ÛEMÉS PAVIRÖIAUS POKYÆIAI IR SVYRAVIMAI

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1 30 GEOLOGIJOS PAÞANGA Jonas Satkûnas, Jolanta Èyþienë, Lietuvos geologijos tarnyba ÛEMÉS PAVIRÖIAUS POKYÆIAI IR SVYRAVIMAI Anotacija Satkûnas J., Èyþienë J. Þemës pavirðiaus pokyèiai ir svyra - vimai // Geologijos akiraèiai. ISSN , Nr. 4, p. Þemës pavirðiaus pokyèius sukelia nuoðliauþos, þemës drebëjimai, potvyniai, kranto erozija, vulkanø iðsiverþimai, grunto nusëdimas dël poþeminio vandens iðsiurbimo ir poþeminës naudingøjø iðkasenø eksploatacijos, poþeminiø karstiniø tuðtumø ágriuvø ir kitø prieþasèiø. Lietuvoje þemës pavirðiaus pokyèius daugiausia sukelia nuoðliauþos ir karstinës ágriuvos, daþnai sugriaudamos pastatus ir komunikacijas m. pasiraðytas susitarimas dël Lietuvos geologijos tarnybos átraukimo á Europos kosmoso agentûros projektà Terrafirma, kuris yra vienas ið 12 Europos kosmoso agentûros projektø, vykdomø Pasaulinio monitoringo ekologiniam bei civiliniams saugumui uþtikrinti (GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security). Projekto Terrafirma tikslas ávertinti þemës pavirðiaus geodinaminius judesius Europoje (pagrindinai urbanizuotose teritorijose) naudojant modernià palydovinæ InSAR (Synthetic aperture radar interferometry) technologijà. Palydoviniø duomenø interpretavimas InSAR metodu suteikia galimybæ nustatyti þemës pavirðiaus judesius 1 mm per metus tikslumu. Vienas pasirinktø Terrafirma tyrimo objektø Lietuvoje Vilniaus miesto teritorija. Abstract Satkûnas J., Èyþienë J. Ground Surface Displacements // Geologijos akiraèiai. ISSN No. 4, p Ground surface deformations can be related to subsidence, landslides, earthquake activity, flooding, coastal erosion, volcanoes, ground water pumping activities, and exploitation of mineral resources, karstic processes etc. In Lithuania ground surface deformations are usually related to landslides and karstic processes, which trigger destruction of buildings and communications. In 2006 Lithuanian Geological Survey joined Terrafirma project, which is one of a number of services being run by the European Space Agency under the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) initiative of the European Union. Terrafirma harnesses the unique power of satellite radar interferometry (InSAR) to detect and measure Earth-surface terrain motion. The new radar satellite technique allows to measure ground-surface terrain motions with a precision of 1 mm per year. Application of radar satellite data for measurement of ground motion will be discussed for cases of Vilnius (Lithuania). Keywords: Terrafirma, radar satellite interferometry, Vilnius, Lithuania, ground movement. Received October 2007, accepted December 2007 Lithuanian Geological Survey, S. Konarskio 35, LT Vilnius Tel ; jonas.satkunas@lgt.lt; jolanta.cyziene@lgt.lt. Ávadas Tektoniniø lûþiø á blokus suskaldyta Þemës pluta yra judri, jà veikia ávairios kilmës geodinaminës átampos laukai. Þemës pluta juda tiek vertikaliai, tiek horizontaliai. Vertikalieji ir horizontalieji Þemës plutos judesiai tarpusavyje susijæ: geodinaminës átampos laukø sukelti vertikalieji Þemës plutos judesiai gali turëti átakos horizontaliesiems Þemës plutos judesiams, ir atvirkðèiai. Be to, Þemës pluta buvo judri ne tik geologinëje praeityje, ji judri ir dabar. Daugelyje pasaulio regionø vyksta þemës pavirðiaus pokyèiai kilimas-grimzdimas, horizontalus persistûmimas, sukimasis. Staigûs þemës pavirðiaus pokyèiai daugiausia susijæ su lûþinëmis deformacijomis þemës drebëjimø metu. Giluminiø jëgø sukelti Þemës plutos judesiai lemia geodinaminës átampos persiskirstymà virðutiniuose Þemës plutos sluoksniuose. Be to, staigiø þemës pavirðiaus pokyèiø gali vykti ágriuvus karstinëms arba dirbtinëms tuðtumoms. Þemës pavirðiaus nestabilumà gali sukelti grunto judëjimas ðlaitu, grunto nusëdimas dël fluidø (dujø, naftos, poþeminio vandens, geoterminës energijos) iðsiurbimo ið þemës gelmiø, poþeminës naudingøjø iðkasenø eksploatacijos, poþeminiø tuðtumø (karstiniø ir kitokiø) ágriuvø, durpiø sutankëjimo, ðlapiø þemiø nusausinimo (jose esanèiø gruntø oksidacijos, erozijos, sutankëjimo), poþeminio vandens filtracijos per liosinius gruntus (iðtirpinamos druskos), sufozijos ir kitø prieþasèiø. Daug platesniu mastu þemës pavirðiaus padëties svyravimai vyksta dël plutos plokðèiø judëjimo, sedimendaciniø baseinø uolienø sutankëjimo ir plutos atsistatymo po ledynø apkrovos (izostazijos).

2 GEOLOGIJOS PAÞANGA 31 1 pav. Izostazinio kilimo greièiai (mm/metai) Fenoskandijos kontinentinio ledyno teritorijoje (skrituliuku paþymëtas Kvarkeno archipelagas, á vakarus nuo Vaasos miesto). Fig. 1. Isostatic rise rates (mm/year) in the area of the Fennoscandian Continental Ice Sheet. A circle marks Kvarken Archipelago west of Vaasa. Tektoniðkai aktyviose kalnø srityse kilimas gali bûti iki 20 mm per metus. Kontinentinëse platformose vertikalûs Þemës plutos judesiai gali bûti maþesni nei 1 mm per 1000 metø. Plutos judesiai, siekiantys 8-9 mm per metus, buvo uþfiksuoti Èerèilio apylinkëse Manitoboje, buvusio Laurentidos kontinentinio ledyno centre. Analogiðkas intensyvus neotektoninis Þemës plutos kilimas dël izostazijos (iki 10 mm per metus) bûdingas Vaasos miesto ir Kvarkeno archipelago regionui Pietø Suomijoje (1 pav.). Lûþiø ir þemës plyðiø gali staigiai atsirasti dël þemës drebëjimø, vulkanø iðsiverþimø, nuoðliauþø, taip pat esant skirtingiems kompakcijos grimzdimø greièiams. Plutos plyðiø gali atsirasti dël lûþiø formavimosi 100 m per metus greièiu (tai buvo stebëta Kinijoje). Tektoninio lûþio siena gali kilti 60 mm per metus greièiu, toks reiðkinys stebëtas JAV, kai susiformavo 16 km ilgio 1 m aukðèio iðkeltas tektoninio lûþio sparnas. Vyksta ir tektoninis teritorijos suspaudimas: 15 cm suspaudimas 50 km ruoþe buvo nustatytas Japonijoje prieð ávykstant þemës drebëjimui 1995 m. balandþio mën. Po þemës drebëjimo teritorijos plotis gráþo á pirminæ padëtá. Tektoniniø plokðèiø lateralus judëjimas iðilgai San Andrea lûþio centrinëje Kalifornijoje per pastaruosius du deðimtmeèius siekë 3,2 mm/metai. Horizontalus tektoniniø plokðèiø judëjimas vidutiniðkai siekia 7 cm/metai, kai kurios 2 pav. Medþiø eiliø persistûmimas Kalifornijos apelsinmedþiø plantacijoje rodo plokðèiø judëjimà iðilgai lûþio ( Fig. 2. A tree row shift in California orange grove shows the movement of plates along the fault ( juda greièiau, pavyzdþiui, Ramiojo vandenyno plokðtë slenka ant Tongos gûbrio prie Samoa iki 24 cm/metai greièiu (2 pav.). Grimzdimai urbanizuotose teritorijose (Bankoke, Meksikoje, Ðanchajuje, Venecijoje, Tokijuje) sukelia daug problemø, viena ið jø uþtvindymas. Uþtvindymai daþni teritorijose, kur altitudës yra arti jûros lygio. Kalifornijoje dël poþeminio vandens siurbimo San Choakino slënyje m. þemës pavirðius suslûgo iki 9 m, o dël naftos iðgavimo Long Byèe dalis miesto pavirðiaus suslûgo iki 9,5 m. Dël geoterminiø garø (fluidø) iðgavimo Wairaki (Naujoji Zelandija) pavirðius suslûgo iki 4,5 m. Pavirðiaus suslûgimas Nilo deltoje dël nuosëdø sutankëjimo (kompakcijos) siekia 50 mm per metus. Sumaþëjus poþeminio vandens lygiui, sutankëjo smëlio ir þvyro sluoksniai ir dël to Negyvosios jûros krantai m. atskirose atkarpose suslûgo 6,5 cm. Dël skystø naudingøjø iðkasenø gavybos gali atsirasti ávairiausiø formø deformacijø (3 ir 4 pav.). Þemës pavirðiaus judesiø stebëjimo ir matavimo metodai Dabartiniø Þemës plutos judesiø skaitmeninius rodiklius galima nustatyti tik tiksliaisiais matavimais. Vienas pagrindiniø metodø pakartotini geodeziniø tinklø matavimai. Þemës plutos judesiø svyravimus galima nustatyti ir atliekant sunkio jëgos matavimus, naudojant standartinius

3 32 GEOLOGIJOS PAÞANGA 3 pav. Þemës plyðiai prie Cangzhou miesto, ðiaurës Kinijos lygumoje, atsiradæ dël poþeminio vandens siurbimo (Qingcheng He nuotrauka). Fig. 3. Land rifts formed due to groundwater production in Cangzhou town area, North China plain (Qingcheng He and Cai Li, 2006). Þemës pavirðiaus suslûgimas urbanizuotose teritorijose (grunto nusëdimas, nuoðliauþos) labai rimta problema, kuriai spræsti reikia specialiø þiniø ir ypatingø inþineriniø priemoniø. Þinoma, kad Bankokas, Venecija, Dþakarta ir Amsterdamas yra grimztantys miestai. Þinomos ir pagrindinës prieþastys. Jei grimzdimà lemia poþeminio vandens eksploatacija, tai jà reguliuojant grimzdimà galima sulëtinti (pavyzdþiui, Ðanchajuje ar Venecijoje). Lietuvoje þemës pavirðiaus pokyèius daugiausia sukelia nuoðliauþos ir karstinës ágriuvos, daþnai sugriaudamos pastatus ir komunikacijas. Lietuvoje lokalûs vertikalieji judesiai gali siekti 2-5 mm per metus (Zakarevièius, 2003) ir iki ðiol matuojami tik geodeziniais metodais. Naujas galimybes efektyviai nustatyti pavirðiaus padëties pokyèius suteikia naujausios technologijos, pavyzdþiui, InSAR (Synthetic 4 pav. Grunto suslûgimas dël poþeminio vandens siurbimo gali siekti net kelis aperture radar interferometry), metrus. Nuotraukoje matyti, kaip dël nusëdusio þemës pavirðiaus primûryti trys kurios dëka ið kosmoso pavirpapildomi betoniniai laiptai (Chiba prefektûra, Tokijas; Kunio Furuno nuotrauka). ðiaus pokyèiø greitá galima Fig. 4. Ground subsidence due to groundwater production can reach even several metres. The picture shows three cement steps added to the stair due matuoti milimetrø per metus to subsided ground surface (Chiba prefecture, Tokyo, photo by J.Satkûnas). tikslumu (5 pav.). Europos kosmoso agentûros (ESA Eurogeodezinius tyrimus, GPS, lazerinius deformacijø matavimo bûdus. Daþniausiai stebëjimø vie- pean Space Agency) projektas Terrafirma yra tomis pasirenkami aktyvûs lûþiai, vandens tel- vienas ið dvylikos ESA projektø, vykdomø Pakiniø pakrantës, urbanizuotos teritorijos, kur in- saulinio monitoringo ekologiniam ir civiliniam tensyviai eksploatuojamas poþeminis vanduo, saugumui uþtikrinti (GMES Global Monitoring dujos ar nafta. Eksploatuojamø poþeminio van- for Environment and Security). Projekto Terradens sluoksniø susispaudimas gali bûti matuo- firma tikslas ávertinti þemës pavirðiaus geojamas pjezometrais. Be to, kranto vystymosi dinaminius judesius Europoje (daugiausia urtendencijas padeda nustatyti archeologiniai pa- banizuotose teritorijose) naudojant modernià palydovinæ InSAR technologijà. kranèiø gyvenvieèiø tyrimai.

4 GEOLOGIJOS PAÞANGA 33 5 pav. Baltijos regiono neotektoniniø judesiø þemëlapis (pagal Neogeodynamica Baltica IGCP Project 346, 2001). Intensyviausiø kilimø arealas yra Ðiaurës Lietuvoje. Fig. 5. Map of neotectonic movements in the Baltic region (after Neogeodynamica Baltica IGCP Project 346, 2001). The most intensive rise area is in the north of Lithuania. Palydoviniø duomenø interpretavimas InSAR metodu per paskutiniuosius dvejus metus buvo gerokai patobulintas, ir dabar jau galima nustatyti þemës pavirðiaus judëjimà 1 mm per metus tikslumu. Matavimø technologija priklauso nuo radariniø reflektoriø, kurie pastoviai atspindi radaro signalus, gaunamus ið nuolatinio palydovo, identifikavimo patikimumo ir jø tankio. Reflektoriais gali bûti natûralûs technogeniniai aiðkiai identifikuojami objektai, o kur tokiø nëra, jie gali bûti árengiami specialiai. Keturi reflektoriai viename kvadratiniame kilometre pakankamas tinklas gauti patikimà rezultatà. Taèiau kai kuriuose miestuose viename kvadratiniame kilometre árengiama daugiau nei 500 reflektoriø. Tiksliausi matavimai gaunami urbanizuotose arba aridinëse teritorijose, kur nëra augmenijos, galinèios iðkreipti interferometrinius matavimus. InSAR technologijos efektyvumà patvirtina jau turimi rezultatai. Pavyzdþiui, Atënø miesto þemës pavirðiaus interferograma, sudaryta pagal m. matavimus, rodo þemës pavirðiaus grimzdimà 3 mm/metai greièiu pakraðtinëje zonoje ir dar ryðkesnes grimzdimo anomalijas miesto ðiaurinëje dalyje, joms paaiðkinti reikia papildomø geologiniø duomenø. Londone dël poþeminio vandens eksploatacijos apie 1,1 % miesto teritorijos nustatytas grunto sëdimas iki 4 mm per metus. Lyginant radarinius duomenis prieð ir po Dinaro þemës drebëjimo, ávykusio Turkijoje 1995 m., buvo gauti ryðkûs Niutono þiedai, rodantys signalø interferencijà: kiekvienas þiedas rodo 2,8 cm þemës pavirðiaus pakyèius. Paþymëtina, kad interferometriniø matavimø duomenys, rodantys þemës pavirðiaus sëdimà, buvo patvirtinti tiksliais antþeminiais bei GPS matavimais Londone, Kalifornijoje ir Japonijoje (Browitt, 2004). Interferometriniø duomenø ðaltinis Europos kosmoso agentûra, kurioje ðiuo metu sukaupta 12 metø radariniø matavimø duomenys. Taigi identifikavus reflektorius, galima nustatyti geodinaminius pokyèius per minëtà laikotarpá. Projekte Terrafirma dalyvauja 20 Europos nacionaliniø geologiniø tyrimø tarnybø ( m. liepos 28 d. buvo pasiraðytas susitarimas dël Lietuvos geologijos tarnybos (LGT) átraukimo á ðá Europos kosmoso agentûros projektà. Lietuvos geologijos tarnybos dalyvavimas projekte Terrafirma suteikia unikalià galimybæ, nemokamai naudojantis ESA duomenimis, radarinës interferometrijos metodologija (InSAR) bei projekto Terrafirma patirtimi, matuoti Lietuvos vertikalius geodinaminius judesius 1 mm tikslumu pasirinktuose objektuose (pavyzdþiui, karstiniame regione, aktyviø nuoðliauþø ruoþuose ir pan.). Pirmas pasirinktas stebimasis objektas Lietuvoje Vilniaus miestas.

5 GEOLOGIJOS 34 mm/metai >5 > 5 Vilniaus miesto þemës pavirðiaus geodinamikos tyrimø rezultatai Vilniaus miesto þemës pavirðiaus geodinaminiai judesiai, naudojant modernià palydovinæ InSAR technologijà, pradëti stebëti 1992 m. Pasirinktos teritorijos plotas apie 7 pav. Vilniaus miesto teritorijos vidutiniø kasmetiniø þemës pavirðiaus judesiø reikðmiø schema (Èyþienë et al., 2007). Raudona spalva rodo teritorijos pavirðiaus slûgimà; mëlyna pakilimà. Raudona linija pavaizduotos neotektoniðkai aktyvios linijinës zonos (A. Ðliaupa, 2002); violetinë linija fotolineamentai (R. Guobytë, 1995); ruda linija lûþiai, iðskirti pagal geofizinæ medþiagà (L. Korabliova, 2007); ruda punktyrine linija lûþiai, iðskirti pagal geofizinæ medþiagà ir græþiniø duomenis (J. Èyþienë ir S. Ðliaupa, 2004). Fig. 7. A scheme of mean annual ground surface motion values in the Vilnius city (Èyþienë et al., 2007). Red and blue colours show subsidence and uplift, correspondingly. The red line marks neotectonically active linear zones (Ðliaupa, 2002), the violet line shows photo-lineaments (Guobytë, 1995), and brown line shows faults defined according to the geophysical data (Korabliova, 2007), brown dashed line shows faults distinguished by J. Èyþienë and S. Ðliaupa (2004). PAÞANGA 6 pav. Vilniaus miesto interferometriniø tyrimø taðkai (projektas Terrafirma ). Raudoni taðkai þymi þemës pavirðiaus slûgimà (Èyþienë et al., 2007). Fig. 6. Interferometry measurements in the Vilnius city (Terrafirma project). Red points mark subsidence (Èyþienë et al., 2007). 826 km2, viename kvadratiniame kilometre apytiksliai yra 9 reflektoriai (ið viso 7662 stebimieji taðkai). Vilniaus miesto þemës pavirðiaus interferograma sudaryta pagal m. matavimo duomenis. Preliminari ðiø duomenø analizë rodo, kad Vilniaus miesto þemës pavirðius gana stabilus (6 pav.), kasmetinis þemës pavirðiaus judesiø greitis svyruoja nuo -1,5 iki +1,5 mm/metai (vidutinis kasmetinis greitis -0,405 mm/metai). Taèiau stebimos ir anomalinës reikðmës: vakarinëje Vilniaus miesto dalyje kasmetiniø þemës pavirðiaus judesiø greièiø reikðmës siekia -(3-5) mm/metai

6 GEOLOGIJOS PAÞANGA 1 ir daugiau; ðiaurinëje ir pietinëje Vilniaus dalyje ðios reikðmës kai kur yra nuo +(3-5) mm/metai. Ádomu tai, kad þemës pavirðiaus slûgimo didþiausios reikðmës sutampa su hidrocheminiø anomalijø zona Vilniaus mieste (8 pav.). Iðvados 2 Pagrindinës þemës pavirðiaus slûgimo prieþastys Vilniaus mieste gali bûti siejamos su uolienø konsolidacija dël poþeminio vandens lygio þemëjimo/aukðtëjimo vandenvietëse eksploatacijos metu. Taip pat didelæ reikðmæ gali turëti nuoðliauþø formavimasis dël ðlaitø nestabilumo ir pan. Taèiau þemës pavirðiaus kilimo prieþastis nustatyti 35 8 pav. Vilniaus miesto hidrogeocheminiø anomalijø þemëlapis: 1-2 sulfatø (1) ir chloro (2) jonø koncentracijos gruntiniame vandenyje virðyja fono ribà (J. Arustienë, 2005). Fig. 8. Map of hydrogeochemical anomalies in the Vilnius city: 1-2 sulphate (1) and chlorine (2) ion concentrations in shallow groundwater exceed the background (Arustienë, 2005). gana sudëtinga, tai galëtø bûti susijæ su neotektoniðkai aktyviomis linijinëmis zonomis, kurios nustatytos struktûriniais-geomorfologiniais bei geofiziniais metodais bei atspindi kristalinio pamato ir nuosëdinës dangos linijines dislokacijas, susijusias su kristalinio pamato bei nuosëdinës dangos lûþiais. Taèiau dël nustatyto Vilniaus miesto þemës pavirðiaus vidutinio (foninio) stabilumo ði pateikta prielaida lieka diskutuotina. Vykdant tolesnæ palydoviniø InSAR duomenø analizæ, bus nustatoma tiksli reflektoriø iðsidëstymo vieta, bus tikslinamos matavimo laiko ir þemës pavirðiaus judesiø greièio reikðmës (atskiriamos kasmetinës matavimo reikðmës nuo apibendrintø reikðmiø, taip pat suskirstomos pagal atskirus metus). Gauti nauji palydoviniai In- SAR duomenys neabejotinai ras pritaikymà vykdant tolesnæ Vilniaus miesto plëtrà. Padëka. Straipsnyje panaudoti palydoviniai InSAR duomenys gauti bendradarbiaujant ir vykdant projektà Terrafirma ( Literatûra Arustienë, J. Poþeminio vandens baseinø cheminë bûklë // Lietuvos geologijos tarnybos 2005 metø veiklos rezultatai. V., P Bovenga, F., Nutricato, R., Refice, A., & Wasowski J. Application of multi-temporal differential interferometry to slope instability detection in urban/peri-urban areas // Engineering Geology, 88 (3-4) P Browitt Ch. Sub-millimetre movements from satellite radar: an ESA GMES project. Risks caused by the geody - namic phenomena in Europe // Abstracts and field trip guide-book Colesanti, C. & Wasowski, J. Investigating landslides with satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry // Engineering Geology, 88 (3-4) P Cooper, A.H. Subsidence hazards caused by dissolution of Permian gypsum in England: geology, investigation, and remediation // Geohazards in Engineering Geology. Geological Society Special Publications, No. 15. Geological Society, London, P Culshaw, M.G., McCann, D.M., Bell, F.G. Modern reconnaissance methods for geohazard detection and monitoring in site investigation // Advances in Geotechnical Engineering: The Skempton Conference. London P Èyþienë, J., Korabliova, L., Mikulënas, V., Minkevièius, V., Satkûnas, J. Integrated interpretation of geophysical and satelite radar interferometry data for mapping of neotectonics: a case study of Vilnius City, Lithuania // Abstracts of the 2nd MELA Conference on Glaciotectonic structures, palaeobasins and neotectonic setting. [Vilnius, Lithuania, August 27-31, 2007] P Johnson, A.I. Land subsidence // Proceedings of 4th International Symposium on Land Subsidence. [International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication, 1991] P Neogeodynamics of the Baltic Sea depression and adjacent areas // Results of IGCP project 346. Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Beitrage, Satkûnas, J. Þemës pavirðiaus judesiai matuojami ið kosmoso // Mokslas ir gyvenimas, P

7 36 GEOLOGIJOS PAÞANGA Sea Level Change Affecting the Spatial Development in the Baltic Sea Region // Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper, P.154. Ðliaupa, A. Lietuvos ir kaimyninës teritorijos neotektoninis þemëlapis Turner, A.K. and Schuster, R.L. (editors). Landslides: investigation and mitigation // Transportation Research Board Special Publication, Wasowski, J., Del Gaudio, V. Remote sensing and ground-based geophysical techniques for recognition, characterisation and monitoring of unstable slopes // Engineering Geology, P Wasowski, J., & Singhroy, V. (editors) Remote sensing and monitoring of landslides // Engineering. Geololy, P Wasowski, J., Lollino P., Limoni, P., Del Gaudio, V., Lollino, G., Gostelow, P. Towards an integrated field and EObased approach for monitoring peri-urban slope instability // IX International Symposium on Landslides P Zakarevièius, A. Dabartiniø geodinaminiø procesø Lietuvos teritorijoje tyrimas // Technika. V., P Zakarevièius, A., Ðliaupa, S., Anikenienë, A., Dënas, Þ. Inversion of the recent vertical movements and relationship to the topography, Lithuania // Abstracts of the 2nd MELA Conference on Glaciotectonic structures, palaeobasins and neotectonic setting. [Vilnius, Lithuania, August 27-31, 2007] P Qingcheng, He, Cai, Li. Groundwater Monitoring in China // Lecture Notes in Compiuter Science, Volume P Summary Ground Surface Displacements Ground surface terrain motion can be related to subsidence, landslides, earthquake activity, flooding, coastal erosion, volcanoes, ground water pumping activities, and exploitation of mineral resources, karstic processes, unstable buildings and infrastructure, and even poor engineering standards. The socio-economic losses due to terrain motion across Europe run into tens of billions euros a year, and are becoming higher as populations increase, cities become larger, resources become scarcer and the climate becomes more unstable. Depending on the presence of specific geological conditions, special urban geological mapping is recommended. Along with traditional methods a new technique for urban mapping can be effectively employed. For example Terrafirma, an European Space Agency under the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (ESA GMES) project ( aims at saving lives, improving safety and reducing economic loss by using the latest technology to measure terrain motion from satellite radar data. Using these data the project provides a pan-european ground motion hazard information service in each of the 25 member states of the European Union. Ground, and the associated building motion, is the result of either natural processes or human activity. Such displacements are significant when sufficient to cause damage to buildings or infrastructure. On 28th June 2006 Lithuanian Geological Survey joined the Terrafirma project. The Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique is a non-invasive wide-area surveying method that has the remarkable capability to measure minute relative elevation changes of the earth s surface and structures down to millimetric levels. Satellite radar (SAR) images have been recorded over much of the world on a nearmonthly basis for more than a decade. This archive can be exploited to provide a unique and important historical record of gradual and subtle surface or structure movement dating back to NPA s PSI result for Vilnius city spans The result yields over 7662 individual measurement points for Vilnius city centre. The distribution of Persistent Scatter (PS) shows evidence of the spatial variability of the ground conditions throughout the old town and adjacent area of Vilnius city. PS detected in the centre of Vilnius are characterized by average velocities ranging between -1.5 to 1.5 mm/year (77.47% of observed 7662 points) during about 8.5 year period of observation. Average annual motion rate is mm/year and Vilnius city, could be considered as generally stable. In this area subsidence measurements of up to 3-5 mm/year were recorded. The negative velocities showing ground surface subsidence, the positive uplifting. The high subsidence of 2-3 mm/year detected in Vilnius area, is probably due to consolidation and compaction triggered by water pumping activities, formation of new landslides.

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