IV. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS E. GEOLOGY AND SOILS

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1 IV. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS E. GEOLOGY AND SOILS The following section is a summary of the geotechnical report conducted for the Proposed Project. The Geotechnical Engineering Investigation (the Geotechnical Report ) was prepared by NorCal Engineering, dated April 29, A copy of this report can be found as Appendix F to this Draft EIR. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING The Proposed Project site is approximately 3.2 acres and is triangular in shape. It is located at the southwest corner of N. Main Street and Llewllyn Street, bordered by Rondout Street to the west, in the City of Los Angeles. Geologic Conditions and Topography The Proposed Project site is located within the Coastal Plain of Los Angeles County, a deep northwest trending depositional basin bounded to the northeast by the Puente Hills and Whittier Faults, to the southwest by the folds and faults of the Newport-Inglewood structural zone, and to the southeast by the Santa Ana Mountains. The Proposed Project site is located in the Los Angeles quadrangle of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5 minute series topographic maps. Subsurface exploration was conducted for the Geotechnical Report, which consisted of four borings which were drilled to depths ranging between 10 and 50 feet below current ground elevations at accessible locations on the property. The exploratory borings revealed the existing earth materials to consist of a fill and natural soil. A detailed discussion of the field investigation, including boring logs, are included in Appendix A to the Geotechnical Report (Appendix F to this Draft EIR). Soil Conditions A fill soil classifying predominantly as a brown, silty sand were encountered across the site to depths ranging between two and three feet. These fill soils were noted to be medium dense and damp to moist. An undisturbed natural soil classifying as a brown, silty sand to a gravelly sand were encountered beneath the fill soils. These native soils were observed to be medium dense and damp to moist. General soil profiles are provided on the boring logs included in Appendix A to the Geotechnical Report (Appendix E to this Draft EIR). In addition, groundwater was encountered at a depth of 28 feet below ground surface and some caving did occur in the deeper cohesionless soils. Page IV.E-1

2 Liquefaction Liquefaction involves the sudden loss of strength in saturated, cohesionless soils that are subjected to ground vibration and which results in temporary transformation of the soil to a fluid mass. If the liquefying layer is near the surface, the effects are much like that of quicksand for any structures located on top of it. It the layer is deeper in the subsurface, it may provide a sliding surface for the material above it. The effects of liquefaction include the loss of the soil s ability to support footings and foundations which may cause buildings and foundations to buckle. Seismic Conditions The entire Southern California area is considered to be a seismically active region. Based on criteria established by the California Geological Survey (CGS), faults may be characterized as active, potentially active, or inactive. An active fault is defined as a fault that has had a surface displacement within Helocene times (about the last 11,000 years). A potentially active fault is a fault that has demonstrated surface displacement of Quaternary age deposits (within the last 1.6 million years). Faults showing no evidence of displacement within the last 1.6 million years may be considered inactive for most purposes, except for some critical structures. In 1972 the Alquist-Priolo Special Studies Zone Act (now know as the Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act) was passed into law. The Act defines active and potentially active faults utilizing the same age criteria as that used by the CGS. However, the established policy is to zone active faults and only those potentially active faults that have a relatively high potential for ground rupture. Therefore, not all faults identified as potentially active by the CGS are zoned under the Alquist-Priolo Act. There are no known faults on the Proposed Project site, nor is the site located within an Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zone. However, because the Proposed Project site is located in the seismically active southern California region, the Proposed Project could be subjected to moderate to strong ground shaking in the event of an earthquake on one of the many active southern California faults. According to the Maps of Known Active Faults Near Source Zones in California and Adjacent Portions of Nevada (February 1998) and the computer program EQFAULT (Blake, 2000), the nearest known active surface fault is the Hollywood Fault which is located approximately 3.5 miles from the Proposed Project site. Other significant surface faults within ten miles of the Proposed Project site include the Raymond Fault, the Newport-Inglewood Fault, the Santa Monica Fault and the Verdugo Fault. Seismic sources other than faults with known surface expression are called buried thrust faults. These faults are not exposed at the surface and are typically broadly defined based on the analysis of seismic wave recordings of several hundred small earthquakes in the southern California area. According to the computer program the computer program EQFAULT (Blake, 2000), the Elysian Park Thrust and the Compton Thrust are proximal to the Proposed Project site. The potential for surface rupture of these buried thrust faults is inferred to be low. Page IV.E-2

3 Since 1933 there have been four moderate-size earthquakes which have caused numerous deaths and substantial property damage in the metropolitan Los Angeles area. These four temblors are known by their location as the Long Beach (March 11, 1933; magnitude 6.3), San Fernando (February 9, 1971; magnitude 6.4), Whittier Narrows (October 1, 1987; magnitude 5.9) and Northridge (January 17, 1994; magnitude 6.7) earthquakes. The Long Beach earthquake, which was located about 45 miles southeast of the site, ranks as one of the major disasters in the history of southern California. The majority of the damage was suffered by structures that are now considered substandard in construction and/or were located on filled or saturated ground. The San Fernando earthquake, located in the San Fernando Valley, caused sufficient enough damage to lead to adoption of stringent building codes. The damage caused by the Whittier Narrows earthquake occurred in buildings constructed prior to the adoption of these more stringent building codes. The Northridge earthquake, the most recent of these seismic episodes, January 17, 1994, occurred with a magnitude of 6.7 which produced strong ground motions over an extensive area. The earthquake occurred on a previously unrecognized blind thrust fault, and no surface rupture that can be unequivocally associated with the main shock has been identified. Analysis by the United States Geologic Survey (USGS) and Caltech indicates that the earthquake rupture initiated about 11 miles below the San Fernando Valley, and it is presumed that the rupture stopped about 3 miles below the surface. According to the analysis of the Geotechnical Report, the Proposed Project site could be subjected to moderate to severe ground shaking in the event of a major earthquake on any of the faults listed above or other faults in southern California. With respect to seismic shaking, the Proposed Project site is considered comparable to the surrounding developed area. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Thresholds of Significance In accordance with Appendix G to the State CEQA Guidelines, a project could have a potentially significant geology and soils impact if it were to cause one or more of the following conditions: a) Expose people or structures to potential substantial adverse effects, including the risk of loss, injury, or death involving: i) Rupture of a known earthquake fault, as delineated on the most recent Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map or based on other substantial evidence of a known fault? ii) Strong seismic ground shaking? iii) Seismic-related ground failure, including liquefaction? iv) Landslides? Page IV.E-3

4 b) Result in substantial soil erosion or the loss of topsoil? c) Be located on a geologic unit or soil that is unstable, or that would become unstable as a result of the project, and potentially result in on- or off-site landslide, lateral spreading, subsidence, liquefaction, or collapse? d) Be located on expansive soil, as defined in Table 18-1-B of the Uniform Building Code (1994), creating substantial risks to life or property? e) Have soils incapable of adequately supporting the use of septic tanks or alternative waste water disposal systems where sewers are not available for the disposal of waste water? As discussed in Section IV.A, Impacts Found to be Less Than Significant, of this Draft EIR the Proposed Project would have no impact with respect to Threshold (e) listed above. As such, no further analysis of this topic is required. Based on the City of Los Angeles Draft L.A. CEQA Thresholds Guide, the Proposed Project would also result in a significant geotechnical impact if it exceeds the following threshold: A project would normally have a significant geologic hazard impact if it would cause or accelerate geologic hazards which would result in substantial damage to structures or infrastructure, or expose people to substantial risk of injury. Project Impacts Proposed Project Site Soil Stability The excavation for the subterranean portion of the Proposed Project would extend a maximum of 20 feet below the existing ground surface (bgs). As discussed above, fill soils to a depth of three feet bgs consist of brown silty sand. The underlying natural soils encountered during exploration at the site consist primarily of silty sand and gravelly sand. These soils were medium dense to dense and well consolidated. Construction of the Proposed Project would require mass excavation to a maximum depth of 20 feet bgs. Local excavation and earth work would be conducted to provide footings, foundations and subterranean walls to support the proposed building. All such work would be conducted in accordance with the recommendations in the Geotechnical Report (see Appendix F to this Draft EIR). With the implementation of the recommendations in the Geotechnical Report, the impacts associated with soil stability would be less than significant. Page IV.E-4

5 Expansive Soils Expansive soils are typically associated with fine-grained clayey soils that have the potential to shrink and swell with repeated changes in the moisture content. As previously stated, the near-surface soils consist primarily of fill, which will be excavated as part of the project construction, while the remainder of the onsite soils are silty sand and gravelly sand. With construction of the Proposed Project in accordance with the Los Angeles Building Code Chapter IX, and the implementation of the recommendations in the Geotechnical Report, a less than significant impact associated with expansive soils would occur. Erosion and Topsoil Although project development has the potential to result in the erosion of soil during site preparation and construction activities, erosion would be reduced by implementation of appropriate erosion controls during grading. Minor amounts of erosion and siltation could occur during project grading, which would be collected in a controlled manner. However, the potential for soil erosion during the ongoing operation of the Proposed Project is relatively low due to the generally level topography of the area to be developed within the Proposed Project site. All grading activities require grading permits from the Department of Building and Safety, which include requirements and standards designed to limit potential impacts to acceptable levels. In addition, all onsite grading and site preparation would comply with applicable provisions of Chapter IX, Division 70 of the Los Angeles Municipal Code, which addresses grading, excavations, and fills. With implementation of the applicable grading and building permit requirements and the application of Best Management Practices, a less than significant impact would occur with respect to erosion or loss of topsoil. Seismic Hazards Ground Shaking The principal seismic hazard to the Proposed Project site is strong ground shaking from earthquakes produced by local faults. Modern, well-constructed buildings are designed to resist ground shaking through the use of shear walls and reinforcements. The proposed construction would be consistent with all applicable provisions of the City of Los Angeles Building Code, as well as the seismic design criteria contained within the Uniform Building Code. Although the Proposed Project site is located within 3.5 miles of the active Hollywood Fault, and by many other faults on a regional level, the potential seismic hazard to the Proposed Project site would not be higher than in most areas in the City of Los Angeles or elsewhere in the region. Therefore, the risks from seismic ground shaking are considered to be less than significant. Fault Rupture The Proposed Project site is located in the seismically active region of Southern California. Numerous, active and potentially active faults with surface expressions (fault traces) have been mapped adjacent to, within, and beneath the City of Los Angeles. However, there are no active surface fault traces identified Page IV.E-5

6 by the State, as delineated on the most recent Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map, known to be present on the Proposed Project site. Therefore, the possibility of surface fault rupture affecting the Proposed Project site would be considered remote, and the Proposed Project would not present any adverse impacts with respect to exposing people or property to hazardous conditions resulting from rupture of a known earthquake fault on the Proposed Project site. Therefore, a less than significant impact would occur with respect to fault rupture. Landslides The topography of the Proposed Project site is relatively flat with a gradual descent from north to south on the order of a few feet. Furthermore, the Proposed Project site is not located near any foothills or mountains, and the possibility of landslides occurring on the Proposed Project site is minimal. Therefore, the potential impact associated with landslides would be less than significant. Liquefaction Based on information from the California Division of Mines and Geology, the Proposed Project site is situated in an area of historic occurrence of liquefaction, or local geological, geotechnical and groundwater conditions to indicate a potential for permanent ground displacement. However, based on the results of the subsurface explorations, the granular site soils are very dense and would not be susceptible to liquefaction. Therefore, the potential for liquefaction at the Proposed Project site is considered to be low and the potential impact associated with liquefaction would be less than significant. Add Area Soil Stability A Geotechnical Report has not yet been prepared for the Add Area. However, because it is adjacent to and contiguous with, the Proposed Project site, we can assume that the same conditions will be present for the Add Area as for the Proposed Project site. We can assume for the Add Area that fill soils consisting of brown silty sand extend to a depth of three feet bgs, and that underlying natural soils consist of silty sand and gravelly sand. However, no specific plans have been proposed for the development of the Add Area. Construction of the Add Area will likely require mass excavation for the subterranean portion, and local excavation and earth work would be conducted to provide footings, foundations, and subterranean walls to support the structure. All such work would be conducted in accordance with the recommendations in the Geotechnical Report (see Appendix E to this Draft EIR). With the implementation of the recommendations in the Geotechnical Report, the impacts associated with soil stability would be less than significant. Page IV.E-6

7 Expansive Soils Expansive soils are typically associated with fine-grained clayey soils that have the potential to shrink and swell with repeated changes in the moisture content. As a Geotechnical Report has not yet been prepared for the Add Area we can assume the same conditions for the Add Area as for the Proposed Project site, because the Add Area is adjacent to and contiguous with, the Proposed Project site. As previously stated, the near-surface soils of the Proposed Project site consist primarily of fill, which will be excavated as part of the project construction, while the remainder of the onsite soils are silty sand and gravelly sand. We can assume the same soil composition for the Add Area and then with construction of the Add Area in accordance with the Los Angeles Building Code Chapter IX, a less than significant impact associated with expansive soils would occur. Erosion and Topsoil Although development of the Add Area has the potential to result in the erosion of soil during site preparation and construction activities, erosion would be reduced by implementation of appropriate erosion controls during grading. Minor amounts of erosion and siltation could occur during project grading, which would be collected in a controlled manner. However, the potential for soil erosion during the ongoing operation of the development of the Add Area is relatively low due to the generally level topography of the area to be developed within the Add Area. All grading activities require grading permits from the Department of Building and Safety, which include requirements and standards designed to limit potential impacts to acceptable levels. In addition, all onsite grading and site preparation would comply with applicable provisions of Chapter IX, Division 70 of the Los Angeles Municipal Code, which addresses grading, excavations, and fills. With implementation of the applicable grading and building permit requirements and the application of Best Management Practices, a less than significant impact would occur with respect to erosion or loss of topsoil. Seismic Hazards Ground Shaking The principal seismic hazard to the Add Area is strong ground shaking from earthquakes produced by local faults. Modern, well-constructed buildings are designed to resist ground shaking through the use of shear walls and reinforcements. The proposed construction on the Add Area would be consistent with all applicable provisions of the City of Los Angeles Building Code, as well as the seismic design criteria contained within the Uniform Building Code. Although the Add Area is located within 3.5 miles of the active Hollywood Fault, and by many other faults on a regional level, the potential seismic hazard to the Add Area would not be higher than in most areas in the City of Los Angeles or elsewhere in the region. Therefore, the risks from seismic ground shaking are considered to be less than significant. Page IV.E-7

8 Fault Rupture The Add Area is located in the seismically active region of Southern California. Numerous, active and potentially active faults with surface expressions (fault traces) have been mapped adjacent to, within, and beneath the City of Los Angeles. However, there are no active surface fault traces identified by the State, as delineated on the most recent Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map, known to be present on the Add Area. Therefore, the possibility of surface fault rupture affecting the Add Area would be considered remote, and the Add Area would not present any adverse impacts with respect to exposing people or property to hazardous conditions resulting from rupture of a known earthquake fault on the Add Area. Therefore, a less than significant impact would occur with respect to fault rupture. Landslides The topography of the Add Area is relatively flat. In addition, the Add Area is not located near any foothills or mountains, and the possibility of landslides occurring on the Add Area is minimal. Therefore, the potential impact associated with landslides would be less than significant. Liquefaction A Geotechnical Report has not yet been prepared for the Add Area. However, because it is adjacent to and contiguous with, the Proposed Project site, we can assume that the same conditions will be present for the Add Area as for the Proposed Project site. It is assumed that the Add Area is situated in an area of historic occurrence of liquefaction, or local geological, geotechnical and groundwater conditions to indicate a potential for permanent ground displacement. However, based on the results of the subsurface explorations for the Proposed Project site, the Add Area is not likely to be susceptible to liquefaction. Therefore, the potential for liquefaction at the Add Area is considered to be low and the potential impact associated with liquefaction would be less than significant. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS Geotechnical impacts related to future development in the City would involve hazards related to sitespecific soil conditions, erosion, and ground-shaking during earthquakes. These impacts would be sitespecific and would not be common to (nor shared with, in an additive sense) the impacts on other sites. Furthermore, development of each of the related projects and the Add Area, in addition to the Proposed Project would be subject to uniform site development and construction standards that are designed to protect public safety. Therefore, cumulative geotechnical impacts would be less than significant. Page IV.E-8

9 MITIGATION MEASURES The Geotechnical Engineering Investigation found that impacts associated with geology and soils would be less than significant. Nonetheless, to further reduce the less than significant impacts with respect to geology and soils, the following mitigation measures are recommended: IV.E-1 The Proposed Project shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of the latest edition of the City of Los Angeles Uniform Building Code. IV.E-2 The Proposed Project shall comply with the recommendations listed on pages 7 through 12 in the Geotechnical Engineering Investigation, prepared by NorCal Engineering, dated April 29, LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE AFTER MITIGATION The Proposed Project s impacts on geology and soils would be less than significant without mitigation. The implementation of the recommended mitigation measures above would further reduce the Proposed Project s impacts. Page IV.E-9

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