Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics. Plate tectonics accounts for important features of Earth s surface and major geologic events.
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1 Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics accounts for important features of Earth s surface and major geologic events.
2
3 7-2 Alfred Wegener s Hypothesis of Continental Drift (1915) ONE single landmass called Pangaea (started splitting about 180 million yrs ago) **Note: Rodinia is the name of the supercontinent that existed about 500 million years ago
4 Evidence of Pangaea 1. Wegener noticed that the continents seem to fit together (not perfectly because of erosion) 2. plant and animal fossil evidence 3. rock, mineral, and mountain evidence
5
6 Continental Drift 225 million years ago
7 Continental Drift million years ago
8 Continental Drift 135 million years ago
9 Continental Drift 65 million years ago
10 Continental Drift Earth today
11 Fossil Evidence (climate and location of continents throughout history) Ex: Mesosaurus reptile lived 250 million years ago freshwater lakes, ponds, and rivers (could not live in salty ocean water) fossils found in South America AND Africa???How could this be????
12 Fossil evidence
13
14 How does fossil evidence support Wegener s hypothesis of continental drift? a. Similar fossils found on far apart landmasses suggest that the continents were once a single landmass. b. Fossil evidence suggests that the continents have always been in their current position. c. No similarities exist between fossils on different continents. d. Plant and animal fossils show evidence of changes in Earth s polarity.
15 Sadly, most scientists did not accept Wegner s hypothesis because he could not explain HOW something as large as the continents (rocks) could be moved such a distance he froze to death in 1930 during an expedition crossing the Greenland ice cap other evidence continued to be gathered by others
16 What was Alfred Wegener s hypothesis? a. The continents have always been where they are now. b. Today s continents were once part of a single land mass that split apart. c. The continents are made of rock. d. The continents will one day join to form a single continent.
17 Important discoveries 1950 s: rocks on ocean floor found to be younger than rocks that make up the continents why??? 1960 s: Harry Hess hypothesized sea-floor spreading Then it was found that ocean rocks get older and older the farther they are from the crack (midocean ridge)
18 Sea Floor Spreading see mid-atlantic ridge on map (mostly submerged mountains) >>>sea-floor spreading occurs at these mid-ocean ridges new ocean floor forms may build above sea level (island) plates are moving away from each other (older crust moves out) Demonstrate Sea-floor spreading with entire class (rearrange the tables) Interactive Animation of Seafloor Spreading and Magnetic Field Reversals (website)
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21 Sea-Floor Spreading forms Oceanic crust subducted through Mid-ocean ridge Deep-ocean trenches erupts through Molten material forms
22 Sea-Floor Spreading forms Oceanic crust subducted through Mid-ocean ridge Deep-ocean trenches erupts through Molten material forms
23 Sea-Floor Spreading forms Oceanic crust subducted through Mid-ocean ridge Deep-ocean trenches erupts through Molten material forms
24 Sea-Floor Spreading forms Oceanic crust subducted through Mid-ocean ridge Deep-ocean trenches erupts through Molten material forms
25 Magnetic reversal (iron in ocean rocks show this)
26
27 With lots of new evidence from MANY SCIENTISTS Wegener s Continental Drift hypothesis became the Theory of Plate Tectonics by the 1960 s We now know that lithospheric plates move about 2 cm per year.
28 Review: Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
29 Lithosphere vs Asthenosphere
30 Lithosphere divided into 10 major tectonic plates know the continental ones and the Pacific plate!
31 Ring of Fire
32 Tectonic plates usually made of oceanic and continental crust
33
34 Theory of Plate Tectonics Lithospheric tectonics plates float on asthenosphere 3 types of plate boundaries (fill in Tectonic Plate Boundaries sheet) Convergent Divergent Transform Animation of plate boundaries (website)
35 Convergent collide continent-continent plates creates mountains..animation (website) continent-ocean plates (denser ocean plate moves DOWN and continental plate folds upward) creates trench (at subduction zone) and volcanoes inland animation (website) oceanic-oceanic plates creates island arch (volcanic) animation (website)
36
37 Divergent plates separate ocean-ocean=sea-floor spreading (mid-ocean ridge) continent-continent= rift valley
38 East African Rift (from Ethiopia to Kenya) divergent boundary
39 Transform slide past each other horizontally ex: San Andreas fault (CA) may produce earthquakes
40 San Andreas Fault (website)
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