ESA GMES: Terrafirma S3: Service Prospectus V4.4 June 2013 GMES TERRAFIRMA. ESRIN/Contract no / 05 / I-EC. S3: Service Prospectus

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1 GMES TERRAFIRMA ESRIN/Contract no / 05 / I-EC S3: Service Prospectus Version 4.4 June 14 th 2013 Geraint Cooksley, Chris Bremmer, Salvatore Stramondo & Gaia Righini Reviewed by: Project Manager Geraint Cooksley/ / 2013 Also reviewed by Luke Bateson, Roger Musson & Stuart Marsh (BGS), Chris Browitt (EFG), Philippe Bally (ESA) Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators 2010 i

2 ACRONYMS ASAR Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar ATM Advanced Terrain Motion DTM Digital Terrain Model ERS European Remote Sensing Satellite ESA European Space Agency GIS Geographic Information System GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security InSAR Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry LSI Landslide Inventory LSM Landslide Monitoring MNI - Mining Inventory MNM - Mining Monitoring OSP Operational Service Provider PS Persistent Scatterer PSI Persistent Scatterer Interferometry SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar VAC Value Adding Company Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators 2010 ii

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The aim of the Terrafirma service is to make available interpreted ground motion products based on the combination of satellite-derived ground motion information products with expert motion interpretation, to a wide user base. During the first two stages of Terrafirma the focus was placed on the consolidation of the service including its delivery to a site in each of the EU Member States. Service delivery was generally of a generic terrain motion product (landslide analysis excepted). In the third stage of Terrafirma, the work is focused onto three thematic lines for which specific interpreted products have been developed and the site service delivery is specific to one of the following thematic: Coastal Lowland Subsidence Tectonics Hydrogeology (groundwater, abandoned mines, landslides) The Service Prospectus details: The range of Terrafirma products. The geographical coverage of the service, and the plans for coverage over this three year period The components of the supply chain The current product request and delivery mechanisms. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators 2010 iii

4 CHANGE RECORD (version 1 to 4) Version 1 issued: Version 1.1 issued: Version 1.2 issued: Version 1.3 issued: Version 2 issued: Version 3 issued Version 4 issued: Version 4.1 issued: Version 4.2 issued: Version 4.3 (this version): Version Section Page Change 4 All All Dossier revised to take into account Stage 3 and the updated Terrafirma Service Portfolio. 4.1 All Integrated theme leader input. 4.2 All Revised according to reviewer comments. 4.3 All All Revised according to ESA comments. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators 2010 iv

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ESRIN/Contract no / 05 / I-EC... i Geraint Cooksley, Chris Bremmer, Salvatore Stramondo & Gaia Righini... i Reviewed by: Project Manager... i 1 INTRODUCTION What is Terrafirma Introduction to Service Prospectus Persistent Scatterer InSAR Geo-hazard theme priority for Providers and users PSI Suppliers Value-Adding suppliers Users Stage 3 Long Term Continuity of Terrain Motion Datasets DESCRIPTION OF TERRAFIRMA PRODUCTS Hydrogeology theme services Groundwater management Abandoned/Inactive mines Mountainous area products Tectonics theme services Crustal block boundaries Vulnerability maps Coastal lowland Subsidence theme services User federation COVERAGE OF SERVICE Supply chain Satellite, ground segment and data distribution Product ordering Product delivery Data user licences Processing reports and Quality Control Lead times Planned Services sites Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

6 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is Terrafirma Terrafirma is a GMES project designed to deliver services to public users concerned with geo-hazard risk assessment. Terrafirma is an open service partnership where competitor providers work together to produce a standardised and validated service. Terrafirma services combine qualified InSAR service products with expert interpretation and ground data to provide a series of services for specific themes. The generic (non-interpreted) services provided in the previous stages can also be provided. Terrafirma services are designed for use in natural hazard assessment for the good of the citizen. This does not mean they are not useful for commercial exploitation (e.g. for the oil and gas industry) but the user base is focused on entities that work for the good of the citizen. Terrafirma brings together a network of users that have expressed interest and have in many cases gained exposure and experience in using InSAR-derived motion services. Potential new users are encouraged to contact Terrafirma to enquire about particular areas of interest. Terrafirma Stage 3 is designing a wide-area service ideal for regional assessment and overview or as input to a wide area version of the services. 1.2 Introduction to Service Prospectus This dossier provides the top-level description of the ESA-GMES Terrafirma service. The Service Prospectus describes the service from one end to the other - from the satellite to the final user. This dossier does not detail the technical specification of Terrafirma products as this is provided in S5: Service Portfolio Specifications. The Terrafirma service provides a range of products based upon the combination of the technique of Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PSI) with thematically grouped interpretation and ground data to provide useful information for society. Briefly, this powerful technique involves the processing of roughly 30 or more satellite radar scenes of the same place (data is available since 1992), to identify networks of pre-existing ground features (e.g. buildings, pylons, bare rock), against which millimetric measurements of displacement can be made. In urban areas, these networks typically comprise 200 or more measurement points per square kilometre. In more rural areas, the success of the technique relies on the distribution and density of scattering features, and so some feasibility analysis is needed before proceeding. In most circumstances, an understanding of the reasons for the ground motion in a particular area is necessary to decide if or what action is necessary. This requires other types of data and information, plus some considerable expertise generally outside the fraternity of satellite remote sensing. Terrafirma serves these varying requirements by having a team of interpretive value-adders which take the ground motion maps and add to them an understanding of the motion phenomena within the thematic. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

7 The remainder of this dossier provides the following information: Description of Terrafirma products. Details of the planned geographical and temporal coverage of the service over the various stages of the project. An outline of the Terrafirma supply chain and the elements and organisations involved in the supply. Details of access to Terrafirma products including service enquiry and delivery mechanisms. Information concerning the temporal specifications of products, i.e. being able to meet the requirements of customers in terms of period to be covered and updates Persistent Scatterer InSAR PSI is a non-invasive surveying technique used to calculate fine motions of individual ground and structure points over wide-areas covering urban and semi-urban environments. The technique uses an extensive archive of satellite radar data (dating back to 1992) to identify networks of persistently scattering (i.e. radar reflecting) features such as buildings and bridges, or natural features such as rocky outcrops, against which relatively-precise motion measurements are calculated retrospectively over the time spanned by the data archive. The exact location of the points cannot be predicted in advance of processing but over urban areas their densities are usually measured in the hundreds per square kilometre. The unique benefit of PSI is its ability to provide both annual motion rates and multi-year motion histories for individual scatterer points. The PSI technique takes conventional InSAR a step further by correcting for atmospheric, orbital and DEM errors to derive relatively-precise displacement and velocity measurements at specific points on the ground. 1.3 Geo-hazard theme priority for Terrafirma is operating in three discrete stages of 0-2, 2-5 and 5-8 years. The first two-year stage, Stage 1, was concerned with consolidation of both service providers and users. The second three-year stage, Stage 2, was concerned with rolling-out the service across all 25 Member States of the EC. In Stages 1 & 2 the services delivered were generic in nature however the user evaluations allowed the logical grouping shown in Figure 1 to be made. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

8 Figure 1: Geohazard mechanisms identified within Terrafirma Stages 1&2 service deliveries, assigned to a Stage 3 theme. In the current third stage the primary focus is to achieve the sustainability of the service into the longer term. Building on the geohazard groupings made in the first two stages and in order to facilitate the integrated use of the TF services in the user s working practices it was decided to focus the activities into three principle themes, thus allowing much more detailed and specific products to be delivered. The thematic service groups for Stage 3 are Coastal Lowland Subsidence & Flood Defence, Tectonics, Hydrogeology (groundwater, abandoned mines, landslides). In Figure 1 a suggested distribution of the Stage 1&2 sites into the three thematics is given. 1.4 Providers and users PSI Suppliers After collection by the satellite(s) the data are downloaded to a ground station where they are pre-processed before being distributed, via an official network, to a number of organisations specialising in the processing needed to output ground motion measurements. These organisations are independent commercial entities known as Earth Observation Value Adding Companies (and classified within Terrafirma as PSI Suppliers. The PSI Suppliers involved in the provision of Terrafirma Service Level products are all acknowledged leaders in the field of operational SAR interferometry and are compliant with the TF Quality Control Protocol and Certification activity. By being a provider of Terrafirma services the PSI Suppliers agree to a common set of performance criteria to ensure standardisation and consistency of product generation. There exists, however, an Open Service Partnership Protocol, providing a mechanism for new potential PSI Suppliers to be validated. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

9 1.4.2 Value-Adding suppliers To be effective, Terrafirma needs to provide interpreted and tailored products to the various user sectors and ensure that the information contained in the displacement maps is presented in the context of the ground motion theme. The value adding suppliers are drawn from a variety of fields to reflect the different case of each theme (see below). In many cases the Value-Adding Supplier may also be a user of the products (in-sector provider from the user community). One product can have many different users reflecting the variety of interested parties for each site; some may use the value-added product whereas others are actually carrying out the value-adding for their own use or for the use of a third party National geological surveys National geological surveys are generally the main repository of geohazard information in a country, and therefore the natural port of call for a potential user, particularly governmental users. They generally hold the skills and information needed to make meaningful interpretations of ground motion results. They have accreditation and standing, i.e. information provided by them is generally trusted. National geological surveys represent a major user group in their own right, as most have a remit to study and collect geohazard information for a variety of reasons. They are therefore classed as a Primary User though they are considered a key link in the onward supply Specialised research institutes with specific expertise Institutes such as INGV (Italian Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology), UNIFI (University of Florence, Earth Sciences Department), TNO (Dutch Geological Survey) and FOEN (Swiss Federal Office for the Environment) are each nationally and internationally recognised experts in the different fields of work. Their contributions as advisors, theme leaders and valueadding suppliers bring theme-specific expertise to the supply chain Specialised engineering companies Engineering companies with specific expertise in themes also carry out the interpretive valueadding, for example DMT in Germany. Engineers work on a project-by-project basis, and often hold high resolution data and information about specific sites. For this reason they can also be in the position to generate Terrafirma value-added interpretation products. Terrafirma is open to approach by engineering organisations who are interested in becoming an official provider Users The final component of the Terrafirma supply chain comprises the users to whom the service is provided. These are the users who need to see the clear benefit of the Terrafirma if the Terrafirma service is to be maintained in the future. Terrafirma has identified the following key end-user segments: Public (including local and national government, regulatory bodies and agencies) Mineral extraction Engineering Utility operators Transport providers Development initiators and property owners Geo-information providers Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

10 Insurers Many users may also be Value-Adding Suppliers since they add value to the product for their own use as well as supplying the value-added product to further downstream users. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

11 1.5 Stage 3 Long Term Continuity of Terrain Motion Datasets As explained in the previous section, this third stage of Terrafirma is concerned with the sustainability of delivery of terrain motion services tailored to the study of natural hazards. This continuity is achieved by the combination of InSAR-based terrain motion services and the input SAR data supply. The next generation of satellites to carry on the unique 20-year archive will be the European Space Agency s Sentinel-1 satellites. These are due for launch in 2012, whereas the Envisat satellite will begin an extended operations mode in October 2010, making its SAR datasets unsuitable for PSI analyses. To the end of matching the Terrafirma services to the future Sentinel-1 data, an activity is underway within Terrafirma Stage 3 for the definition of procedures and format for routine wide area mapping. This activity will be based on ERS/Envisat datasets initially but will set in place procedures for the automated PSI motion analysis of wide areas. This step is seen as essential if the vast amounts of datasets to be collected by Sentinel-1 are to be converted into pertinent information for the benefit of the European citizen. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

12 2 DESCRIPTION OF TERRAFIRMA PRODUCTS Terrafirma offers two types of product: Advanced Terrain Motion Mapping (ATM-Mapping) and Advanced Terrain Motion Modelling (ATM-Modelling), which vary as to the degree of integration with external data the modelling element including the PSI derived interpreted product integrated in terrain motion modelling. These two basic products are available for a number of application themes: Hydrogeology theme (groundwater management, landslides and inactive/abandoned mines) Tectonic theme (fault creep mapping and soil vulnerability mapping) Coastal lowland subsidence theme (Flood Plain Subsidence mapping, Flood defence monitoring and Advanced subsidence modelling for flood prone areas) Furthermore a Wide-area PSI product is being developed which could input into any of the previous themes. A table detailing the service provisions during the course of this third phase is shown in the annex. All thematic services start with the generation of the quality-controlled, geo-referenced, PSI output from the Terrafirma PSI-Value Adding Companies (PSI-VACs). Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) takes InSAR a step further by correcting for atmospheric and orbital errors to derive precise displacement and velocity measurements over longer periods at specific, highly coherent points on the ground, known as Persistent Scatterers. This first element is made from integrations of radar data acquired from a selection of missions; ERS-1 (92-96), ERS-2 ( ), ENVISAT (02 - present) or TerraSAR-X (07-present), giving motion measurements from 1992 to the most recent routine acquisition. The raw InSAR displacement data are processed to a level where they can be used as input data to GIS systems by geotechnicians, engineers or similar professionals. The PSI data results are just measurements and do not provide any interpretation as to the causes or effects of the motion observed. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

13 Figure 2: PSI data product example: Terrafirma Stage 2, PSI interpolated average annual displacement rates for Budapest, Hungary. PSI processing by Altamira Information, Spain. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

14 2.1 Hydrogeology theme services The objective is to deliver European geo-information services for hydro-geological hazards affecting urban areas, mountainous areas and infrastructures. For this purpose, a multi-hazard approach will be addressed, focusing on urban and mountainous areas, concerning the ground motion directly or indirectly connected with the hydrogeological systems. In particular, the expected causes of ground motion should be mainly linked to groundwater over-pumping and recovery from pumping, mining, above ground and underground construction and slope instability. The planned activity includes approximately 13 test sites in Europe; the service baseline is structured into the following sub-themes: Groundwater management (8 products) Abandoned / Inactive Mines (2 products) Mountainous areas (3 products) The users involved in the hydrogeology theme are varied and include but not limited to the following: for the groundwater management sub-theme they are the national geosciences institutes and/or surveys and basin management authorities, local authorities, water authorities in part already involved in SLAs during Stages 1 and 2 of Terrafirma, distributed amongst the 26 countries where ground motion problems related to hydrogeology mechanisms have been identified. For the mountainous area sub-theme the users are national and local geological surveys, civil protection agencies and engineering companies. For the abandoned mine sub-theme users include the mining authorities, local authorities and national geological surveys. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

15 2.1.1 Groundwater management The sub-theme consists of 6 products based on historical terrain motion products already generated during Stages 1 & 2 and of 2 modelling products. This is addressed by further developing existing products delivered during Stages 1 and 2, for those cases in which a link between the identified mechanisms and the underground hydrogeology systems has been identified; this activity is aimed at fully exploiting and harmonising the past actions of Terrafirma for enhancing a geohazard information service at the European level. For the 6 geo-interpreted products, the Stage 2 PSI data products are taken into account in order to develop new causal products, whereas the 2 modelled products will be based on advanced products that could be selected from amongst the 6 geo-interpreted sites, or amongst the interpreted services delivered during stage 1 and stage 2. Terrafirma Groundwater management products are generated using and integrating several datasets acquired by ESA missions. This allows Terrafirma to deliver geo-information and detailed analysis of wide areas in Europe where the expected causes of ground motion are mainly linked to groundwater overpumping, to lead to the identification of the ground displacement triggers, to carefully measure ground motion as of 1992 and to obtain a temporal evolution of the investigated event. The ground displacement measurements obtained by PSI are combined and integrated in a Geographical Information System (GIS) with other ancillary data (topographic data, optical images, aerial photo, land use map, geological and structural data), in order to visualize the geographic relationships between the regional geological setting and the measured displacements. Moreover, integration with in situ monitoring networks is foreseen during Stage 3. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

16 Figure 3: Top; Compressible layer thickness map (modified from IGME, 2000). Below; Velocity of the displacement, , and PSI processing by Altamira Information, Spain. The value-adding and modelling for previously generated PSI results will follow the steps below: acquisition of original and complete input dataset of previous TF products; analysis of data for each test site, with the involvement and support of the user; analysis of user s feedback and contribution to interpretation and modelling of TF products; Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

17 multi-hazard analysis of test sites. For the areas characterized by severe groundwater exploitation, the value adding activity is related to GIS mapping, geological and hydrogeological interpretation and modelling of subsidence due to groundwater over-pumping. For above ground and underground construction, the value adding activity is related to GIS mapping and interpretation. This is strongly dependent on the availability of field data, of a variety of geological and anthropogenic factors such as natural subsidence related to sediment compaction, urbanization impact and building loading, underground engineering works, natural and man-made underground cavities. Both geo-interpreted and modelled products are implemented using previous TF data without new processing and post-processing of InSAR data. The hydrogeology theme will provide a groundwater management service to at least 6 countries by Stage 2 kick-off plus 2.5 years (2012). The deliverables for each product are: training session to each user; GIS multi-hazard map (.shp,.klm); report and power point presentation on geological interpretation Abandoned/Inactive mines Abandoned mines represent a severe environmental threat, with important consequences such as sediment contamination, water and air pollution and ground instability (mine subsidence and sinkholes). Mine subsidence can be defined as movement of the ground as result of the collapse or failure of underground mine workings; surface subsidence features usually take the form of sinkholes or wide downward shifting areas. These phenomena are more important above shallow mines, resulting from the collapse of the roofs and pillars of underground rooms, with a consequent caving of the overlying strata and depression in the ground surface. Where the mining areas are widespread, the punctual sinkhole phenomena can develop in cluster systems, causing large subsidence, with extensive damage to structures and properties throughout the years. This Terrafirma service is devoted to the analysis of some areas in Europe where mine subsidence is an important constraint of the urban planning, evaluating the historical trend of the phenomena; the value adding activity is related to GIS mapping, geological and structural interpretation of subsidence due to the mining activity, assessment of the relationship between limited sinkhole events and development of wide subsidence areas. The service provides new InSAR data processing and interpretation specifically tailored to mine applications (in contrast to TF1 & 2 processing which was of a more generic nature). The service consists of 2 products related to abandoned and inactive mine sites in Europe. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

18 Mining Inventory (MNI) Terrafirma Mining Inventory products (MNI) provide information on surface movements in active or abandoned mining areas using SAR data from the archive. Terrafirma MNI products consist of raw, but quality- controlled, geo-referenced PSI output over defined mining areas, e.g. mining district borders. MNI products are made from integrations of radar data acquired by three ESA missions; ERS-1, ERS-2 and ENVISAT giving motion measurements from 1992 to the most recent routine acquisition. The PSI result is integrated with auxiliary data to provide an inventory of motion within the mining area. PSI data is integrated within the inventory map in a GIS environment with other ancillary data, such as aerial photos, topographical, geomorphologic maps, mine plans and geological maps. The PS points are overlaid upon the pre-existing motion inventory in order to assess the similarities and differences in spatial distribution and surface movement activity with respect to the PS measurements. Where current inventory information is in agreement with PSI data (both in terms of mining extent and activity) average velocities of the PS points over the moving area are computed at two different time intervals (total period and previous 2 years), and added as new fields in the motion inventory attributes table. In the case of differences between the PSI data and motion inventory information, multi-temporal aerial-photos and / or optical satellite imagery are analyzed to provide possible explanations for variations. Only cases characterized by superficial evidence of surface movements, linked to their topography (scarps, bulges, steps, subsidence troughs etc.) and vegetation related indicators (disrupted texture of vegetation, bent trees, grass, scars, etc.) are taken into account. Mining Monitoring (MNM) Terrafirma Mining Monitoring products (MNM) focus on the ongoing monitoring of specific mining areas using data from new programmed acquisitions. Terrafirma MNM products consist of the 'raw', but quality-controlled, geo-referenced, PSI output, e.g. mining district borders over defined mining areas. MNM PSI products are made from integrations of radar data acquired by three ESA missions; ERS-1, ERS-2 and ENVISAT giving motion measurements from 1992 to the date of the next programmed acquisition and also by TerraSAR-X data. The product relies on long term PSI monitoring of superficial movements induced by specific active or abandoned mining induced movements. PSI is well suited for assessing the temporal evolution of slow movements (up to a few centimetres per year) affecting built-up areas by providing precise measurements of ground displacements without the necessity of positioning any targets on the ground and without any physical contact with the surface. The PSI measurement points are integrated into a GIS environment with other ancillary data, such as aerial photos, topographical, geomorphological maps, mine plans and geological maps to obtain an accurate analysis of the spatial distribution of the ground displacements. Through a combination of PSI displacement time series and multi-temporal displacement maps, mining induced movement evolution may be analysed, facilitating the assessment of surface movement response to mining activities or collapse of abandoned mining works. This type of information can be useful in predicting the phenomenon s future evolution, especially for those cases that involve high value elements at risk, such as urban regions. The MNM product can be also employed, thanks to the availability of SAR images acquired since 1992, Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

19 for non-invasive assessment of the effectiveness of remedial works within the monitored area, representing a fundamental step for planning and managing mitigation activities. The hydrogeology theme will provide abandoned mines services to at least 2 countries by Stage 3 kick-off plus 2.5 years (2012). The mining sub-theme deliverables are: GIS multi-hazard map (.shp,.klm); Report and power point presentation on geological interpretation. InSAR Deformation Map Derived Deformations Caused by Abandoned Mining Heaving Subsidence min Propability max Figure 4: MNI product example: Integration of InSAR displacement map with mining related information to obtain deformation related to abandoned mining Mountainous area products This service covers 3 test sites in Switzerland related to slope instability in mountainous areas. During Stage 3, Terrafirma will provide InSAR data processing; the geo-interpretation is not covered by the project and will be the responsibility of the Swiss Federal Office of the Environment (FOEN). However, the mechanism of interpretation and analysis will closely follow the Landslide Inventory (LSI) and Landslide Monitoring (LSM) products from TF Stage 2 detailed below: Landslide Inventory Product (LSI) Terrafirma LSI products consist of the quality-controlled, geo-referenced, PSI output over large areas e.g. entire watershed basins, integrated into a pre-existing landslide inventory created using conventional geomorphological tools. LSI PSI products are made from integrations of radar data acquired by three ESA missions; ERS-1 (92-00), ERS-2 (95 00), and ENVISAT (02 - present), giving motion measurements from 1992 to the most recent Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

20 routine acquisition. The PSI result is integrated with auxiliary data to provide an inventory of motion within large areas: the methodology relies on the updating of a pre-existing landslide inventory database through the use of conventional geomorphologic tools, integrated with ground displacement measurements over a space grid of points provided by the PSI analysis PSI data is integrated within the inventory map in a GIS environment. The PS points are overlaid upon the pre-existing landslide inventory, when available, in order to assess the similarities and differences in spatial distribution and landslide activity with respect to the PS measurements. Where current inventory information is in agreement with PSI data (both in terms of landslide boundaries and activity) average velocities of the PS points over landslides are computed at two different time intervals (total period and previous 2 years), and added as new fields in the landslide inventory attributes table. In the case of differences between the PSI data and landslide inventory information, multi-temporal aerial-photos and / or optical satellite imagery are analysed to provide possible explanations for variations. Only cases characterised by superficial evidence of slope movements, linked to their topography (scarps, bulges, steps, etc.) and vegetation related indicators (disrupted texture of vegetation, bent trees, grass scars, etc.) are taken into account. Figure 5: LSI product example in North Peloponnesus, Greece. Landslide inventory map definition with the use of Persistent Scatterers performed during Terrafirma Stage 2 project (UNIFI/IGME Greece). PSI processing by Tele-Rilevamento Europa, Italy. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

21 Figure 6: LSI product example in Molise region, Italy. Modifications of the pre-existing landslide inventory by means of PSI performed during Terrafirma Stage 2 project (UNIFI). PSI processing by Tele-Rilevamento Europa, Italy. Landslide Monitoring Product (LSM) Terrafirma LSM products consist of the 'raw', but quality-controlled, geo-referenced, PSI output across specific landslide events as identified within an LSI product. LSM PSI products are made from integrations of radar data acquired by three ESA missions; ERSERS-2, and ENVISAT giving motion measurements from 1992 to the date of the next programmed acquisition. The product relies on long term PSI monitoring of superficial movements induced by specific slope movements. PSI is well suited for assessing the temporal evolution of slow landslides (up to a few centimetres per year) affecting built-up areas by providing precise measurements of ground displacements without the necessity of positioning any targets on the ground and without any physical contact with the slope. The PSI measurement points are integrated into a GIS environment with other ancillary data, such as aerial photos, topographical and geomorphological maps to obtain an accurate analysis of the spatial distribution of the ground displacements. Moreover, measurements from in-situ networks, such as inclinometers, extensometers, topographic levelling, etc..., are compared with PSI displacement maps. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

22 Figure 7: LSM product example: PSI analysis of a landslide site, distribution of PS ERS and Envisat projected on aerial-photo (Voloitalia 2006) and overlaid on the P.A.I. hazard map in the Gorgoglione village, Southern Italy, performed during Terrafirma Stage 2 project. PSI processing by Tele-Rilevamento Europa, Italy. Through a combination of PSI displacement time series and multi-temporal displacement maps, landslide slope movement evolution may be analysed, facilitating the assessment of landslide response to triggering factors, such as rainfall and earthquakes. This type of information can be useful in predicting the phenomenon s future evolution, especially for those cases that involve high value elements at risk, such as built-up regions. The LSM product can be also employed, thanks to the availability of SAR images acquired since 1992, for non-invasive assessment of the effectiveness of remedial works within the monitored area, representing a fundamental step for planning and managing mitigation activities. The hydrogeology theme will provide mountainous service to at least three Alpine regions by Stage 3 kick-off plus 2.5 years (2012). The deliverables for this product are: GIS multi-hazard map (.shp,.klm); report and power point presentation on geological interpretation. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

23 Figure 8: LSM product example: Geomorphologic cross section along Gorgoglione landslide (from: Lo Bosco et al., 2005) and PS velocity rate interpolation along the cross section. PSI processing by Tele-Rilevamento Europa, Italy. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

24 2.2 Tectonics theme services The objective of the Terrafirma Tectonics Theme is to provide services that present information on seismic hazards and that are oriented by the needs of the end user. The transboundary nature of tectonics and the large areas affected answer to two major requirements of Terrafirma Stage 3: the European level of the service and the multiple frame/track exploitation of PSI to account for wide areas coverage. The services are customized to allow product integration into geo-information systems. The users are the civil protection agencies and the local authorities of each area. Important users of the data are agencies and entities responsible for critical infrastructures. Two macro services are envisaged: the Crustal block boundaries service and the Vulnerability map service Crustal block boundaries This service is aimed at applying standard PSI analysis to investigate surface movements and to discriminate different crustal blocks. The service will be delivered as GIS layers and databases. Three subservices can be identified as the following: Major and local fault investigation This service is designed to provide monitoring along and across major faults to aid the measurement of fault slip rates and aid the estimation of locking depths. Furthermore the service is also designed to detect local active faults reactivated soon after major seismic events and eventually further surface effects triggered by major earthquakes. The service is designed to exploit the analysis of surface movement recorded at large scale by full resolution PSI products. In-situ data like GPS measurements, optical levelling, geological mapping and seismological scenarios, are combined with PSI data to perform a cross comparison, which is able to increase the effectiveness and reliability of the service. The output is GIS oriented and provides geoinformation vectors and raster layers to the end user data. An example of this service is the investigation of the slow surface deformation in a sector of the Po Plain, in North Italy which has a geological settings referring to a major structural boundary between uplifting and subsiding crust along the Southern margin of the Po Plain, the Pede Apenninic Thrust Front (PTF). The evolution of this basin is due to the activation of the thrusts and to the re-activation of the pre-existing thrust. Active compressive discontinuities are present as well. The same units are deeply depressed, and are also affected by an E W trending fault system, coincident with the edge of the Sabbiuno relief. The active Sabbiuno anticline shows growth rates coherent with the effective tectonic activity of the Pede Apenninic Thrust Front (blind thrust) strongly constraining the erosional depositional system. The seismotectonic activity is summarized in Figure 9. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

25 Figure 9: Seismotectonic map of the Po Plain. In yellow the instrumental earthquakes recorded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica between 1981 and 2002: circles, squares, stars. Historical events are indicated by red squares. White crosses represent the orientation of horizontal stress (Sh min) deduced from breakout and focal mechanism analysis. PTF: Pede-Apenninic Thrust Front The PSI technique has been applied to the ERS/Envisat dataset available. A deformation pattern has been detected showing an S/N radial pattern characterized by an increasing deformation. The validation of the InSAR results has been done by the comparison with 511 levelling benchmarks (Rete IGM) densely distributed in the city of Bologna and its surroundings. (see Figure 10). Figure 10: Surface mean velocity map and levelling benchmarks (black dots, fuchsia and white circles). Fuchsia and white circles are the 38 randomly selected benchmarks to be compared with InSAR. Ancient Bologna and Northern urban periphery are roughly indicated. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

26 Earthquake cycle investigation The service is addressed to provide measurement of surface deformation relative to the active faults phases. In particular, a comprehensive analysis of the earthquake cycle is a key issue for the definition of the hazard in seismic areas. The analysis of active tectonics is oriented towards the investigation of three seismic phases: pre-, co- and post-earthquake. Although the effects of the coseismic phase are now widely known and modelled accordingly by conventional Differential SAR Interferometry major issues still remain with regards to the other phases. Thus as well as the interseismic differential interferometry, the utility of this service for the end users is mostly related to the PSI techniques which allow the information gap on the interseismic phase, i.e. pre- and post- seismic phases to be filled. The post seismic phase can be monitored to measure the amount and the surface extension of possible deformation rebound or residual strain release. This is a relevant issue for end users to estimate seismic hazard effectively. On the other hand the preseismic, or aseismic, deformation remains an open issue, in particular for its modelling complexities. Therefore the service is aimed at providing dense geodetic data to investigate possible signals of the different phases of the earthquake cycle and to understand them. Vertical deformation sources in urban areas This service exploits the PSI analysis applied to measuring vertical surface movements in urban areas that are prone to seismic risk. The PSI analysis aims to strengthen the scientific database to investigate the cause of subsidence and to identify the source (tectonic vs. nontectonic/manmade) of such effects. The measurement and monitoring of vertical deformation sources in urban areas is a major issue. The PSI data is compared with in situ levelling and GPS measurements in order to crossvalidate the results. The end user then receives a GIS project, containing, in vector or raster format, each specific set of data: the PSI layer, the geological background, the seismicity and the above-mentioned geodetic measures. An example of this of this product is the InSAR analysis that has been done in Rome, where a large portion of the modern town lies on the Holocene alluvial deposits of the Tiber River and its tributaries, which is prone to suffer damage from soil settlement. Indeed, several damages to buildings and structures have been recorded in different areas of Rome during the last decades. Within a generally stable behaviour, the velocity maps point out a homogeneous, slow subsidence along the overall Tiber Valley (see Figure 11). Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

27 Figure 11: PSI velocity map of the city of Rome. Most of the surface movements are found along the main Tiber Valley and tributary valleys. The slow/moderate subsidence has been explained by cross-correlating PSI results, geological settings and geotechnical investigations; this showed that the subsidence phenomena seem to be outliers with respect to the general trend. The velocity maps showed that a general subsidence affects the buildings that are founded over the alluvial terrains of the Tiber River hydrographic network. Moreover, two distinct trends are recognized within this geologically homogeneous sector: a) a general, moderate (4 6 mm/y) subsidence within the main valley of the Tiber River; and b) a strong subsidence (10 mm/y) in the terminal, wider tract of its south-eastern tributary valleys Vulnerability maps The PSI technique is a unique tool for providing very dense spatial data and detailed measurements of surface displacements, which are useful input to be added to in-situ measurements in order to compute vulnerability maps. The PSI maps are at full resolution since the target is the single building and/or single infrastructure. Value-added products result from the integration of PSI maps and local data. The service contributes to the investigation of possible causes of surface movements as well, providing the discrimination between primary tectonic displacements and seismically induced movements. Moreover this approach allows the investigation of the effects of soil compression due to overimposing a litostatic load. According to its geotechnical properties, soil can be affected by primary consolidation subsidence rates for some years, afterwards asymptotically trending to a stable condition. Whereas when a fast, spatially localised, differential soil movement is measured, the structures above are certainly more prone to structural damage than in areas of homogeneous subsidence. Consequently it is probable that vulnerability increases more in the former scenario rather than in the latter. All products are available in a GIS environment. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

28 Furthermore, PSI techniques can be used to perform the monitoring of built areas and strategic infrastructures in the selected seismic areas. Indeed, besides the investigation of soil vulnerability, this service focuses on the structures above, such as buildings, bridges, power plants and dams within or nearby the risk areas. An important topic is the study of the geological properties of subsoil in and around urban areas prone to earthquakes. It is worth noting that besides primary effects (faulting and ground shaking) of earthquakes, secondary effects such as liquefaction, ground/slope failure and subsidence are major issues too. Unconsolidated soft soils commonly amplify ground shaking up to reach resonance conditions if specific ground properties and quake duration occur. Specific analyses are then useful to properly evaluate the vulnerability and the hazard, in particular microzonations site effects (soft ground effects and liquefaction analysis), which occur in the presence of soft soils due to their thickness, properties and earthquake type (magnitude, depth). The surface deformation and soil shaking have an impact on structures as seismic waves affect man-made structures proportionally to peak acceleration. The microzonation is obtained by performing borehole analysis, geophysical profiles, seismic profiles and by using geological maps. The latter contain the soil class differentiations, and according to the EuroCode8 previsions, EC8, all geological units have been unified in five different classes with associated geophysical parameters relevant to their behaviour with respect to an earthquake. In order to compute vulnerability analysis a building inventory is required including the definition of several parameters. The vulnerability of buildings is coded and classified in the vulnerability inventory database, and it is defined as the degree of loss to a given element at risk resulting from the occurrence of a hazard. Vulnerability assessments are usually based on past earthquake damages and it is a measure of the damage that a building is likely to experience given that it is subjected to a ground shaking of specified intensity. The structural vulnerabilities have been classified in six different classes, from A to F, by the 1998 European Macroseismic Scale (EMS, 1998). For example, in the Istanbul test case most of the buildings belong to the class C: Reinforced Concrete buildings with low levels of earthquake resistant design. The EMS98 damage scale defines five damage classes from the less damaged buildings (Grade 1) up to the complete destruction (Grade 5) for each typology of construction. To illustrate the service, two analyses are presented. Concerning Rome, local deformations affecting some buildings have been detected by PSI. Later on these latter have been compared to the geological settings and results from geotechnical investigations. By observing that the ancient historical centre of Rome represents a relatively stable area within the Tiber River valley, we may infer that the observed subsidence is time-dependent, even at a long time-scale, with respect to the age of the buildings. Indeed, velocity maps evidenced that most of the buildings constructed since the '50s are still affected by slow subsidence. In contrast, comparison of InSAR time series ( and ), showed that the high rates of subsidence tend to a general, relatively fast decreasing in time (few years) all over the area of Rome, suggesting that an exponentially decreasing subsidence affects all the alluvial deposits after urbanization. The only exception to this behaviour is observed within the Grottaperfetta Valley, where buildings constructed in the '50s are still affected by subsidence of 10 mm/yr. A detailed geotechnical investigation of the Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

29 alluvial deposits that fill the Grottaperfetta Valley allowed identification of the presence of a thick layer of poorly consolidated clay, probably the cause of this atypical behaviour. Figure 12: Geological sketch of Grottaperfetta valley (Rome). With respect to the further Tiber River valley the stratigraphy shows a silty clay layer whose presence might justify the anomalous accelerated subsidence. It is evident that this kind of study is important for gathering information about vulnerability of building and infrastructures. Indeed the PSI technique is capable of detecting and measuring slow deformation at building scales and to follow its behaviour over time. The average velocities are added to the building inventory. The geological and geotechnical knowledge of soil properties in the test site area can be the basis for the investigation of the causes of vertical movements as recorded from PSI. For the Istanbul test case, many studies demonstrated how the western sector of Istanbul (sediments and soft soil of the west) has been affected by an amplification of the seismic ground motion after the 1999 Izmit earthquake. Consequently most of the damages have been recorded in this part of Istanbul although it was far away from the epicentre. On the other hand, the eastern part has a stable behaviour being on rock. Such data might be cross correlated with the building inventory and PSI results to verify the possible links between the different factors. Figure 13: PSI map of Istanbul city. In the western sector most of the area is affected by subsidence. On the contrary the east part shows an extended stability with some local exceptions. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

30 2.3 Coastal lowland Subsidence theme services This theme reflects Terrafirma s approach as it is envisaged to demonstrate and promote the value of PSI in coping with one of the potentially most damaging natural hazards that affect large areas in Europe. The Coastal lowland Subsidence Theme directly relates to the EU- Flood Directive (Directive 2007/60/EC) on the assessment and management of flood risks, which entered into force on 26 November This Directive now requires Member States to assess whether any water courses and coastlines are at risk of flooding, to map the Coastal lowland extent and assets and humans at risk in these areas and to take adequate and coordinated measures to reduce this flood risk. This Directive also reinforces the rights of the public to access this information and to have a say in the planning process. The Directive requires Member States to first carry out a preliminary assessment by 2011 to identify the river basins and associated coastal areas at risk of flooding. For such zones they would then need to draw up coastal lowland risk maps by 2013 and establish flood risk management plans focused on prevention, protection and preparedness by The Directive applies to inland waters as well as to all coastal waters across the whole territory of the EU. The users of the Coastal lowland Subsidence theme services are primarily to be found amongst: Intermediary organisations/value-adders: R&D-institutes and National Agencies doing applied geoscientific, environmental and water management research. These are considered to be prime users and at the same time co-developers of the services. They will be users of the PSI-products and as such a target group for TF Stage 3 Coastal Lowland Subsidence Theme. At the same time they will be intermediary to the Water Management Authorities and are essential in creating a credible service which fits the policies of the Water Management Authorities. Engineering consultancy firms. Another group of prime users will be the Engineering consultancy firms. They are supposed to use the products and data in support of dayto-day engineering projects as information for assessments and design. End-users: European Centres and Agencies: the Joint Research Centre, European Environmental Agency. The JRC and EEA both play a role in supporting policies regarding flood protection and coastal zone management on a European scale. These organisations can be supportive in directing the services towards a European scaling-up. Water and Coastal Management Authorities (National, Regional and River Basin) Water Management Authorities are to be regarded as final end-users. These will be involved through the programmes they are implementing in their respective areas. The TF Stage 3 Coastal Lowland Subsidence Theme comprises a portfolio of services to be delivered for Flood Risk assessment in coastal lowland areas and flood prone river basins. The following issues are to be covered by these services from a user point of view: o Services need to cover the entire area to be exposed by a flood risk. From the user s point of view, this means that services need to consider multiple scenes and wide area coverage. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

31 o PSI-results will have to be fused with other geodetic and geological information in order to derive hazard maps for flood prone areas. o Flood protection generally involves linear flood defence structures over long distances. The quality of flood defence typically depends on the weakest link along such natural or man-made defence structures which means that services need to be able to detect local ground movement over long stretches. From these requisites four types of services are envisioned for the TF Stage 3-Coastal Lowland subsidence theme: Floodplain subsidence mapping Wide Area Service (FSW) This service takes the form of a basic PSI-service in that it will deliver a PSI-derived GIS-layer and database. Specifically for Coastal lowland subsidence Hazard mapping, wide areas will be processed by combining multiple scenes, in order to be of use to water management agencies responsible for large basin or floodplain areas. The wide-area mapping service (which must address a series of requirements including scalability to European coverage and use of other data) has as one of its objectives the possibility to be used as the input to the Subsidence Hazard mapping service for flood prone areas. Floodplain Subsidence mapping service (FSM) This service envisions the integration of the basic PSI-Wide Area Service with ground truth data, notably levelling data and GPS, and geological data and information in order to develop a service which enables users to interpret subsidence maps within their geodetic reference system of use and to assess mechanisms of subsidence risk. Mostly, these maps show contours of equal subsidence rate or delineated subsiding areas. Flood defence monitoring service (FDM) This is a focused application of PSI monitoring and evaluation of coastal defences and flood protection systems. This application demonstrates the applicability of PSI for pinpointing and monitoring localized phenomena along flood protection systems. Applications can be foreseen within the context of coastal defence structures as well as along fluvial defence systems around Europe. Floodplain Modelling service (FPM) This application builds upon the mapping and monitoring services for flood prone areas. PSI, as one of the available sources of geodetic information, can be used in combination with geomechanical modelling to assess and quantify the mechanisms contributing to subsidence or failure of flood defence structures. The modelling service is an advanced service which can only be delivered on a case-by-case basis. Potential end-users include engineering consultants, water management authorities and Public Works authorities. Typically, any such product will give quantitative estimations of geomechanical properties which determine the rate of subsidence or settlement, like compressibility of the geological strata or engineered ground works. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

32 Figure 14: Example of floodplain PSI-derived ground motions, PSI processing courtesy of TU- Delft. Figure 15: Example of Flood Defence Monitoring. PSI-processing by Hansje Brinker, Netherlands Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

33 Service Description Users o Floodplain subsidence o mapping Area (FSW) Wide Service Floodplain Subsidence mapping service (FSM) Flood Defence Monitoring Service (FDM) Floodplain Modelling (FPM) Service Basic PSI-service over multiple scenes that will deliver PSI-derived GIS-layer and database with rates of movement of scatterers. DTM s can be derived as a by-product. Integration of the basic PSI-Wide Area Service with ground truth data, notably levelling data and GPS, and geological data and information. PSI monitoring and evaluation of coastal defences and flood protection systems Integration of PSI-data with geomechanical models to assess and quantify the mechanisms contributing to subsidence or failure of flood defence structures o o o o o o o o RTD-Institutes/National Agencies Engineering Consultants European Agencies Water Management Authorities Engineering Consultants Water Management Authorities Engineering Consultants Water Management Authorities Public Works Authorities Engineering Consultants Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

34 2.4 User federation Before any processing can be undertaken for any site, the user(s) within a country needs to be enrolled by way of a 'Service Level Agreement' (SLA). This contract assures the recipient of the product quality and terms and conditions of delivery. It also requires the recipient to undertake value-adding and reporting in accordance with the product being made. Significantly, it also contracts the recipient to undertake both horizontal and downstream exploitation of the product in efforts to stimulate further demand. Organisations interested in accessing Terrafirma products may do so by contacting the project manager, Geraint Cooksley (geraint.cooksley@altamira-information.com) or the project coordinator, Marie-Josée Banwell (marie-josee.banwell@altamira-information.com. Further information for recipients of Terrafirma is available on the project website at Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

35 3 COVERAGE OF SERVICE Stage 1 & Stage 2 achieved wide service delivery coverage in Europe. In Stage 3 the focus moves towards achieving operational use of the services by the end users and the sustainability of the Terrafirma services by the users. The service coverage is not expected to extend a great deal more than that achieved by Stage 1 & Stage 2 but the aim is rather the depth of understanding in each site delivered. Figure 16: Service Coverage (Stage 1 & Stage 2). Basic Terrain-Motion Products: 1. Salzburg, AUSTRIA 2. Brussels, BELGIUM 3. Sofiya, BULGARIA 4. Lefkosia, CYPRUS 5. Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC 6. Parnu, ESTONIA 7. Vaasa, FINLAND 8. Lyon, FRANCE 9. Berlin, GERMANY 10. Hamburg, GERMANY 11. Strassfurt, GERMANY 12. Athens, GREECE 13. Larissa, GREECE 14. Cork, IRELAND 15. Haifa, ISRAEL 16. Palermo, ITALY 17. Riga, LATVIA 18. Luxembourg City, LUXEMBOURG 19. Valletta, MALTA 20. Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS 21. Sosnowiec, POLAND 22. Lisbon, PORTUGAL 23. Greater Lisbon, PORTUGAL 24. Moscow, RUSSIA 25. St. Petersburg, RUSSIA 26. Ljubljana, SLOVENIA 27. Zaragoza, SPAIN 28. Stockholm, SWEDEN 29. Istanbul, TURKEY 30. Stoke-on-Trent, UNITED KINGDOM Interpreted Terrain-Motion Products: 31. Liege, BELGIUM 32. Esbjerg, DENMARK 33. Rio-Antirio Bridge, GREECE 34. Budapest, HUNGARY 35. Rome, ITALY 36. Vilnius, LITHUANIA 37. Bristol & Bath, UNITED KINGDOM Modelled Terrain-Motion Products: 38. Colli-Albani, ITALY 39. Murcia, SPAIN 40. London, UNITED KINGDOM Monitoring Products: Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

36 41. Rybnik-Ostrava, POLAND & CZECH REPUBLIC Landslide Inventory Products: 42. Gulf of Corinth, GREECE 43. Reno, ITALY 44. Calabrian Basin, ITALY 45. Molise, ITALY 46. Central Pyrenees, SPAIN 47. Canton Graubuenden, SWITZERLAND Landslide Monitoring Products: 48. Ancona, ITALY 49. Frazzano, ITALY 50. Gaggio, ITALY 51. Gorgoglioni, ITALY 52. Santo, ITALY 53. Lumnez, SWITZERLAND Validation Products: 20. Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS 54. Alkmaar, NETHERLANDS During Stage 3 of Terrafirma, service coverage focuses on sites that are chosen for their particular interest within one of the thematic lines: hydrogeology, tectonics or Coastal lowland subsidence. Figure 17: Service Coverage of Phase three (2013) Sites for Terrafirma Stage 3 Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

37 3.1 Supply chain The diagram below is a simple representation of the Terrafirma supply chain: Satellite Raw data Satellite operator ground segment Preprocessed data Official data distributor Packaged low-level radar data Value adders Tectonic theme Terrafirma OSP Ground motion measurements Hydrogeology theme End users End users End users Coastal lowland subs. theme Figure 18: Conceptual diagram of the Terrafirma supply chain. The rest of section 3 describes the supply chain components Satellite, ground segment and data distribution Terrafirma requires an archive of repeat radar acquisitions covering the same area the more repeat scenes the better the resulting motion resolution. The rate of repeat acquisition over a given area is fundamentally determined by the satellite s orbit, and with the European Space Agency s ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT the maximum rate (in either descending or ascending mode) is one acquisition every 35 days. To maintain the supply of new and monitoring products, Terrafirma needs an ongoing acquisition campaign. This is determined by the satellite operator s priorities, and in the case of the ESA is implemented by way of a background mission, or collection of a Strategic Dataset. The following maps show the amount of repeat acquisitions currently in archive over Europe. Figure 19: ERS-1 coverage: 1992 to Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

38 Figure 20: ERS-2 coverage: 1995 to end of Figure 21: Envisat coverage: 2002 to end of 2009 The Sentinel-1 satellites will provide the future continuity of C-band SAR observations started with ERS-1. The first of the two Sentinel-1 satellites is scheduled to be launched in Product ordering The sites for which the services will be delivered are defined by Service Level Agreement between the User, the Suppliers, the Theme Leader and the Project Leader. Users can learn about, and register their interest Terrafirma products via a web-based shop window that is already operational. In the first instance the Terrafirma website informs potential users of the service coverage and availability of products in each of the countries included. The user is Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators

39 then directed to the project leader for further information and possible involvement in the project. Figure 22: The Terrafirma website: Opening page. Copyright Altamira Information and Terrafirma collaborators