Magnetism. Geology. Size and Shape Relationships

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4 Magnetism Some types of rocks have a Magnetic North and a Magnetic South. This magnetic orientation is established when the rock is formed. If the landmasses or continents of the Earth had remained fixed in the same place for all time, the Magnetic North and South of all rocks would exactly match that of the Earth. This is not true. There are several locations that the Magnetic North and South of rocks does not match that of the Earth. This fact supports the idea that the landmasses have moved and changed over time. Geology Size and Shape Relationships If you take a map and cut out all the continents, you see that they fit together almost perfectly, like a giant puzzle. Is this a coincidence? Scientists think not. This fact supports the idea that all of the continents were once connected in one giant landmass. Geologists study rocks and have found that the types and ages of rocks at the edges of certain continents are the same. There are also places where the size and shape match. For example, the rocks, shapes and types, of Africa and South America match. This fact supports the idea that all the continents were once connected in one giant landmass.

5 Preview Faults are found in areas where plates come together. Typically, a fault is a deep crack in the ground that extends deep in the Earth s crust, hundreds of feet. Movement occurs along these faults which causes a shifting in the earth s crust. We call this an earthquake. The place where the earth starts is called the epicenter. Often the changes in a fault are recorded after an earthquake. These changes could include motion north or south (transform boundary), movement up or down (convergent boundaries), or movement that makes the crack wider (divergent boundaries).

6 This is an image of a black smoker. A black smoker is a type of underwater volcano. Often these volcanoes discharge only and, but sometimes they also discharge, which can lead to the formation of a volcanic island. This is an image of an erupting or active volcano. There are three different kinds of volcanoes that are classified by how they form. A composite volcano is formed by a series of eruptions. Some eruptions are, while others are fairly quiet. Layers eventually build up the composite volcano. Composite volcanoes generally appear as,. An example of a composite volcano is Mount Saint Helens in Washington, USA. A shield volcano is formed when several, eruptions cool and form of lava. These volcanoes have gentle sides or hills. An example of a shield volcano is Mauna Loa, Hawaii, USA. A cinder volcano is formed when there is a eruption that contains a great deal of and. This type of volcano appears as a shaped smaller mountain. An example of a cinder volcano is Mount Izalco, El Salvador.

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9 3.00 Welcome to Module Three 3.01 Geological Processes Define the term geological processes. List and know the five geological processes discussed in this lesson The Layers of the Earth Describe the three major layers of the Earth, including the components, temperature, thickness, and chemical composition. Why is the inner core solid iron, even though it is the hottest part of the Earth? 3.03 Plate Tectonic: Past, Present, and Future What two types of crust make up the Lithosphere? ** Remember, we learned about convection currents in Module 2. If you need to review, please go back to lessons 2.05 and ** What does the Continental Drift Theory tell us? What was the name of the large landmass that scientists believe used to exist? What evidence do scientists have that Pangaea existed? Why are the Petoskey Stones so unique to the scientific world? How does magnetism support the Theory of the Continental Drift? ** Review the graphic organizer found on the Activity tab. You can print this to keep for your notes. ** 3.04 Plate Boundaries Describe the three types of plate boundaries. Define the terms fault and epicenter. ** Review the graphic organizer found on the Activity tab. You can print this to keep for your notes. ** 3.05 Volcanism Describe the 4 types of volcanoes from this lesson, and how they are formed. Describe the 5 situations that can result in volcanoes being formed. What is the difference between an active volcano and a dormant volcano? 3.06 Mountain and Ocean Building What are the three types of geological processes that can result in the formation of a mountain? Compare and contrast Folded Mountains and Fault-Blocked Mountains. What is sea floor spreading and what can result from it?

10 3.07 Earthquakes Describe the movement of the three types of seismic waves released during an earthquake. What instrument measures the intensity of Earthquakes? How is this done? What scale are earthquakes measured on? Using this scale, if two earthquakes measured 2 and 3, what is the difference in magnitude? Define the terms foreshock and aftershock. What are some manmade sources for seismic waves? 3.08 What is the Planet Made of Lab Review P-waves, S-waves and L-waves 3.09 Oral Exam 3.10 Module 3 Exam Students completing the advanced coursework will complete the 3.10 Advanced Module 3 Exam instead of this exam Segment 1 Exam Students completing the advanced coursework will complete the 3.11 Advanced Segment 1 Exam instead of this exam. ***************** ADVANCED STUDENTS ONLY ***************** 3.02 Advanced: The Earth as a System Describe the five different systems of Earth. Be able to explain: frequency shift, blue shift, and red shift Advanced: Famous Faults Describe the motion of the three types of faults and what type of boundary they would result in Advanced: Find the Earthquake Epicenter Review the term epicenter. Review the questions from the lab worksheet, and the questions in the self-check section of the lab.

11 To help you prepare for the semester exam, please answer the questions below. At the end of each question is the lesson name or number where you can find the answers to that particular question. When you are ready to complete the segment 1 Exam, please contact your teacher for the exam password. Please let us know if you have any questions! 1. What is Science? (1.02) 2. What is the difference between a Theory and a Law? (1.03) 3. List the steps of the Scientific Method. (1.04) 4. What is a Hypothesis? (1.04) 5. When and why do we collect data? (1.04) 6. Describe what variables are and why they are important in Science. (1.05) 7. What is a control in an experiment? (1.05) 8. The variable in an experiment can change. True or False? (1.05) 9. Why do scientists use the metric system? (1.06) 10. Convert 1500 milliliters to meters. (1.06) 11. What would be the appropriate measure to record the length of a car? Centimeters, Meters, etc? (1.06) 12. What is the electromagnetic spectrum? (2.01) 13. List some examples of electromagnetic waves? (2.01) 14. What part of the electromagnetic spectrum is invisible and can damage living cells? (2.01) 15. Know the terms Refraction, Reflection and Absorption (2.02 and 2.03) 16. What are sound waves and how do they travel? (2.04) 17. Know how we measure waves: frequency, amplitude, and wavelength. (2.04) 18. The wavelength of a wave can be found by measuring what? (2.04) 19. Know how heat is transferred: Convection, Conduction and Radiation (2.05 and 2.06) 20. What is the Law of Conservation of Energy? (2.07 and 2.08) 21. List some examples of geological processes (3.01) 22. Know all the layers of the Earth. (3.02) 23. Which layer of the earth contains the crust? (3.02) 24. Know the Theory of Continental Drift. (3.03) 25. Review the Theory of Plate Tectonics (3.04) 26. Know the 3 types of Volcanoes and how they are formed (3.05) 27. What kind of mountains form at convergent boundaries? (3.06) 28. What is sea floor spreading and what can result from it? (3.06) 29. What is a fault?(3.07) 30. How are Earthquakes measured? (3.07) 31. Review P-waves, S-waves and L-waves (3.08)