India s Energy Future and Carbon Management

Transcription

1 India s Energy Future and Carbon Management B. KUMAR Project Adviser/Consultant Carbon Sequestration NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Hyderabad INDIA Ph (O) (R) baleshk@yahoo.com

2 Global Climate Change is not a Evidences are: - Rise in Atmospheric CO 2 & Temperature - Shrinking of Glaciers - Breaking of Arctic Shelf - Rise in Sea Level Myth but Truth - Extreme Weather Conditions

3 Ice cores indicate that in the past 420,000 years, the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere has ranged from 180 to 280 parts per million by volume (ppmv). The current CO 2 atmospheric concentration is ~360 ppmv; this dramatic increase is primarily the result of human combustion of fossil fuels. -- After Falkowski and others (2000), American Association for the Advancement of Science.

4 Projected Temperatures for the 21 st Century Are Significantly Higher Than at Any Time During the Last 1000 Years

5 India s Energy Scenario Gas (9%) Hydro(2%) Nuclear (2%) India s Power Scenario Renewable (8%) Nuclear (3%) Oil (36%) Coal (51%) Hydro (25%) Coal (53%) Oil & Gas (11%) Source: Planning Commission of India, 2006

6 World primary energy consumption Source: OIL, Infraline

7 ENERGY CONSUMPTION

8 Description : Source : Category : Year : 2002 Units : Carbon dioxide emissions 2002 Carbon dioxide emissions: Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions s stemming out from the burning of fossil fuels, gas flaring and the prod production of cement UN Common Database (CDIAC) Environment Giga Metric Tons

9 Carbon dioxide emissions per capita Description : Carbon dioxide emissions per capita Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels, gas flaring and the production of cement. Source : UN Common Database (CDIAC) Category : Environment Ranking : 54 (2002) Unit of measurement: Metric tons per capita India signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2003 but is not obliged to cut emissions up to (Tons CO 2 per person) INDIA - India is also a member of CSLF, CDM, AP6 and stands by UNFCC.

10 Primary energy consumption per capita

11 India s Perspective on CCS India stands with the global community for accelerating R&D in CCS technologies for Sustainable Energy Future. Initiatives for carbon capture research are in advanced stage worldwide, however the challenges are to develop cost effective methodologies. CO 2 storage R&D in developing countries is still in budding stage and there is a need for developing programs on CO 2 EOR, CO 2 -ECBM and geologic storage in saline aquifers and basalt formations etc.

12 Challenges of India s energy outlook R&D initiatives for carbon capture and storage Exploitation of alternate source of fuels - oil shales - gas hydrates - coal bed methane

13 Geological Sequestration The pure CO 2 captured after Pre/ Post Combustion can be stored in Depleted oil and gas reservoirs Coal beds Saline Aquifers Basalt Formations Industrially generated CO 2 is pumped into deep under ground formations and dissolves in the native formation fluids. Some of the dissolved CO 2 would chemically react and become part of solid mineral/ coal matrix. Once dissolved or reacted to form minerals, CO 2 is no longer buoyant and would not rise to the ground surface. Physical and geochemical processes that enhance storage security

14 POWER POWER PLANT PLANT CO2 CO 2 Stored in Geological Formations Formations Viable Options for Geological Storage of CO 2

15 CO 2 sequestration in depleted oil/gas reservoirs can enhance production of oil/gas. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) can be either miscible or immiscible depending primarily on the pressure of the injection gas into the reservoir. Miscible phase: CO 2 -EOR, the CO 2 mixes with the crude oil causing it to swell and reduce its viscosity, whilst also increasing or maintaining reservoir pressure. The combination of these processes enables more of the crude oil in the reservoir to flow freely to the production wells from which it can be recovered. Immiscible phase: CO 2 -EOR, the CO 2 is used to re-pressure the reservoir and as a sweep gas, to move the oil towards the production well. - In India, ONGC has proposed CO 2 - EOR for Ankleshwar Oil Field in Western India. -The CO 2 is planned to be 600,000m 3 /d - Studies indicate an incremental oil recovery of ~ 4 % over the project life of 35 years besides the potential to sequester 5 to 10 million tons of CO 2. CO 2 enhanced oil recovery

16 Enhanced Coalbed Methane Recovery (ECBM) Coal beds typically contain large amounts of methane rich gas that is adsorbed onto the surface of the coal. The injected CO 2 efficiently displaces methane as it has greater affinity to the coal than methane. CO 2 enhanced coal bed methane production

17 The Coal Bed Methane Potential of India : ~ 1000 bcm DGH, Annual Report,

18 Geological CO 2 Sequestration in Basalt Formations of India: A Pilot Study Objective Evaluation of Basalt Formations of India for environmentally safe and irreversible long time storage of CO 2.

19 Why are basalts attractive proposition for CO 2 sequestration? Deccan Basalts cover an area of 500x10 3 sq. km. and form one of the largest flood eruptions in the world. Composed typically of 48 flows. The thickness of basalts varies from few hundreds of meters to > 1.5 km. Basalts provide solid cap rocks and thus high level of integrity for CO 2 storage. Basalts react with CO 2 and convert the CO 2 into the mineral carbonates that means high level of security. Intertrappeans between basalt flows provide major porosity and permeability along with vescicular, brecciated zones with in the flows. Tectonically the traps are considered to be stable. Geophysical studies have revealed presence of thick Mesozoic and Gondwana sediments below the Deccan Traps.

20 Deccan basalts vs Columbia River basalts The most common flow type of the Deccan Trap and Columbia River Basalt is the Pahoeho sheet flows. Due to the lesser viscosity and less strain it forms large horizontal sheets. Both Deccan Flood Basalts and Columbia River Basalts are tholeiitic (clinopyroxene and plagioclase) in nature and the eruptions are of fissure type. Both are continental basalts. Columbia River Basalt is fully continental and Deccan Traps are partly continental. Both the basaltic flows have traveled as much as 300 to 500 km from their sources. Chemical composition of both the basalts are similar.

21 CO 2 Storage in Basalt Formations CO 2 is injected in basalt formations above its critical temperature and pressure Minimum depth 800 m Supercritical CO 2 Hydrodynamic Trapping Solubility Trapping Mineralisation Physico chemical properties between those of liquid and gas. Dense gas Solubility approaching liquid phase Diffusivity approaching gas phase

22 Mineralization reactions in basalt formations CO2(g) CO2(aq) CO2(aq) + H 2 O HCO 3- + H + (Ca,Mg,Fe) x Si y O x+2y +2xH + +(2y-x)H 2 O x(ca,mg,fe) 2+ + yh 4 SiO 4 (aq) (Ca,Mg,Fe) 2+ + HCO3 - (Ca,Mg,Fe)CO 3 + H + Induction Time for Calcite Precipitation Lab. scale & geo-chemical modeling studies by PNNL, USA Depth, (m) T, C t p, d Calcite deposition on basalt Basalt is rich in Ca, Mg & Fe Silicates Mineralisation reaction rate is fast on geological time scale Mineralisation appears to be controlled by mixing behaviour of CO2 and not by kinetics of the reactions

23 Methodology Site identification Evaluation of available geological, geophysical and tectonic data to identify one or two areas in basalt formations of Western India with basalt thickness of 800 m. Adsorbed soil gas surveys Magnetotelluric studies Drill location analysis Identification of most suitable site, land acquisition and permission Planning of schedule for borehole drilling and CO 2 injection Detailed engineering planning for borehole drilling, piping and cementing Identification of vendors for drilling, casing, cementing of borehole, supply and injection of CO 2 Theoretical simulation and modeling Pre-characterization of shallow surface soils and ground waters by geochemical & isotopic studies. High-resolution seismic studies

24 Borehole drilling and injection of CO 2 Drilling of 8-10 dia. borehole up to depth of 800 ± 50 m Borehole logging Core sampling Lining and cementing of borehole Pre-injection modeling Injection of ~ 100 tons of CO 2 per day at a pressure of 2000 psi for 10 days along with tracers Post injection characterization, monitoring & modeling Drilling of 2 dia observation boreholes Post injection characterization of soil and ground water Monitoring, modeling and verification of mineralization Document basalt formations of India as a geological sequestration option.

25

26 Coal- Major source of energy in the country The majority of India s energy requirement is met by coal; which is largely mined In the Eastern and the Central regions of the country. India has 10% of the world's coal, at over 92 billion tonnes, at current rates of production, India has enough coal for the next 217 years. In , the total coal production in the country was around MMT. A half of commercial primary energy demand and a third of total energy needs are met by coal. The power sector is the main driver of India's coal consumption - currently around 53% of India's electricity is generated from coal.

27 Proved world coal reserves at the end of 2006

28 India's Coal Reserves State Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Meghalaya Nagaland Orissa Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Total Coal Resources in Million Tonnes Proved Indicated Inferred Total Formation Proved Indicated Inferred Total Gondwana Coals Tertiary Coals Total

29 Gondwana basins of India General Gondwana Stratigraphy in India FORMATION Panchet Raniganj Barren Measure Barakar Karharbari Talchir LITHOLOGY Alternation of brown/red haematitic claystone, argillaceous siltstones, coarse gritty sst., sublithic, subarkosic sst. Mainly arenaceous sequence with minor shale, coal, siltstone, arkosic to subarkosic sst. Mainly argillaceous with dark grey fissile shale dominating and medium to coarse sst. Medium to coarse grained pebbly and gritty sst. With considerably thick coal seam Conglomerate, pebbly sst., minor shale, coal Upper Unit- fine grained sst. Lower Unit- Tillite

30 Oil Shale These are fine grained sedimentary rocks containing relatively large amount of organic matter from which significant quantities of shale oil and combustible gas can be extracted. Oil shales range in age from Cambrian to Tertiary Total world resources of oil shale are conservatively estimated at 2.6 trillion barrels Studies have shown that similar rocks with most of their oil generating potential are preserved in Northeast India interbedded with the tertiary coal. The estimated in-place oil reserve of these carbonaceous shales is greater than 15 billion tons. Oil shales contain no liquid oil in their natural state and must be retorted at very high temperatures to convert the solid kerogen to liquid hydrocarbons Retorting is an energy intensive process in which the rock is heated to C in the absence of oxygen

31 OIL SHALE OCCURENCE Carbonaceous shale of Oligocene age occurs in association with Tertiary Coal in Assam and neighboring areas of Arunachal Pradesh The coal-shale unit occurs as outcrops towards south of the oilfields in a region called the Belt of Schuppen The presence of coal and organic rich shale has been recorded in the subsurface from wells drilled for oil The coal-shale unit was probably deposited in a regressive phase in backwater lagoons or brackish water swamps on a prograding delta complex

32 Geological map of Northeastern part of Assam-Arakan Basin

33 General Stratigraphy of Assam-Arakan Basin Source: Oil Infraline

34 Source: DGH Structural map of Assam-Arakan Basin

35 Source: DGH SCHEMATIC GEOLOGICAL SECTION ACROSS BRAHMAPUTRA VALLEY

36 Oil and gas fields and identified prospects in Assam geologic province (modified from Naidu and Panda, 1997; and Mallick and others, 1997

37 Rock-Eval Results for Barail (Surface / near-surface samples) Sample Code TOC (%) S1 (mg/g) S2 (mg/g) Tmax ( o C) HI OI Mta Mta Mta Mak Dli Trp Trp

38 ROCK-EVAL HI vs. OI PLOT SHOWING KEROGEN TYPES TYPE - I 800 HYDROGEN INDEX TYPE - II Barail (Oligocene) Eocene TYPE - III OXYGEN INDEX

39 CHARACTERISTICS OF BARAIL Average vitrinite reflectance in oil ranges from 0.5 to 0.7%. Rock-eval Tmax values are less than 435 o C indicating low thermal maturity. The organic matter is predominantly type-ii + type-iii Biomarker ratios indicate dominance of land plant derived kerogen with prevalence of C 29 ααα 20R steranes and high hopane/sterane ratio. Sulfur content is high (1.5 to 5%) Source:DGH

40 NORTH EAST COAL / OIL SHALE RESERVES AND SYNCRUDE POTENTIAL RESERVES PROVED + INDICATED (MMT) SYNCRUDE POTENTIAL PROVED + INDICATED MMT (Billion BBls) BARAIL SERIES COAL BARAIL SERIES OIL SHALE (Uncertain) TOTAL Source : Urja

41 Oil Shale Retorting Surface Retorting In-situ Retorting

42 Salient features of oil shales of North East India Studies of shale samples from Upper Assam Valley resulted in a total hydrocarbon potential of 81 mg/g and compares favorably with yield known from oil shales elsewhere in the world. North-East India is endowed with rich deposits of coal found in the Barail Formation of Tertiary age. Carbonaceous shale occurs interbedded with the coal and constitute the principal source rocks for hydrocarbons. These formations outcrop on the surface towards the south of the oil fields in a region called the Belt of Schuppen. Oil shales are part of the Barail and Disang formations of northeast India. They are present over the area covered by Naga and Patkai hill ranges. The calculated in-place shale oil reserve is greater that 15 billion tonnes.

43 Conclusions Carbon management and exploitation of alternate and renewable sources of fuel are the key to India s Energy Future. Oil shale deposits usually include certain amounts of carbonates. Due to the decomposition of carbonates, oil shales evolve several times more CO 2 during shale oil production than the same amount of petroleum does. This could be a serious defect from the view point of global warming. Deep Coal seams of North East India, that are not commercially viable for coal production, could be used for permanent underground storage of CO 2 evolved from shale oil production CO 2 released from oil shale can be used for enhanced oil recovery in depleted oil fields of North East India.

44