GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 5

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1 UNDERSTANDING EARTH, SIXTH EDITION GROTZINGER JORDAN GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 5 Sedimentation Rocks Formed by Surface Processes 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company

2 Mineralogy of sandstones Key Figure 5.12 (page 115) Go to next slide to begin

3 Different sediments result in different sedimentary rocks. Fine Mud Shale Pressure Silt and siltstone, mudstone and shale, clay and claystone Sand Sandstone Pressure Gravel Conglomerate Pressure Course

4 Organic Matter Pressure Heat to C Heat to C Oil and gas Coal

5 Mineralogy of sandstones Figure 5.16 (page 118) Go to next slide to begin

6

7 Arkose: feldspar-rich 1 mm Alluvial fan

8 Arkose: feldspar-rich Lithic sandstone: rock fragment-rich 1 mm Alluvial fan 1 mm Delta

9 Arkose: feldspar-rich Lithic sandstone: rock fragment-rich Quartz arenite: pure quartz 1 mm Alluvial fan 1 mm Delta Beach 1 mm

10 Arkose: feldspar-rich Lithic sandstone: rock fragment-rich Quartz arenite: pure quartz Graywacke: matrix-rich 1 mm Alluvial fan 1 mm Delta Beach 1 mm Deep-sea fan 1 mm

11 Mineralogy of Sandstones A rock formed from lithified gravel is called a: A. Shale B. Greywacke C. Sandstone D. Conglomerate

12 Mineralogy of sandstones A rock formed from lithified gravel is called a: A. Shale B. Greywacke C. Sandstone D. Conglomerate

13 Mineralogy of sandstones Which is the most likely depositional environment for a quartz arenite sandstone? A. Alluvial Fan B. Delta C. Beach D. Deep Sea Fan

14 Mineralogy of sandstones Which is the most likely depositional environment for a quartz arenite sandstone? A. Alluvial Fan B. Delta C. Beach D. Deep Sea Fan

15 Mineralogy of sandstones Which is the most likely depositional environment for an arkose (feldspar-rich sandstone)? A. Alluvial Fan B. Delta C. Beach D. Deep Sea Fan

16 Mineralogy of sandstones Which is the most likely depositional environment for an arkose (feldspar-rich sandstone)? A. Alluvial Fan B. Delta C. Beach D. Deep Sea Fan

17 Organisms create carbonate platform systems Key Figure 5.18 (page 121) Go to next slide to begin

18 Coral reef Light Lagoon Open ocean

19 Carbonate platforms are built by reefbuilding organisms that precipitate calcium carbonate as calcite aragonite. Coral reef Light Lagoon Open ocean

20 Within the lagoon, growth of these organisms is rapid, and sediment forms quickly,... Carbonate platforms are built by reefbuilding organisms that precipitate calcium carbonate as calcite aragonite. Coral reef Light Lagoon Open ocean

21 Within the lagoon, growth of these organisms is rapid, and sediment forms quickly,... Carbonate platforms are built by reefbuilding organisms that precipitate calcium carbonate as calcite aragonite. Coral reef Light Light Lagoon Open ocean

22 Within the lagoon, growth of these organisms is rapid, and sediment forms quickly,... Carbonate platforms are built by reefbuilding organisms that precipitate calcium carbonate as calcite aragonite. Coral reef Light Lagoon Open ocean whereas outside the reef, sedimentation is much slower. Light

23 Within the lagoon, growth of these organisms is rapid, and sediment forms quickly,... Carbonate platforms are built by reefbuilding organisms that precipitate calcium carbonate as calcite aragonite. Coral reef Light Lagoon Open ocean whereas outside the reef, sedimentation is much slower. Light If the sea level rises, the reef continues to grow toward the light at sea level

24 Within the lagoon, growth of these organisms is rapid, and sediment forms quickly,... Carbonate platforms are built by reefbuilding organisms that precipitate calcium carbonate as calcite aragonite. Coral reef Light Lagoon Open ocean whereas outside the reef, sedimentation is much slower. Light If the sea level rises, the reef continues to grow toward the light at sea level and lagoon sedimentation outpaces sedimentation in the open ocean.

25 Within the lagoon, growth of these organisms is rapid, and sediment forms quickly,... Carbonate platforms are built by reefbuilding organisms that precipitate calcium carbonate as calcite aragonite. Coral reef Light Lagoon Open ocean whereas outside the reef, sedimentation is much slower. Light If the sea level rises, the reef continues to grow toward the light at sea level and lagoon sedimentation outpaces sedimentation in the open ocean. Light Carbonate platform

26 Within the lagoon, growth of these organisms is rapid, and sediment forms quickly,... Carbonate platforms are built by reefbuilding organisms that precipitate calcium carbonate as calcite aragonite. Coral reef Light Lagoon Open ocean whereas outside the reef, sedimentation is much slower. Light If the sea level rises, the reef continues to grow toward the light at sea level and lagoon sedimentation outpaces sedimentation in the open ocean. Eventually, a carbonate platform Grows, with steep sides. Light Carbonate platform

27 Within the lagoon, growth of these organisms is rapid, and sediment forms quickly,... Carbonate platforms are built by reefbuilding organisms that precipitate calcium carbonate as calcite aragonite. Coral reef Light Lagoon Open ocean whereas outside the reef, sedimentation is much slower. Light If the sea level rises, the reef continues to grow toward the light at sea level and lagoon sedimentation outpaces sedimentation in the open ocean. Eventually, a carbonate platform Grows, with steep sides. Inorganic carbonate also precipitates Out of the supersaturated lagoon Water and adds to the platform sedimentation. Light Carbonate platform

28 Organisms create carbonate platform systems From where does the calcium in seawater come? A. Weathering of continental rocks B. Marine biologic activity C. Volcanic eruptions at mid-ocean ridges D. Precipitation onto the sea surface

29 Organisms create carbonate platform systems From where does the calcium in seawater come? A. Weathering of continental rocks B. Marine biologic activity C. Volcanic eruptions at mid-ocean ridges D. Precipitation onto the sea surface

30 Organisms create carbonate platform systems Which is the dominant sedimentary rock lithified from carbonate sediments? A. Gypsum B. Limestone C. Shale D. Coal

31 Organisms create carbonate platform systems Which is the dominant sedimentary rock lithified from carbonate sediments? A. Gypsum B. Limestone C. Shale D. Coal

32 Organisms create carbonate platform systems True or False: Carbonate platform deposition occurs through both organic and inorganic processes. A. True B. False

33 Organisms create carbonate platform systems True or False: Carbonate platform deposition occurs through both organic and inorganic processes. A. True B. False

34 Sedimentary Bedding 1 Which statement regarding sedimentary bedding is not true? A. Most sedimentary beds are originally deposited as horizontal layers. B. Sedimentary beds form only from siliciclastic sediments. C. A sedimentary bed can represent a single sedimentation event. D. A sedimentary bed represents a period of environmental stability.

35 Sedimentary Bedding 1 Which statement regarding sedimentary bedding is not true? A. Most sedimentary beds are originally deposited as horizontal layers. B. Sedimentary beds form only from siliciclastic sediments. C. A sedimentary bed can represent a single sedimentation event. D. A sedimentary bed represents a period of environmental stability.

36 Sedimentary Bedding 2 Which is a likely environment in which a sandstone could have been deposited? A. An inland swamp B. Deep sea C. Coastal Beach D. None of the above

37 Sedimentary Bedding 2 Which is a likely environment in which a sandstone could have been deposited? A. An inland swamp B. Deep sea C. Coastal Beach D. None of the above

38 Sedimentary Bedding 2 Ripple marks, like those shown in the video, typically form in which kind of sedimentary rocks? A. Shale B. Evaporates C. Conglomerate D. Sandstone

39 Sedimentary Bedding 2 Ripple marks, like those shown in the video, typically form in which kind of sedimentary rocks? A. Shale B. Evaporates C. Conglomerate D. Sandstone

40 Sedimentary Bedding 2 How can one distinguish ripple marks formed on a beach from those formed in a stream? A. Beach ripple marks are larger than stream ripple marks. B. Beach ripple marks form in finer-grained sediments than stream ripple marks. C. Beach ripple marks are symmetrical whereas stream ripple marks are asymmetrical. D. Beach ripple marks cannot be distinguished from stream ripple marks.

41 Sedimentary Bedding 2 How can one distinguish ripple marks formed on a beach from those formed in a stream? A. Beach ripple marks are larger than stream ripple marks. B. Beach ripple marks form in finer-grained sediments than stream ripple marks. C. Beach ripple marks are symmetrical whereas stream ripple marks are asymmetrical. D. Beach ripple marks cannot be distinguished from stream ripple marks.

42 Original Horizontality True or False: Cross-beds can be used to determine the original orientation of sedimentary strata because the cross-bed becomes truncated at the bottom of the bed. A. True B. False

43 Original Horizontality True or False: Cross-beds can be used to determine the original orientation of sedimentary strata because the cross-bed becomes truncated at the bottom of the bed. A. True B. False

44 Original Horizontality In which of the following environments can cross-beds form? A. Desert environment B. Coastal environment C. River environment D. All of the above

45 Original Horizontality In which of the following environments can cross-beds form? A. Desert environment B. Coastal environment C. River environment D. All of the above

46 Sedimentary Basin Development in a Marine Basin Oceanic basins get their start through the: A. subduction of oceanic crust B. propagation of an active transform fault C. deformation resulting from a large meteorite impact D. successful rifting of continental crust

47 Sedimentary Basin Development in a Marine Basin Oceanic basins get their start through the: A. subduction of oceanic crust B. propagation of an active transform fault C. deformation resulting from a large meteorite impact D. successful rifting of continental crust

48 Sedimentary Basin Development in a Marine Basin Where do marine sediments primarily accumulate? A. abyssal plain B. continental shelf C. mid-ocean ridge D. in large freshwater lakes

49 Sedimentary Basin Development in a Marine Basin Where do marine sediments primarily accumulate? A. abyssal plain B. continental shelf C. mid-ocean ridge D. in large freshwater lakes

50 Sedimentary Basin Development in a Marine Basin By the time sediments reach the ocean basins, they have become: A. angular and poorly sorted B. very coarse grained C. well rounded and well sorted D. all of these E. none of these

51 Sedimentary Basin Development in a Marine Basin By the time sediments reach the ocean basins, they have become: A. angular and poorly sorted B. very coarse grained C. well rounded and well sorted D. all of these E. none of these

52 Sedimentary Basin Development in a Marine Basin Which of the following is responsible for transporting sediment to a marine basin? A. glaciers B. rivers and streams C. wind D. all of these E. none of these

53 Sedimentary Basin Development in a Marine Basin Which of the following is responsible for transporting sediment to a marine basin? A. glaciers B. rivers and streams C. wind D. all of these E. none of these

54 Sedimentary Basin Development in a Marine Basin Subsidence describes the process by which the crust when sediments are loaded (deposited) on top of it. A. rises up B. decreases temperature C. sags down D. thins

55 Sedimentary Basin Development in a Marine Basin Subsidence describes the process by which the crust when sediments are loaded (deposited) on top of it. A. rises up B. decreases temperature C. sags down D. thins

56 Cross Bedding Large-scale cross-bedding (meters) is typically related to: A. ripple formation due to flowing water B. lava flows resulting from volcanic eruptions C. liquefaction as a result of earthquake events D. dune formation due to wind

57 Cross Bedding Large-scale cross-bedding (meters) is typically related to: A. ripple formation due to flowing water B. lava flows resulting from volcanic eruptions C. liquefaction as a result of earthquake events D. dune formation due to wind

58 Cross Bedding The sets of bedded material inclined at an angle within each cross-bed represent preserved: A. windward slope faces B. contacts between adjacent sedimentary rock types C. axes of dune ridges D. leeward slope faces

59 Cross Bedding The sets of bedded material inclined at an angle within each cross-bed represent preserved: A. windward slope faces B. contacts between adjacent sedimentary rock types C. axes of dune ridges D. leeward slope faces

60 Cross Bedding While hiking through the canyons of southeastern Utah, you discover numerous outcrops of fine-grained sandstone containing evidence of small cross-beds (< 1 meter). You conclude that during the time period represented by the rocks, there in the area that you are now standing in. A. was violent volcanic activity (i.e., Cascade Range of the northwestern United States) B. were large-scale sand dunes (i.e., Sahara Desert in Africa) C. was a tidal zone of a shallow inland sea (i.e., Red Sea of eastern Africa) D. were numerous igneous intrusions (i.e., Sierra Nevada Range of California)

61 Cross Bedding While hiking through the canyons of southeastern Utah, you discover numerous outcrops of fine-grained sandstone containing evidence of small cross-beds (< 1 meter). You conclude that during the time period represented by the rocks, there in the area that you are now standing in. A. was violent volcanic activity (i.e., Cascade Range of the northwestern United States) B. were large-scale sand dunes (i.e., Sahara Desert in Africa) C. was a tidal zone of a shallow inland sea (i.e., Red Sea of eastern Africa) D. were numerous igneous intrusions (i.e., Sierra Nevada Range of California)

62 Cross Bedding What type of paleo-environmental evidence can be revealed from cross-bedding features preserved in a rock outcrop? A. the primary direction of past water/wind movement B. the speed of past water/wind movement C. a sense of the climatic conditions present in the past D. all of these E. none of these

63 Cross Bedding What type of paleo-environmental evidence can be revealed from cross-bedding features preserved in a rock outcrop? A. the primary direction of past water/wind movement B. the speed of past water/wind movement C. a sense of the climatic conditions present in the past D. all of these E. none of these

64 Cross Bedding Cross-bedding is associated with which of the following rock types? A. limestone B. granite C. sandstone D. schist

65 Cross Bedding Cross-bedding is associated with which of the following rock types? A. limestone B. granite C. sandstone D. schist

66 Carbonate Platform Which of the following rock types forms as a result of the accumulation of calcium carbonate-rich sediments in shallow ocean basins? A. sandstone B. granite C. slate D. limestone

67 Carbonate Platform Which of the following rock types forms as a result of the accumulation of calcium carbonate-rich sediments in shallow ocean basins? A. sandstone B. granite C. slate D. limestone

68 Carbonate Platform Carbonate platforms are most often found on continental shelves near the: A. poles B. equator C. artic circle D. mid-ocean ridges

69 Carbonate Platform Carbonate platforms are most often found on continental shelves near the: A. poles B. equator C. artic circle D. mid-ocean ridges

70 Carbonate Platform Large carbonate platforms like the Bahamas islands in the Caribbean grow vertically in response to: A. increased solar insulation B. reduced wave action at the ocean surface C. rising sea-levels D. reduced biological productivity

71 Carbonate Platform Large carbonate platforms like the Bahamas islands in the Caribbean grow vertically in response to: A. increased solar insulation B. reduced wave action at the ocean surface C. rising sea-levels D. reduced biological productivity

72 Carbonate Platform Foraminifera, coral, and mollusks all secrete for protection. A. SiO 2 B. Fe 2 O 3 C. CaCO 3 D. CO 2

73 Carbonate Platform Foraminifera, coral, and mollusks all secrete for protection. A. SiO 2 B. Fe 2 O 3 C. CaCO 3 D. CO 2

74 Carbonate Platform Which of the following is critical to the growth of coral reefs? A. sunlight B. warm ocean waters C. relatively calm seas D. all of these E. none of these

75 Carbonate Platform Which of the following is critical to the growth of coral reefs? A. sunlight B. warm ocean waters C. relatively calm seas D. all of these E. none of these

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