Big picture on feasibility of geologic carbon storage in India

Transcription

1 Big picture on feasibility of geologic carbon storage in India Ajay Kumar Singh CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad, India Workshop on Carbon Capture, Storage and Re-Use in India IIT Bombay, Mumbai 30 September 2016

2 Contents of Presentation Who we are Introduction Potential CO 2 storage reservoirs Oil reservoirs Coal seams Saline Aquifers Basalt Formations Conclusions

3 Who We Are? CIMFR is a constituent unit of CSIR, India, an autonomous body funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. CIMFR s objectives are to provide scientific and technological inputs to mineral sector for optimization of mining technologies for better safety, economy, conservation and environmental management.

4 Contents of Presentation Who we are Introduction Potential CO 2 storage reservoirs Oil reservoirs Coal seams Saline Aquifers Basalt Formations Conclusions

5 What is CCS? CCS is a 3-step process: 1. Capturing CO 2 at source. 2. Transportation (usually pipelines) 3. Storage (Geologic storage)

6 Geologic Storage of Carbon The potential geologic storage reservoirs in India are: 1. Depleted oil & gas reservoirs/eor or EGR 2. Un-mineable coal seams 3. Deep saline aquifers 4. Basalt formations

7 Contents of Presentation Who we are Introduction Potential CO 2 storage reservoirs Oil reservoirs Coal seams Saline Aquifers Basalt Formations Conclusions

8 CO 2 Storage in depleted oil/gas reservoirs Depending on pressure of injection, it can be miscible or immiscible: Miscible CO 2 -EOR: The CO 2 mixes with the crude oil, oil swells and its viscosity is reduced. The reservoir pressure is also maintained. Extra crude oil in the reservoir to flow easily towards the production wells for its recovery. Immiscible CO 2 -EOR: When CO 2 is used to re-pressure the depleted reservoir as a sweep gas to move oil towards the production well.

9 Oil and Gas Fields in India There are three proven oil and gas fields in India: 1. Assam and the Assam-Arakan Fold Belt 2. KG and Cauvery Basins 3. Mumbai/Cambay/ Barmer/Jaisalmer basin area

10 Need for EOR Crude oil production for the year 2014 was MMT as against production of MMT in 2011, showing a decrease over the last couple of years. Only about 27 of the oil inplace is being produced economically. Natural gas production was BCM in 2014 which is 56 lower than the production of BCM in 2010

11 Indian Case study: Monitoring of thermal front in Balol oil field There is no case study available for any Indian oil field with CO 2 injection. However, thermal recovery technique (in-situ combustion) similar to CO 2 injection, has been successfully attempted. Source: Dimri V.P., Presentation, Int. Conf. CCS-2008

12 ONGC has an approved CO 2 -EOR project at Ankleshwar in Gujarat. Source of CO 2 ONGC gas processing complex at Hazira. Theoretical studies have indicated an incremental oil recovery of 5 over 35 years besides the potential to sequester 5 to 10 million tons of CO 2 CO 2 Pipeline from Hazira Plant Ankleshwar Sands S 3+4 : MMt Waterflood Recovery : 54 Envisaged Tertiary Recovery : 5-7 First row of oil Producer. To be closed after reaching GOR of 500 v/v Second row of oil Producer. To be continued on production till GOR reaches 500 v/v CO 2 Injector CO 2 moves through formation mobilizing residual oil by swelling, vaporization and reduction in residual oil saturation Source: Suresh Kumar, Abstract, IWCCS-07

13 Contents of Presentation Who we are Introduction Potential CO 2 storage reservoirs Oil reservoirs Coal seams Saline Aquifers Basalt Formations Conclusions

14 Ancient Sunlight Coal

15 Indian Coal production Indian Coal and lignite Production stood around 677 million ton in 2015 Source: Office of Coal Controller

16 Total Estimated Reserves of coal in India BT as on Source: Geological Survey of India, 2015

17 6. t p QUALITY-WISE VARIATION OF NON-COKING COAL OVER MAJOR GONDWANA COALFIELDS OF INDIA Sr nagar Chand garh Jaipur Smla New Delhi Dehradun COALFIELDS AND LIGNITE OCCURRENCES OF I N D I A km Lucknow Singrauli Tatapani Patna Gangtok Dispur Shillong Rajmahal Itanagar Kohima Imphal Gandhinagar Bhopal # 0 36 Ranchi 27 Kolkata Agartala Aizawl Superior Non-Coking Inferior Non-Coking Pench-Kanhan Sohagpur Kamptee 72 Mumbai 55 Panaji Wardha Bangalore Hyderabad Chennai Pondicherry Tiruvanantapuram Raipur Bhubaneswar Ib-River Korba Hasdo-Arand Mand-Raigarh Godavari Talcher Raniganj S.Karanpura

18 Coal - a porous rock

19 Production of CBM, What really happens?

20 Typical CBM Well in Production Water Gas

21 What about Enhanced Gas Recovery?!? Gas in Place Reservoir Pressure (psi)

22 SUBSTANTIAL RESOURCE NOT MINEABLE ~ SURFACE CONSTRAINTS, SAFETY AND TECHNOLOGICAL REASONS 21 OF NET IN-SITU PROVED RESOURCE EXTRACTABLE WITHIN PRESENT MINING TECHNOLOGY (SOURCE CMPDI, Ranchi)

23 EMERGING POSSIBILITIES OF EXPLOITING CBM and ECBM requires Characterisation of resource on chemical and petrographic parameters at exploration stage for Optimal utilisation of resource both at short and long term perspective

24 POSSIBLE AREAS FOR DEEPER (>300M) LEVEL COAL RESOURCE Eastern part of Raniganj Coalfield Western part of Ib-River & Talcher Coalfield Westcentral part of Mand-Raigarh Coalfield Central part of main basin, Singrauli Coalfield Eastern part of Birbhum-Rajmahal Coalfield Eastern part of Pench-Kanhan Coalfield central part of north Godavari Coalfield

25 GEOLOGICAL MAP OF TALCHER C F SCALE DEEPER LEVEL Quarternary deposits Laterite Kamthi Formation Barren Measures Barakar Formation Karharbari Formation Talchir Formation Metamorphics Fault

26 Intermediate & Deeper level Shahdol Anuppur

27 GEOLOGICAL MAP GEOLOGICAL OF MAP OF RAJMAHAL AND BIRBHUM COALFIELDS - BIRBHUM COALFIELDS Dighi-Dharampur area (Northern Extn. Hura Total seams 7 8 coal seams of 6 15m thick 25 20' 25 10' Kahalgaon Mahagama JHARKHAND AND WEST BENGAL 87 00' 87 10' 87 20' 87 30' 87 40' 87 50' 88 00' Bara Pirpainti RS. Sahibganj km Rajmahal RS ' 25 10' RJKS-3A 25 00' Phulberia Simra 25 00' Brahmani-Birbhum basin 24 50' southeastern part Total > 15 seams 2 4 coal seams of 5 7m thick 24 40' 24 30' 24 20' 24 10' Hansdiha Ongoing blocks Completed blocks Proposed block LEGEND Alluvium Lower Gondwanas Metamorphics Dumka Rajmahal Formation Upper Gondwanas Katikund Saldaha RAMPUR- MALLARPUR Amrapara Berhait URMA- PAHARITOLA Gopikandar CHAUDHAR- GARIAPANI SAHARPUR- JAMARPANI Fatehpur Barharwa Pakur KULKULIDANGAL- Rampurhat SITASAL BORTALA- MATHURAPUR Khargram 24 50' 24 40' 24 30' ' 24 10' III II I 87 00' 87 10' 87 20' 87 30' 87 40' 87 50' 88 00'

28 JHARIA COALFIELD Deeper level FORMATION Intrusives Raniganj Barren Measures Barakar Talchir Basement THICKNESS 725m 850m 1130m 225m -- COAL SEAMS No Thickness 22 (0.1m-4.7m) 46 (0.3m-33.0m)

29 EAST BOKARO COALFIELD Deeper level FORMATION Mahadeva Panchet Raniganj Barren Measures Barakar Talchir Basement THICKNESS 500m 600m 600m 500m 1000m 80m -- COAL SEAMS No Thickness 7 (0.4m-3.0m) 26 (0.4m-63.9m)

30 NORTH KARANPURA COALFIELD Deeper level FORMATION Mahadeva Panchet Raniganj Barren Measures Barakar Karharbari Talchir Basement THICKNESS 165m 225m 400m 385m 500m 200m 180m -- COAL SEAMS No Thickness thin bands 5 (0.5m-35.2m) 1 (0.5m-10.5m)

31 SOUTH KARANPURA COALFIELD Deeper level FORMATION Raniganj Barren Measures Barakar Talchir Basement THICKNESS 360m 385m 1050m 180m -- COAL SEAMS No Thickness 7 (0.8m-3.3m) 42 (0.5m-54.2m)

32 Comparative Adsorption of CO 2 and CH 4 Studies conducted so far supports stronger affinity of CO 2 to the coal molecule. 2 to 3 molecules of CO 2 may displace one molecule of methane It means carbon dioxide is preferentially adsorbed onto the coal structure over methane (2:1 ratio). Methane sorption capacity for Indian coals has been investigated by CIMFR. Understanding controls on CO 2 and CH 4 adsorption in coals is important for the modeling of both CO 2 sequestration and CBM production.

33 Methane adsorption Pressure kg/cm 2

34 Carbon dioxide adsorption Pressure kg/cm 2

35 Contents of Presentation Who we are Introduction Potential CO 2 storage reservoirs Oil reservoirs Coal seams Saline Aquifers Basalt Formations Conclusions

36 Saline Aquifers STATE AREA SQ.KM Punjab 3509 Haryana 9166 Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Source: Bhandari A.K., Presentation, Int. Conf. CCS-2008

37 Deep Saline Aquifers in India The Department of Science and Technology, India has conducted studies aiming at identification of deep underground saline aquifers and their suitability for CO 2 sequestration in Sedimentary basins of India namely Ganga, Rajasthan and Vindhyan basins. The Central Ground Water Board and Geological Survey of India have established the presence of saline aquifers up to depths of 300m below ground level in the Ganga basin. Deep Resistivity studies carried out at 9 sites around New Delhi have shown the presence of saline aquifers at depths of 800m and beyond, around Palwal and Tumsara. ICOSAR Bulletin, Vol. 2 Source: Bhandari A.K., Presentation, Int. Conf. CCS-2008

38 A tract of high salinity spread over an area of over 8600 km 2 occurs in the western part covering Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Agra and Mathura districts. The intercepted m thick zone saturated with brackish water within the upper Bhander sandstone of Vindhya super group occurring at depth of m bgl confined from Chattikara in the south to Chatta in the north can be a potential storage site which warrants further studies. Source: Bhandari A.K., Presentation, Int. Conf. CCS-2008

39 Contents of Presentation Who we are Introduction Potential CO 2 storage reservoirs Oil reservoirs Coal seams Saline Aquifers Basalt Formations Conclusions

40 Source: Charan S.N., et al. Presentation, Int. Conf. CCS-2008 Basalts for CO 2 storage Deccan Basalts cover an area of 500x10 3 sq. km. and form one of the largest flood eruptions in the world. The thickness of basalts varies from few hundreds of meters to > 1.5 km. Basalts provide solid cap rocks and thus high level of integrity for CO 2 storage. Basalts react with CO 2 and convert the CO 2 into the mineral carbonates that means high level of security. Intertrappeans between basalt flows provide major porosity and permeability along with vescicular, brecciated zones with in the flows. Tectonically the traps are considered to be stable. Geophysical studies have revealed presence of thick Mesozoic and Gondwana sediments below the Deccan Traps.

41 Objective: Geological CO 2 Sequestration in Basalt Formations of India: A Pilot Study Evaluation of Basalt Formations of India for environmentally safe and irreversible long time storage of CO 2. PARTNERS INDIA: National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR), India USA: Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA

42 Deccan basalts vs Columbia River basalts The most common flow type of the Deccan Trap and Columbia River Basalt is the Pahoeho sheet flows. Due to the lesser viscosity and less strain it forms large horizontal sheets. Both Deccan Flood Basalts and Columbia River Basalts are tholeiitic (cinopyroxene and plagioclase) in nature and the eruptions are of fissure type. Both are continental basalts. Columbia River Basalt is fully continental and Deccan Traps are partly continental. Both the basaltic flows have traveled as much as 300 to 500 km from their sources. Chemical composition of both the basalts are similar. The Indian study will globally establish basalt formation as a potential storage site for CO 2. Source: Charan S.N., et al. Presentation, Int. Conf. CCS-2008

43 Overview of theoretical estimates of CO2 storage capacity in India All figures are in Gigatons

44 Contents of Presentation Who we are Introduction Potential CO 2 storage reservoirs Oil reservoirs Coal seams Saline Aquifers Basalt Formations Conclusion

45 Conclusion Carbon capture and storage research offers an opportunity to mitigate global concerns about climate change and sustainable future. CO 2 storage R&D is still in early stage in India and developing cost effective technologies for CCS are the major challenges to the scientist and researchers. The environmental risks involved in the storage of CO 2 particularly in geological formations have to be evaluated in detail by monitoring and modeling in terms of long term stability. Funding mechanisms to support R&D projects for CCS have to be evaluated. 0.5 cess on power generation in the line of oil cess may be good enough to sustain the same. The cess can be operated by Energy Security Development Board, under the aegis of Ministry of Power, Government of India.

46 If every country was to spend just 2-3 of their GDP, the impact of possible global climate change could be mitigated - R.K.Pachauri, Economic Times Corp. Excellence Award for , New Delhi (29 th Oct., 2007) THANK YOU

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