Source Sink Pipeline

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1 An Overview of Carbon Storage presented by Robert J. Finley Advanced Energy Technology Initiative Illinois State Geological Survey University of Illinois USA IEA Summer School Longyearbyen, Norway August, 2010 Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium

2 So what is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)? Source Sink Pipeline Capture CO 2 at a source Compress it and put it in a pipeline Put it into a sink, or subsurface storage site

3 Storage in a Saline Reservoir Integrated Gasification Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle power plant

4 Successful Geological Storage Isolates CO 2 from the Atmosphere So what is successful storage? No CO 2 leaks to endanger man or the environment around the storage site, no migration of CO 2 where not expected, and no leaks of other subsurface fluids Storage requires capacity, injectivity, and containment which are based on characteristics of the geologic framework into which the CO 2 is injected for storage

5 Capacity Capacity indicates the mass of CO 2 that may be stored in a given volume of rock May be assessed generally over a wide area, in which case it may be called a storage resource, or locally at a site in a single rock unit, or reservoir Equates primarily to the rock property p of porosity, the fraction of pore space in a volume of rock that may store CO 2 based on fluid displacement, some part of which is accessible as effective (connected) porosity Not all pore space is accessible and not all existing pore fluids can be displaced with CO 2

6 Injectivity Injectivity represents the ease with which a fluid may be injected into the pore space of a rock Usually based on site-specific specific testing at a well or on rock samples Equates primarily to the rock property of permeability, the ease with which fluids flow through interconnected pore space (the effective porosity) At a site scale, may be affected by pore structure, mineralogy of the reservoir, and depositional or structural boundaries in the rock volume Around an injection well, may be improved by certain well treatments aimed at reducing damage that may have been caused by drilling or at enhancing connected porosity away from the injection well

7 Mt. Simon Sandstone 6,779 6,780 feet (2, m) Illinois, USA CAT Scan Image K h =43 K v = 27 Porosity = 25%

8 CO 2 Storage in Sandstone Reservoir Pore Space Pore space Pin head Sand grain

9 Containment The porosity of a reservoir provides the storage space while the permeability allows fluids to enter the reservoir pores Containing CO 2 in the reservoir is a function of a seal, or caprock, above the reservoir that t has low permeability (and typically low porosity, as well) such as a shale, low- permeability siltstone or limestone, or a bedded salt Fractures in a rock may provide CO 2 migration pathways, as may faults, surfaces on which rocks are offset The orientation ti of faults and/or fractures can often be predicted from the geologic history of a region Normal fault

10 Eau Claire Shale 5,486 5,487 feet (1, m) Illinois, USA Transgressive marine shale with Brachiopoids id

11 Shale Caprock (Reservoir Seal) Pin head No pore space visible

12 General CO 2 Injection: Reservoir and Caprock/Seal System Shale Seal Shale Seal Sandstone Reservoir

13 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Principles When water and oil do not mix they are immiscible: two fluids do not mix in all proportions at given P & T Injecting CO 2 into an oil reservoir at sufficient pressure, generally at a depth >800 m, creates a miscible (single phase) mixture (CO 2 dissolved in oil) Viscosity and surface tension reduced, volume expands

14 CO 2 EOR Oil Reservoirs Displacement Mechanisms Multicontact Miscibility CO 2 CO 2 Enriched with Intermediate t hydrocarbons Intermediate hydrocarbons Oil Low viscosity CO 2 moves through the crude oil vaporizing intermediate hydrocarbons. Eventually hydrocarbon enriched CO 2 becomes miscible with the crude oil.

15 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Injection of CO 2 or CO 2 and Water CO 2 and water may alternate Produced CO 2 is captured and reinjected Some CO 2 is retained In reservoir

16 Incremental Oil Production at Shell s Wasson Field, Denver Unit, West Texas, USA 120 Million bbls EOR Oil Data from US DOE

17 CO 2 EOR Adds Value Incremental US CO 2 EOR Production Most US projects are in West Texas and use natural CO 2 CCS objective: offset infrastructure costs by EOR and store CO 2 Data from US DOE

18 Reservoir Heterogeneity at the Citronelle Oil Field, Alabama, USA Discontinuous channel Sand-on-sand contact Data from US DOE

19 Saline Reservoir Project Synopsis A collaboration of the Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM), the Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium, Schlumberger Carbon Services, and other subcontractors plans to inject 1 million metric tons of carbon dioxide at a depth of 2,120 +/- m to test geological carbon sequestration in a saline reservoir

20 Regional Geologic Characterization Defines Area of Interest Illinois Basin, USA Cratonic basin 155,000 km 2 area Structurally complex to the south Faulting and seismicity

21 Illinois Basin Stratigraphic Column Pennsylvanian coal seams Mississippian sandstone and carbonate oil reservoirs New Albany Shale Maquoketa Shale Illinois Basin Stratigraphic Column St. Peter Sandstone Eau Claire Shale Mt. Simon Sandstone from Leetaru, 2004

22 Structure: Top of Mt. Simon Mt. Simon ranges from -120 m to a projected -4,850 meters below sea level -4,800 m -120 m CI: 100 m

23 Mt. Simon Sandstone -800 Isopach (thickness map) ADM Site Area of Buried Hills Contours in ft Miles

24 4,143 ft Core: Analyzed for Reservoir Properties and Depositional System Interpretation 8,467 ft Mt. Simon Sandstone is used dfor natural gas storage in Champaign County, IL at 1,200-1,270 m (4,000 to 4,200 ft) Mt. Simon core has been recovered from a few deep oil exploration wells, such as this sample from near Salem, IL at 2,566 m (8,467 ft) drilled in 1966

25 Braided Stream Depositional Model Adkinson et al. 1990

26 Modern Analogue to the Subsurface Brahmaputra River System

27 Drillpipe Injection Well Drilled and Cased to Access Reservoir Casing

28 Quaternary system MGSC -Illinois Basin Decatur Site ADM-CCS#1 Schematic Csg approx. 353 ft (MD) Wellbore Integrity Cypress Sd (+/- 1,600-1,700 ft MD) Csg 13 3/8 61 & 68 ppf, Fredonia Sh Series Multiple strings of (5,200-5,500 ft MD/TVD) Shale/limestone sequences steel pipe Each pipe string cemented back to surface Well logging tools can assess quality Eau Claire Shale Mt. Simon Sandstone of cement job and any corrosion of Csg 9 5/8 40 ppf, N80 & 47 ppf, 13CRL80, pipe pp 7,230 ft +/- (MD) Granite No Vertical Scale Not drawn to scale

29 Injection Basic Well Construction Injection tubing Packer Perforations shot in casing Injection tubing conveys CO 2 into the well below the packer Packer isolates injection zone Perorations connect interior of casing to reservoir (after Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary)

30 MMV-02 MMV-03 Hubbard Rd Reas Bridge Rd ( MMV-04 Air Sampling B r u s h MMV-07 C o l l e g e R d MMV-01 MMV-05 MMV-08 MMV-09 Quickbird Satellite Image, September 16, 2008 Measurement, Verification, and Accounting (MVA) Shallow ground water wells Electrical resistivity near injection well Surface soil flux chambers Atmospheric monitoring Geophysical imaging g Reservoir fluid modeling

31 MVA: Geophysics Sleipner 3D Survey from WesternGeco Baseline 3D Geophysical Survey

32 North Section Through 3D Seismic Volume South Eau Claire Eau Claire Shale Mt. Simon Porosity Granite Wash Precambrian high Continuous o reflections Inline 5991

33 High-Resolution Seismic Interpretation 3D VSP Data Possible Channel in Lower Mt. Simon Channel 100 m

34 Modeled cross section Geocellular Reservoir Modeling Plume Prediction Modeled volume Fine grid near well Brighter colors = greater CO 2 saturation courtesy Schlumberger Carbon Services

35 Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium Photo credits: Daniel Byers