Formation of the Hawaiian Islands. Volcanoes, Magma, and Hot Spots
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1 Formation of the Hawaiian Islands Volcanoes, Magma, and Hot Spots
2 Topics Hawai i Ring of Fire Hot Spots Decompression Melting The Hawai i Hot Spot
3 Topics Hawai i Ring of Fire Hot Spots Decompression Melting The Hawai i Hot Spot
4 Hot Spots
5 Hot Spots The Source of Magma for the Hawaiian Islands
6
7 Divergent Boundary Most volcanism occurs at plate boundaries Convergent Boundary
8 Lithospheric Plates
9
10 However volcanism commonly occurs in isolated intraplate regions
11
12 These individual spots of volcanism occur over hotter than normal regions of Earth s interior. Regions called hot spots
13 Definition
14 Definition Hot Spot - region of the mantle that is hotter than the surrounding rock
15
16 Over 100 hot spots have been identified
17 Over 100 hot spots have been identified Hot spots can occur on the sea floor or on the continents
18
19 Hot spots are characterized by a voluminous outpouring of lava
20 Hot spots are characterized by a voluminous outpouring of lava And very high temperatures: o C
21 Hot Spot Magma
22 Hot Spot Magma Hot spot magmas likely are generated deeper in the mantle than magmas associated with plate boundaries
23 Hot Spot Magma Hot spot magmas likely are generated deeper in the mantle than magmas associated with plate boundaries Chemical composition slightly different
24 Hot Spot Magma Hot spot magmas likely are generated deeper in the mantle than magmas associated with plate boundaries Chemical composition slightly different Temperatures are higher
25 Continental Hot Spots
26 Continental Hot Spots Two examples: Yellowstone Columbia Plateau
27 Wyoming
28 Wyoming Castle Geyser Yellowstone National Park
29
30 Yellowstone Caldera
31
32 Lava Flows in Yellowstone National Park
33
34 Trace of the Yellowstone Hot Spot
35
36
37 Columbia Plateau Flood Basalts
38
39 Columbia Plateau Lava Flows
40 Two Ways to Look At the Structure of Earth
41 Two Ways to Look At the Structure of Earth Density Structure Mechanical Structure
42 Density Structure of Earth
43 Density Structure of Earth Earth can be classified into three layers: 1. Crust 2. Mantle 3. Core
44
45 Density Structure of Earth
46 Density Structure of Earth The relative positions of the three layers: 1. Crust --- outside 2. Mantle 3. Core --- inside
47 Density Structure of Earth
48 Density Structure of Earth Crust 5-70 km Mantle 2900 km Core 6400 km
49
50 Thickness of the crust in kilometers
51 Question
52 Question How do geologists know that Earth is divided into three layers?
53
54 Density Structure of Earth
55 Density Structure of Earth This is a structure based on two criteria:
56 Density Structure of Earth This is a structure based on two criteria: 1. Density
57 Density Structure of Earth This is a structure based on two criteria: 1. Density 2. Composition
58 Density Structure of Earth This is a structure based on two criteria: 1. Density 2. Composition Each layer has a different density and a different composition
59 Density Differences
60 Density Differences The crust is the least dense layer
61 Density Differences The crust is the least dense layer The mantle is more dense than the crust
62 Density Differences The crust is the least dense layer The mantle is more dense than the crust The core is the most dense layer
63 Compositional Differences
64 Compositional Differences The crust is mostly Al silicate
65 Compositional Differences The crust is mostly Al silicate The mantle is mostly Fe, Mg Silicate
66 Compositional Differences The crust is mostly Al silicate The mantle is mostly Fe, Mg Silicate The core is mostly Fe
67 Mechanical Structure of Earth
68 Mechanical Structure of Earth Earth can be classified into four layers: 1. Lithosphere 2. Asthenosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Core
69 Mechanical Structure of Earth
70 Mechanical Structure of Earth
71 Mechanical Structure of Earth The relative positions of the four layers: 1. Lithosphere --- outside 2. Asthenosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Core --- inside
72 Mechanical Structure of Earth This is a structure based on two criteria:
73 Mechanical Structure of Earth This is a structure based on two criteria: 1. Strength
74 Mechanical Structure of Earth This is a structure based on two criteria: 1. Strength 2. Viscosity
75 Mechanical Structure of Earth This is a structure based on two criteria: 1. Strength 2. Viscosity Each layer has a different strength and a different viscosity
76 Definition
77 Definition Viscosity - a measure of resistance to flow
78 Definition Viscosity - a measure of resistance to flow Substances like water do not resist flow and have a low viscosity
79 Definition Viscosity - a measure of resistance to flow Substances like water do not resist flow and have a low viscosity Substances like ice resist flow and have a high viscosity
80 Lithosphere
81 Lithosphere All of the crust and the upper mantle
82 Lithosphere All of the crust and the upper mantle Averages 80 km thick
83 Lithosphere All of the crust and the upper mantle Averages 80 km thick Relatively strong
84 Lithosphere All of the crust and the upper mantle Averages 80 km thick Relatively strong Tends to withstand stress to the point of fracture
85 Lithosphere All of the crust and the upper mantle Averages 80 km thick Relatively strong Tends to withstand stress to the point of fracture Relatively high viscosity
86 Lithosphere
87 Asthenosphere
88 Asthenosphere Underlies the lithosphere
89 Asthenosphere Underlies the lithosphere 80 km to 300 km
90 Asthenosphere Underlies the lithosphere 80 km to 300 km Relatively weak
91 Asthenosphere Underlies the lithosphere 80 km to 300 km Relatively weak Tends to flow when stressed
92 Asthenosphere Underlies the lithosphere 80 km to 300 km Relatively weak Tends to flow when stressed Relatively low viscosity
93 Asthenosphere Underlies the lithosphere 80 km to 300 km Relatively weak Tends to flow when stressed Relatively low viscosity Relatively high temperature
94 Density Structure Mechanical Structure
95
96 Mantle plume
97 Mantle plume
98 Hotter than surrounding rock Mantle plume
99 Less dense Hotter than surrounding rock Mantle plume
100 Rises Less dense Hotter than surrounding rock Mantle plume
101 Rises Less dense Hotter than surrounding rock Mantle plume
102 Rises Less dense Hotter than surrounding rock Mantle plume
103 Rises Less dense Hotter than surrounding rock Mantle plume
104
105 Mantle plume rises to the base of the lithosphere
106 Mantle plume rises to the base of the lithosphere Melting occurs in the upper asthenosphere, at the base of the lithosphere
107
108
109 Decompression Melting
110 Next Decompression Melting
111 Silicate contains SiO 2 Back
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