaus universitetas LIETUVOS UGNINIS LANKAS Prologas Lietuvos kristalinio pamato kernà pirmà kartà pamaèiau prieð daugelá metø, kai tuometinës Lietuvos geologijos valdybos vyriausias

More information

Due to the especially interesting geological structure ~280 km 2 territory of Druskininkai area is covered by detail complex geological and

Due to the especially interesting geological structure ~280 km 2 territory of Druskininkai area is covered by detail complex geological and Jonas Satkūnas GOLOGICAL HRITAG OF DRUSKININKAI - FROM DPLY SATD CRYSTALLIN BASMNT TO PRSNT LANDSCAPS Due to the especially interesting geological structure ~280 km 2 territory of Druskininkai area is

More information

Struktūrinė geologija

Struktūrinė geologija Pirmadienį pirmą pusdienį Struktūrinė geologija Audrius Čečys audrius.cecys@gf.vu.lt / audrius.cecys@gmail.com + 370 686 96 480 http://web.vu.lt/gf/a.cecys ir Dropbox Struktūrinė geologija yra mokslas

More information

NERAMÚS NIKARAGVOS VULKANAI

NERAMÚS NIKARAGVOS VULKANAI 36 2005 m. gruodþio 5-10 d. Nikaragvoje Tarptautinës geomokslø sàjungos (IUGS) pavedimu (GeoCrossBorder projektas, www.lgt.lt/iborders) Lietuvos geologijos tarnyba (LGT), kartu su kolegomis ið Lenkijos

More information

Continental Drift. & Plate Tectonics

Continental Drift. & Plate Tectonics Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics Alfred Wegener, a German scientist, proposed the hypothesis of CONTINENTAL DRIFT, in 1912. Hypothesis stated: All Earth s continents were once a single landmass (Pangaea)

More information

The map below shows the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes

The map below shows the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes 45 Understanding Plate Boundaries R EA D I N G The map below shows the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes on the earth s surface. Today, many of the world s most active volcanoes are located around

More information

ÛEMÉS PAVIRÖIAUS POKYÆIAI IR SVYRAVIMAI

ÛEMÉS PAVIRÖIAUS POKYÆIAI IR SVYRAVIMAI 30 GEOLOGIJOS PAÞANGA Jonas Satkûnas, Jolanta Èyþienë, Lietuvos geologijos tarnyba ÛEMÉS PAVIRÖIAUS POKYÆIAI IR SVYRAVIMAI Anotacija Satkûnas J., Èyþienë J. Þemës pavirðiaus pokyèiai ir svyra - vimai //

More information

Welcome to GCSE Geography. Where will it take us today?

Welcome to GCSE Geography. Where will it take us today? Welcome to GCSE Geography Where will it take us today? Topic 1.2: global hazards 1.2a: What processes occur @ plate boundaries aii) Let s investigate.4 plate boundaries and hot spots 31/10/2018 Let s get

More information

Lecture 4.1 Continental Drift

Lecture 4.1 Continental Drift Plate Tectonics Chapter 4 California Science Content Standards Covered: Big Ideas 3A: Students know the features of the ocean floor that provide evidence of plate tectonics Mid Ocean Ridges (ex. Mid Atlantic

More information

Study guide chapter 9

Study guide chapter 9 Study guide chapter 9 1. What are the three ways solid mantle material can change phase to a liquid? Associate a boundary/hot spot to each way mantle material changes phase. 1. A decrease in pressure which

More information

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory Chapter Outline 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Early Ideas About Continental Drift 2.3 What Is the Evidence for Continental Drift? 2.4 Features of the Seafloor 2.5 Earth

More information

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions. light in color is called a. felsic. b. oceanic. c. mantle. d. mafic. dark in color is called

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions. light in color is called a. felsic. b. oceanic. c. mantle. d. mafic. dark in color is called Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanic Eruptions 1. Lava provides an opportunity for scientists to study a. the nature of Earth s inner core. b. the nature of Earth s tectonic plates. c. temperatures

More information

A) B) C) D) 4. Which diagram below best represents the pattern of magnetic orientation in the seafloor on the west (left) side of the ocean ridge?

A) B) C) D) 4. Which diagram below best represents the pattern of magnetic orientation in the seafloor on the west (left) side of the ocean ridge? 1. Crustal formation, which may cause the widening of an ocean, is most likely occurring at the boundary between the A) African Plate and the Eurasian Plate B) Pacific Plate and the Philippine Plate C)

More information

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanic Eruptions 1. Lava provides an opportunity for scientists to study a. the nature of Earth s inner core. b. the nature of Earth s tectonic plates. c. temperatures

More information

Plate Tectonics. entirely rock both and rock

Plate Tectonics. entirely rock both and rock Plate Tectonics I. Tectonics A. Tectonic Forces are forces generated from within Earth causing rock to become. B. 1. The study of the origin and arrangement of Earth surface including mountain belts, continents,

More information

Types of Volcanoes. Key Concept: Tectonic plate motions can result in volcanic activity at plate boundaries.

Types of Volcanoes. Key Concept: Tectonic plate motions can result in volcanic activity at plate boundaries. Types of Volcanoes Key Concept: Tectonic plate motions can result in volcanic activity at plate boundaries. Volcanoes How do volcanoes work? How do volcanoes work? Magma is forced onto Earth s surface.

More information

Volcanoes. Volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than the explosion of an atomic bomb.

Volcanoes. Volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than the explosion of an atomic bomb. Ch. 13 Volcanoes Volcanoes Volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than the explosion of an atomic bomb. Many of these eruptions are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Volcanism Volcanism-any activity

More information

6. In the diagram below, letters A and B represent locations near the edge of a continent.

6. In the diagram below, letters A and B represent locations near the edge of a continent. 1. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides

More information

FORCES ON EARTH. An investigation into how Newton s Laws of Motion are applied to the tectonic activity on Earth.

FORCES ON EARTH. An investigation into how Newton s Laws of Motion are applied to the tectonic activity on Earth. FORCES ON EARTH An investigation into how Newton s Laws of Motion are applied to the tectonic activity on Earth. GEOLOGY Geologists scientists who study the forces that make and shape the Earth Geologists

More information

GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12

GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12 UNDERSTANDING EARTH, SIXTH EDITION GROTZINGER JORDAN GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12 Volcanoes 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company Plate tectonics explains the global pattern of volcanism. Key Figure 12.20 (page

More information

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 10 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Factors Affecting Eruptions Factors that determine the violence of an eruption

More information

Geology of the Hawaiian Islands

Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Class 3 20 January 2004 Any Questions? IMPORTANT Big Island Field Trip We need a firm commitment PLUS $164 payment for airfare BEFORE January 29th Plate Tectonics Fundamental

More information

Earth, the Lively* Planet. * not counting the life on the planet!

Earth, the Lively* Planet. * not counting the life on the planet! Earth, the Lively* Planet * not counting the life on the planet! What We Will Learn Today What are planet Earth s features? What processes shape planetary surfaces? How does Earth s surface move? How did

More information

Formation of the Hawaiian Islands. Volcanoes, Magma, and Hot Spots

Formation of the Hawaiian Islands. Volcanoes, Magma, and Hot Spots Formation of the Hawaiian Islands Volcanoes, Magma, and Hot Spots Topics Hawai i Ring of Fire Hot Spots Decompression Melting The Hawai i Hot Spot Topics Hawai i Ring of Fire Hot Spots Decompression Melting

More information

Dynamic Earth Quiz. 4. The accompanying diagram shows some features of Earth s crust and upper mantle.

Dynamic Earth Quiz. 4. The accompanying diagram shows some features of Earth s crust and upper mantle. DO NOT WRITE ON THIS Dynamic Earth Quiz DO NOT WRITE ON THIS 1. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below. The diagram shows a model of the relationship between Earth s surface

More information

Laboratory #7: Plate Tectonics

Laboratory #7: Plate Tectonics Materials Needed: 1. Pencil 2. Colored Pencils 3. Metric/Standard Ruler 4. Calculator 5. Tracing Paper Laboratory #7: Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics The Earth is composed of layers. At the center is a

More information

September 14, SWBAT explain how divergent boundaries shape Earth s surface.

September 14, SWBAT explain how divergent boundaries shape Earth s surface. September 14, 2016 Aims: SWBAT explain how divergent boundaries shape Earth s surface. Agenda 1. Do Now 2. Class Notes 3. Guided Practice 4. Independent Practice 5. Practicing our AIMS: Homework: EI.11

More information

Volcanoes. Presented by Kesler Science

Volcanoes. Presented by Kesler Science Presented by Kesler Science Essential Questions: 1. What are the parts of a volcano? 2. What are the four types? 3. What processes form volcanoes? 4. Where are volcanoes located on earth? What is a Volcano?

More information

Beneath our Feet: The 4 Layers of the Earty by Kelly Hashway

Beneath our Feet: The 4 Layers of the Earty by Kelly Hashway Beneath our Feet: The 4 Layers of the Earty by Kelly Hashway The Earth is more than a giant ball made up of dirt, rocks, and minerals. The Earth may look like a giant ball from when looking at it from

More information

Plate Tectonics. I. The Discovery of Plate Tectonics II. A Mosaic of Plates III. Types of Plate Boundaries IV. How Plates Move

Plate Tectonics. I. The Discovery of Plate Tectonics II. A Mosaic of Plates III. Types of Plate Boundaries IV. How Plates Move Plate Tectonics I. The Discovery of Plate Tectonics II. A Mosaic of Plates III. Types of Plate Boundaries IV. How Plates Move I. The Discovery of Plate Tectonics A. Continental Drift (Alfred Wegener) Proposed

More information

Dynamic Crust Practice

Dynamic Crust Practice 1. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides

More information

Unit 4 Lesson 4 Volcanoes. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Unit 4 Lesson 4 Volcanoes. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Magma Magic What is a volcano? A volcano is any place where gas, ash, or melted rock come out of the ground. Many volcanoes are dormant, meaning an eruption has not occurred in a long period of time. What

More information

Magnetism. Geology. Size and Shape Relationships

Magnetism. Geology. Size and Shape Relationships Magnetism Some types of rocks have a Magnetic North and a Magnetic South. This magnetic orientation is established when the rock is formed. If the landmasses or continents of the Earth had remained fixed

More information

UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards

UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards Session 5 Magma and Volcanism Lecturer: Dr. Patrick Asamoah Sakyi Department of Earth Science, UG Contact Information: pasakyi@ug.edu.gh College

More information

Chapter 18 - Volcanic Activity. Aka Volcano Under the City

Chapter 18 - Volcanic Activity. Aka Volcano Under the City Chapter 18 - Volcanic Activity Aka Volcano Under the City 18.1 Magma Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Temperature and pressure increase

More information

Volcanoes. Table of Contents Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic Landforms

Volcanoes. Table of Contents Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic Landforms Volcanoes Table of Contents Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic Landforms What is a volcano? cone Conduit Or Pipe vent Side vent Central vent Crater A volcano is a vent or 'chimney'

More information

THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH UNIT 1 THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH 1.1.Earth s interior layers The interior of the Earth can be divided into layers according to: -Composition layers ( organized in order of increasing density

More information

FORCES ON EARTH UNIT 3.2. An investigation into how Newton s Laws of Motion are applied to the tectonic activity on Earth.

FORCES ON EARTH UNIT 3.2. An investigation into how Newton s Laws of Motion are applied to the tectonic activity on Earth. FORCES ON EARTH UNIT 3.2 An investigation into how Newton s Laws of Motion are applied to the tectonic activity on Earth. USE THESE NOTES: OUR HOME PLANET EARTH: What do you know about our planet? SO.HOW

More information

A Volcano is An opening in Earth s crust through

A Volcano is An opening in Earth s crust through Volcanoes A Volcano is An opening in Earth s crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash erupt. Also, the landform that develops around this opening. Kinds of Eruptions Geologists classify volcanic

More information

The map below shows the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes

The map below shows the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes 45 Understanding Plate Boundaries R E A D I N G The map below shows the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes on the earth s surface. Today, many of the world s most active volcanoes are located around

More information

SUBSURFACE CHANGES TO EARTH. Ms. Winkle

SUBSURFACE CHANGES TO EARTH. Ms. Winkle SUBSURFACE CHANGES TO EARTH Ms. Winkle OVERVIEW Subsurface events: occurring inside the crust and mantle Moving the lithosphere due to the convection currents in the asthenosphere Main Theories: 1912 Wegener,

More information

1. I can describe evidence for continental drift theory (e.g., fossil evidence, mountain belts, paleoglaciation)

1. I can describe evidence for continental drift theory (e.g., fossil evidence, mountain belts, paleoglaciation) Science 10 Review Earth Science Vocabulary asthenosphere continental drift theory converging plates diverging plates earthquakes epicentre fault hot spot inner core lithosphere mantle mantle convection

More information

When Mount St. Helens erupted, trapped gases caused the north side of the mountain to explode. Volcanic ash was ejected high into the atmosphere.

When Mount St. Helens erupted, trapped gases caused the north side of the mountain to explode. Volcanic ash was ejected high into the atmosphere. When Mount St. Helens erupted, trapped gases caused the north side of the mountain to explode. Volcanic ash was ejected high into the atmosphere. A volcano is a mountain that forms when magma reaches the

More information

Seafloor Spreading and Paleomagnetism Activity

Seafloor Spreading and Paleomagnetism Activity Name: PART A: Ocean Bottom Profile Background: Seafloor spreading is the hypothesis that the sea floor moves sideways away from the crest of the mid- ocean ridge. It is estimated that 20 volcanic eruptions

More information

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 9 Plate Tectonics 9.1 Continental Drift An Idea Before Its Time Wegener s continental drift hypothesis stated that the continents had once been joined

More information

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 9 Plate Tectonics 9.1 Continental Drift An Idea Before Its Time Wegener s continental drift hypothesis stated that the continents had once been joined

More information

UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure. Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes

UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure. Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Chapter Twenty: Earthquakes and Volcanoes 20.1 Earthquakes 20.2 Volcanoes

More information

The locations of volcanoes are mostly determined by plate tectonics. convergent: tending to move toward one point or to approach each other

The locations of volcanoes are mostly determined by plate tectonics. convergent: tending to move toward one point or to approach each other Ch. 22.6 Volcanoes The locations of volcanoes are mostly determined by plate tectonics. Review Vocabulary convergent: tending to move toward one point or to approach each other IntroVolcanoes348 I. Zones

More information

Earth s Changing Surface

Earth s Changing Surface Earth s Changing Surface Earthquakes and Volcanoes Key Concepts What causes earthquakes? What causes volcanoes to form? How do earthquakes and volcanoes change Earth s surface? What do you think? Read

More information

Types of Volcanoes KEY CONCEPT: TECTONIC PLATE MOTIONS CAN RESULT IN VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AT PLATE BOUNDARIES.

Types of Volcanoes KEY CONCEPT: TECTONIC PLATE MOTIONS CAN RESULT IN VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AT PLATE BOUNDARIES. Types of Volcanoes KEY CONCEPT: TECTONIC PLATE MOTIONS CAN RESULT IN VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AT PLATE BOUNDARIES. Volcanoes How do volcanoes work? How do volcanoes work? Magma is forced onto Earth s surface.

More information

Earth and Space Science Semester 2 Exam Review. Part 1. - Convection currents circulate in the Asthenosphere located in the Upper Mantle.

Earth and Space Science Semester 2 Exam Review. Part 1. - Convection currents circulate in the Asthenosphere located in the Upper Mantle. Earth and Space Science 2015 Semester 2 Exam Review Part 1 Convection -A form of heat transfer. - Convection currents circulate in the Asthenosphere located in the Upper Mantle. - Source of heat is from

More information

608 CHAPTER 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit, Inc.

608 CHAPTER 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit, Inc. Standard 7.3.7: Give examples of some changes in Earth s surface that are abrupt, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.... Also covers: 7.3.4, 7.3.18 (Detailed standards begin on page IN8.) Earthquakes,

More information

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics 1. Some volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than a(n) a. hand grenade. b. earthquake. c. geyser. d. atomic bomb. 2. The cause

More information

Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds

Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Chapter 2 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Eleventh Edition Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Tarbuck and Lutgens From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics Prior to the

More information

MAR110 Lecture #4 Fundamentals of Plate Tectonics

MAR110 Lecture #4 Fundamentals of Plate Tectonics 1 MAR110 Lecture #4 Fundamentals of Plate Tectonics The Ocean Sea Floor is formed Along the Mid-Ocean Ridge Spreading Centers The Ocean Sea Floor is destroyed in the Subduction Zones Figure 4.2 Convection

More information

Geology 1 st Semester Exam YSBAT

Geology 1 st Semester Exam YSBAT 1. What is the role of a geologist? Geology 1 st Semester Exam YSBAT 2016-2017 2. Earth is subdivided into three main layers based on what? 3. What features do you find at divergent boundaries? 4. Rock

More information

5. Convergent boundaries produce a relatively low number of earthquakes compared to other boundaries. a. True

5. Convergent boundaries produce a relatively low number of earthquakes compared to other boundaries. a. True 1. Earth s crust is thinner than its mantle. ANSWER: True 2. The concept of isostacy states that high-density rock will stand higher than low-density rock, which explains the formation of subduction zones.

More information

Geology 135GESM The Earth The Plate Tectonics

Geology 135GESM The Earth The Plate Tectonics Geology 135GESM The Earth The Plate Tectonics The Earth We do not know a lot The Earth Using seismic waves p wave compression s wave The Earth The Earth s wave s wave shadow zone The Earth p wave p wave

More information

UNIT 11 PLATE TECTONICS

UNIT 11 PLATE TECTONICS UNIT 11 PLATE TECTONICS A. ALFRED WEGENER 1. Continental drift hypothesis Single supercontinent called Pangaea 200 million years ago Pangaea (all land) began to break up and started drifting to their present

More information

OS 1 The Oceans Fall 2007

OS 1 The Oceans Fall 2007 Name: Plate Tectonics (you must turn Activities 1-2 in during Section) Activity 1: Plate Boundaries A plate boundary simply describes where two plates (either oceanic or continental material) meet. There

More information

PLATE TECTONICS REVIEW GAME!!!!

PLATE TECTONICS REVIEW GAME!!!! PLATE TECTONICS REVIEW GAME!!!! Name the four layers of the earth - crust - mantle - outer core - inner core Which part of Earth s structure contains tectonic plates? LITHOSPHERE Name one reason why the

More information

NC Earth Science Essential Standards

NC Earth Science Essential Standards NC Earth Science Essential Standards EEn. 2.1 Explain how processes and forces affect the Lithosphere. EEn. 2.1.1 Explain how the rock cycle, plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes impact the Lithosphere.

More information

Ch 9.1 Notes. Objective: Be able to explain the theory of plate tectonics and be able to explain evidence that supports it.

Ch 9.1 Notes. Objective: Be able to explain the theory of plate tectonics and be able to explain evidence that supports it. Ch 9.1 Notes Objective: Be able to explain the theory of plate tectonics and be able to explain evidence that supports it. Pangaea Alfred Wegener proposed that land on Earth formed a single, huge landmass.

More information

VOLCANOES. Homework due Wed./Thurs. I have a few copies left, or get by moodle or webpage

VOLCANOES. Homework due Wed./Thurs. I have a few copies left, or get by moodle or webpage VOLCANOES Homework due Wed./Thurs. I have a few copies left, or get by moodle or webpage Bowen s Reaction Series Oceanic basin tectonics http://my.execpc.com/~acmelasr/mountains/geogramsnf.html Icelandic

More information

GEOLOGY 101 LABORATORY LAB

GEOLOGY 101 LABORATORY LAB Student Name: College: Grade: GEOLOGY 101 LABORATORY LAB Isostasy and Plate Tectonics Understanding and Analyzing Vertical and Horizontal Plate Motion Part I. Density and Isostatic Equilibrium Introduction:

More information

Dynamic Planet PUT ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET. c) low temperature d) high volatile content

Dynamic Planet PUT ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET. c) low temperature d) high volatile content School Name: Team #: Students Names: Dynamic Planet 2016 Science Olympiad Invitational University of Texas at Austin PUT ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET 1) Low viscosity magmas have: a) high silica

More information

Visualizing Earth Science. Chapter Overview. Volcanoes and Eruption Types. By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner. Chapter 9 Volcanism and Other

Visualizing Earth Science. Chapter Overview. Volcanoes and Eruption Types. By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner. Chapter 9 Volcanism and Other Visualizing Earth Science By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner Chapter 9 Volcanism and Other Igneous Processes Volcanoes types and effects of eruption Chapter Overview Melting and cooling of rocks Geological

More information

Assembly Instructions:

Assembly Instructions: Assembly Instructions: Materials: - One 12 x 18 pieces of construction paper - Scissors and Glue 1. Fold Paper in Half 2. Cut in half & fold into fourths 3. Attach or draw a cover page on the front part

More information

Distribution of Continents Mid-ocean Ridges Trenches. Deformation Metamorphism Volcanism Earthquakes

Distribution of Continents Mid-ocean Ridges Trenches. Deformation Metamorphism Volcanism Earthquakes Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics Global Problems in Geology Distribution of Continents Mid-ocean Ridges Trenches Orogenic Belts Deformation Metamorphism Volcanism Earthquakes Development of Continental

More information

Chapter 4: Plate Tectonics

Chapter 4: Plate Tectonics Chapter 4: Plate Tectonics K2 in the Himalaya, inset round submersible (beneath the submarine) that went to the Marianas Trench in 1960 http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/james-cameron-presents-record-setting-deep-sea-expedition-article-1.1215139

More information

VOLCANOES. What they are and how they work? Anna Reamer, Sheena Hollingsworth and Rachel West

VOLCANOES. What they are and how they work? Anna Reamer, Sheena Hollingsworth and Rachel West VOLCANOES What they are and how they work? Anna Reamer, Sheena Hollingsworth and Rachel West Introduction to Physical Science EMPACTS Northwest Arkansas Community College Bentonville, AR 72712 C. Dianne

More information

Earth is over 1200 km thick and has four distinct layers.

Earth is over 1200 km thick and has four distinct layers. 1 2.2 F e a ture s o f P la te T e c to nic s Earth is over 1200 km thick and has four distinct layers. These layers are the crust, mantle (upper and lower), outer core, and inner core. Crust outer solid

More information

TAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology

TAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology Name Period Date TAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology PART 1 - Multiple Choice 1. A volcanic cone made up of alternating layers of lava and rock particles is a cone. a. cinder b. lava c. shield d. composite 2.

More information

Plate Tectonics. Continental Drift Sea Floor Spreading Plate Boundaries

Plate Tectonics. Continental Drift Sea Floor Spreading Plate Boundaries Plate Tectonics Continental Drift Sea Floor Spreading Plate Boundaries Continental Drift 1915, Alfred Wegener - Pangea hypothesis: suggested Earth s continents were part of a large super-continent 200

More information

Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics. Plate tectonics accounts for important features of Earth s surface and major geologic events.

Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics. Plate tectonics accounts for important features of Earth s surface and major geologic events. Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics accounts for important features of Earth s surface and major geologic events. 7-2 Alfred Wegener s Hypothesis of Continental Drift (1915) ONE single landmass

More information

USU 1360 TECTONICS / PROCESSES

USU 1360 TECTONICS / PROCESSES USU 1360 TECTONICS / PROCESSES Observe the world map and each enlargement Pacific Northwest Tibet South America Japan 03.00.a1 South Atlantic Arabian Peninsula Observe features near the Pacific Northwest

More information

Before Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift

Before Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift Before Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift Predecessor to modern plate tectonics Shape and fit of the continents was the initial evidence Snider-Pelligrini (1858) Taylor (1908) Wegner (1915) Fig.

More information

Plate Tectonic Vocabulary Chapter 10 Pages

Plate Tectonic Vocabulary Chapter 10 Pages Name: Period: Plate Tectonic Vocabulary Chapter 10 Pages 239-260 Vocabulary Word What is this? What are some examples? What does it look like? (draw a picture or diagram) Continental drift Mid-ocean ridge

More information

4 Layers of the earth 7 main plates of the earth 3 main plate boundaries 2 types of crust 3 main features of plate tectonics 3 main theorists and

4 Layers of the earth 7 main plates of the earth 3 main plate boundaries 2 types of crust 3 main features of plate tectonics 3 main theorists and 4 Layers of the earth 7 main plates of the earth 3 main plate boundaries 2 types of crust 3 main features of plate tectonics 3 main theorists and theories Human interaction The Earth is made up of 3 main

More information

Dynamic Earth A B1. Which type of plate boundary is located at the Jordan Fault? (1) divergent (3) convergent (2) subduction (4) transform

Dynamic Earth A B1. Which type of plate boundary is located at the Jordan Fault? (1) divergent (3) convergent (2) subduction (4) transform Dynamic Earth A B1 1. The edges of most lithospheric plates are characterized by (1) reversed magnetic orientation (2) unusually rapid radioactive decay (3) frequent volcanic activity (4) low P-wave and

More information

Endogene processes and landforms NGEA01, 2018

Endogene processes and landforms NGEA01, 2018 Endogene processes and landforms NGEA01, 2018 Cecilia Akselsson Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science Lund University Endogene and exogene processes () Endogene/Internal/Constructive/Ulifting

More information

8 th Grade Science Plate Tectonics and Topography Review

8 th Grade Science Plate Tectonics and Topography Review 8 th Grade Science Plate Tectonics and Topography Review #1 Scientists believe that the land masses of Earth were once joined together as one supercontinent called. A: Australia B: Wegner C: Pangaea D:

More information

Plate Tectonics Lab II: Background Information

Plate Tectonics Lab II: Background Information Plate Tectonics Lab II: Background Information This lab is based on a UW ESS101 Lab. Note: Hand in only the Answer Sheet at the back of this guide to your Instructor Introduction One of the more fundamental

More information

Volcano - A Volcano is an opening in the Earth s surface through which molten material or volcanic gases are erupted.

Volcano - A Volcano is an opening in the Earth s surface through which molten material or volcanic gases are erupted. What is a Volcano? Volcano - A Volcano is an opening in the Earth s surface through which molten material or volcanic gases are erupted. A volcano can either be a classic volcanic cone.. Mt. St. Helens,

More information

Tectonic Plates Test Study Guide Answers

Tectonic Plates Test Study Guide Answers Tectonic Plates Test Study Guide Answers Weathering and Erosion 1. What is the difference between weathering and erosion? Weathering is the breakdown of earth materials and erosion is the movement of earth

More information

Geology 101 Reading Guide for Plate Tectonics

Geology 101 Reading Guide for Plate Tectonics Geology 101 Reading Guide for Plate Tectonics Name The readings for plate tectonics will be in four different chapters: 2, 4, 10 and 11. If you have questions, please let me know. Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics:

More information

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. volcano sample test Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Volcanic belts form along a. islands in the Pacific Ocean. b. North American

More information

Convergent plate boundaries. Objective to be able to explain the formation and key features of these zones.

Convergent plate boundaries. Objective to be able to explain the formation and key features of these zones. Convergent plate boundaries Objective to be able to explain the formation and key features of these zones. Destructive plate margins When plates collide due to convection currents/slab pull in the asthenosphere

More information

Abstract...ii. Acknowledgements.iii. List of Figures and Tables...iv. Introduction 1. Geologic Setting and Background...2. Methods..

Abstract...ii. Acknowledgements.iii. List of Figures and Tables...iv. Introduction 1. Geologic Setting and Background...2. Methods.. T ABLE OF C ONTENTS Abstract...ii Acknowledgements.iii List of Figures and Tables...iv Introduction 1 Geologic Setting and Background...2 Methods..7 Results and Discussion...8 Conclusions and Recommendations

More information

Can t t wait to take Exam 4!

Can t t wait to take Exam 4! Can t t wait to take Exam 4! Really can t wait to study for the final exam! 1 2 Housekeeping Exam 4: study glossaries, chapter questions TA lab closed after Tues. How to study for exam 4 Make lists for

More information

Grand Unifying Theory of everything... for the Geosciences, at least!

Grand Unifying Theory of everything... for the Geosciences, at least! Plate Tectonics: Grand Unifying Theory of everything... for the Geosciences, at least! The Earth s lithosphere, composed of Oceanic and continental crust, is broken up into pieces that move and interact

More information

Unit 10 ~ Learning Guide

Unit 10 ~ Learning Guide Unit 10 ~ Learning Guide Name: INSTRUCTIONS Using a pencil, complete the following practice questions as you work through the related lessons. You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you

More information

Topic 12: Dynamic Earth Pracatice

Topic 12: Dynamic Earth Pracatice Name: Topic 12: Dynamic Earth Pracatice 1. Earth s outer core is best inferred to be A) liquid, with an average density of approximately 4 g/cm 3 B) liquid, with an average density of approximately 11

More information

12.2 Plate Tectonics

12.2 Plate Tectonics 12.2 Plate Tectonics LAYERS OF THE EARTH Earth is over 1200 km thick and has four distinct layers. These layers are the crust, mantle (upper and lower), outer core, and inner core. Crust outer solid rock

More information

Unit 11: Plate Tectonics

Unit 11: Plate Tectonics Unit 11: Plate Tectonics A. Alfred Wegner 1. Continental drift hypothesis a. single supercontinent called Pangaea b. 200 million years ago Pangaea (all land) began to break up and started drifting to their

More information

Plate Tectonics Practice Test

Plate Tectonics Practice Test Plate Tectonics Practice Test 1. What is the main idea Alfred Wegner proposed in the Theory of Continental Drift that he published in 1915? a. The continents float on a liquid layer that allows them to

More information

The Nature of Igneous Rocks

The Nature of Igneous Rocks The Nature of Igneous Rocks Form from Magma Hot, partially molten mixture of solid liquid and gas Mineral crystals form in the magma making a crystal slush Gases - H 2 O, CO 2, etc. - are dissolved in

More information

12/3/2014. Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Earth Science, 13e Chapter 7. Continental drift: an idea before its time

12/3/2014. Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Earth Science, 13e Chapter 7. Continental drift: an idea before its time Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Earth Science, 13e Chapter 7 Stanley C. Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Continental drift: an idea before its time Alfred Wegener First proposed

More information

Plate Tectonics. Earth's Crust is broken...but the pieces fit together like a puzzle! And they move- constantly!! What theory explains this process?

Plate Tectonics. Earth's Crust is broken...but the pieces fit together like a puzzle! And they move- constantly!! What theory explains this process? Earth's Crust is broken...but the pieces fit together like a puzzle! And they move- constantly!! What theory explains this process? Were there other theories before this one was determined to be the most

More information

Lietuvos seismologinis monitoringas metais

Lietuvos seismologinis monitoringas metais GILUMINËS ÞEMËS GELMIØ SANDAROS TYRIMAI Lietuvos seismologinis monitoringas 1999 2005 metais A. Paèësa, Lietuvos geologijos tarnyba 1999 metais Ignalinos atominëje elektrinëje (AE) buvo árengta seisminio

More information