Development and Implementation of a Monitoring Plan at a 1-million Tonne CCS Demonstration: Decatur, Illinois USA

Transcription

1 Development and Implementation of a Monitoring Plan at a 1-million Tonne CCS Demonstration: Decatur, Illinois USA Robert J. Finley, Principal Investigator Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium Director, Advanced Energy Technology Initiative University of Illinois, USA CSLF Rome, Italy 18 April 2013

2 The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy through the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) via the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Program (contract number DE-FC26-05NT42588) and by a cost share agreement with the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity, Office of Coal Development through the Illinois Clean Coal Institute. The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (MGSC) is a collaboration led by the geological surveys of Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky Landmark Graphics software via University Donation Program and Petrel* E&P software platform via Schlumberger Carbon Services are gratefully acknowledged *Mark of Schlumberger

3 Decatur A collaboration of the Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium, the Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM), Schlumberger Carbon Services, and other subcontractors to inject 1 million metric tons of anthropogenic carbon dioxide at a depth of 7,000 +/- ft (2,000 +/- m) to test geological carbon sequestration in a saline reservoir at a site in Decatur, IL

4 MGSC monitoring well MGSC Injection and geophone wells 1 km photo by Illinois Dept. of Transportation, 8 November 2010

5 Illinois Basin Stratigraphic Column Showing Seals and Sinks Upper Mt. Simon used extensively for natural gas storage New Albany (Seal) Mt. Simon is overlain by three thick impermeable shales and numerous thinner shale-rich strata Maquoketa (Seal) Eau Claire Shale (Seal) Mount Simon Sandstone (Sink)

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7 Line 301 Thick concrete surface creating source generated noise Caterpillar Well CCS1 L Line 17 Line 101 Electrical noise from power lines and 60Hz transformer plant Line 401 L Line 27 ADM Line 201 Road traffic noise due to tractor trailers visiting ADM plant. Plant Related Noise from ADM plant

8 T. Precambria Correlate Horizons From a well 75 km to the South B. New Albany T. Eau Claire T. Mt. Simon

9 Eau Claire Shale Upper Mt. Simon Middle Mt. Simon Lower Mt. Simon Injection Interval

10 Eau Claire Shale Upper Mt. Simon Middle Mt. Simon Lower Mt. Simon Injection Interval

11 Mount Simon Depositional Analogue: Brahmaputra River System Red = >10% φ Sand-rich but low porosity/perm layers

12 m D D E C C B B A A A Dehydration/ compression facility location B Pipeline route (1.9 km) C Injection well site D Verification/ monitoring well site E Geophone well

13 IBDP fully operational 24/7 IBDP is the first 1 million tonne carbon capture and storage project from a biofuel facility in the US Injection through fall 2014 Intensive post-injection monitoring under MGSC through fall 2017 Cumulative Injection (15 April 2013): 453,144 tonnes

14 IBDP Environmental Monitoring Framework Near Surface Deep Subsurface Atmosphere Soil/vadose zone Shallow groundwater Above seal Injection zone Eddy covariance Meteorological conditions Ambient CO 2 for HHS CIR aerial imagery InSAR and GPS Soil gases Soil CO 2 flux Geophysical surveys Geochemical sampling Geophysical surveys Geochemical sampling Geophysical surveys Geochemical sampling Tunable diode laser for CO 2 Tunable diode laser for CO 2 P/T monitoring P/T monitoring P/T monitoring

15 17 groundwater wells, 4 permitrequired 110 soil flux rings 21 InSAR reflectors 1 air monitoring site

16 Installed 17 wells at 11 locations between Fall 2008 and Spring 2010 Well depths: 30 to 300 feet (9 to 91m) Monthly sampling began in March 2009 Analyzed for anions, cations, alkalinity, TDS, NH 3, C and O isotopes, TOC, and TIC

17 Chloride and Sodium (mg/l) Alkalinity, Sodium, and Chloride Pre-injection Injection Alkalinity (mg/l) Well G104 Note injection period data are generally consistent with preinjection data Chloride decreasing 300 Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Apr-11 May-11 Jun-11 Jul-11 Aug-11 Sep-11 Oct-11 Nov-11 Dec-11 Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 0 Alkalinity Chloride Sodium

18 Network of 100+ rings Ecosystem flux estimation, atmospheric modeling, and leak detection Weekly point data collection began Summer minute data from multiplexer to define diurnal variability CO2 Flux ( µ mol m -2 s -1 ) and Temperature ( F, scaled 1/4) Bare Ring Natural Ring Daily Average Temp 30 per. Mov. Avg. (Daily Precipitation) Precipitation ( in.) Date

19 Detail View Figure Source: Daniel Byers (ISGS)

20 Quarterly data collection began Summer to 30 cm depth 46 to 61 cm depth Analyzed for CO 2, N 2, Ar + O 2, light hydrocarbons (C 1 to C 6 ), δ 13 C CO2,and 14 C δ 13 C CO2 ( 0 / 00 ) to 122 cm depth -25 Biogenic activity consumes O 2 and generally CO 2 concentrations increase with depth CO 2 concentration (%) Range of δ 13 C CO2 in soil: -10 to -25 per mil Distinct signatures of soil CO 2 and source CO 2

21 Satellite interferometry No atmospheric releases No surface deformation as of August 2012 with about 250,000 tonnes injected Eddy covariance air monitoring

22 IBDP Environmental Monitoring Framework Near Surface Deep Subsurface Atmosphere Soil/vadose zone Shallow groundwater Above seal Injection zone Eddy covariance Meteorological conditions Ambient CO 2 for HHS CIR aerial imagery InSAR and GPS Soil gases Soil CO 2 flux Geophysical surveys Geochemical sampling Geophysical surveys Geochemical sampling Geophysical surveys Geochemical sampling Tunable diode laser for CO 2 Tunable diode laser for CO 2 P/T monitoring P/T monitoring P/T monitoring

23 6,800 6,900 Top of CO 2 RST* reservoir saturation tool Log 7,000 7,100 Injection Perforations *Mark of Schlumberger Logged March 1, 2012 with ~75,000 tonnes metric tons injected from Schlumberger Carbon Services

24 Geophone in special carrier strapped to 3.5 inch (8.9 cm) tubing 3,500 ft (1,060 m) well with 31 geophones cemented into uncased hole on tubing string Injection Well

25 Nine Sampling Levels In the Mount Simon Sandstone November 2010 Two Sampling Levels Above the Eau Claire Shale Two Fluid Sample Sets Collected Preinjection P port sampling port Westbay multilevel groundwater characterization and monitoring system is a mark of Schlumberger

26 June-August 2011

27 Constituent Shallow Groundwater Ironton- Galesville Mt. Simon (injection formation) Conductivity (ms/cm) TDS (mg/l) 1,000 65, ,000 Shallow groundwater (16 well average) Cl - (mg/l) , ,000 Br - (mg/l) Alkalinity (mg/l) Na + (mg/l) ,200 50,000 Ca 2+ (mg/l) 100 5,200 19,000 K + (mg/l) ,700 Ironton-Galesville (2 zone average; swab only) Mt. Simon (9 zone average) Mg 2+ (mg/l) ,800 ph (units)

28 3 2 1 Westbay Zones CO 2 in Reservoir Westbay Zones 2 and 3 equivalent to lower and upper perforations, respectively from Schlumberger Carbon Services

29 Ideal design Case of shots in permitted areas only. Receiver locations relatively unrestricted Ideal design with planned offsets Final design Access to known permitted areas only. Acquired data

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31 from Leetaru, ISGS Valley eroded into Precambrian Precambrian structural high

32 Top of Mount Simon Structure 2D in Time Base Mount Simon Structure from Leetaru, ISGS 3D in Depth (ft)

33 March x 32 km Eclipse* reservoir model ~ 3 million grid cells variable cell dimensions *Mark of Schlumberger from Schlumberger Carbon Serv

34 2014 from Schlumberger Carbon Serv

35 From Schlumberger Carbon Services 24 levels of the 3-Component geophones are collecting microseismic data. Active Levels are 8 to 31. Inactive, are levels 1 to 7, not shown Verification Well #1 Geophysical Well #1 With OYO 3C geophones Ground Level Two of the 4-Component geophones are within the Mt. Simon, the third is positioned above the caprock (Eau Claire Shale). Perforation Zone Within the Mt. Simon ADM CCS #1 (Injection well) With PS3 OYO 4C geophones TD= 7236 feet MD St. Peter Sandstone Top of the Mt. Simon Sandstone Granite Wash (Base of the Mt. Simon) 35

36 Preliminary Analysis Injection Well with Sensors Four component geophones deployed in injection well adequate to monitor activity Microseismic events clustered mainly in four groups NW of verification well Events predominately in minus 0.5 to minus 2.0 magnitude Event clusters elongated roughly parallel to basinal σ 1 direction from Schlumberger Carbon Services

37 from Schlumberger Carbon Services

38 From Schlumberger Carbon Services

39 Verification Well Monitoring Data (to 24 March 2013) 11 bar (162 psi) Z4: 2.6 bar (38 psi) 33 m Z6: 1 bar(14 psi) 96 m

40 Mount Simon Sandstone reservoir is accepting CO 2 more easily than expected resulting in quicker detection at verification well Upward plume growth limited by reservoir permeability stratification, as modeled, and confirmed by pressure observations Resulting plume believed thinner than expected and was not definitively detected with a 3D vertical seismic profile at 75,000 tonnes cumulative injection in March 2012; new survey shot in 4-5 April 2013 Mt. Simon 200,000 ppm brine is more corrosive than expected, leading to corrosion of verification well cabling and need to replace corrosion inhibitor in well sooner than expected With 453,000+ tonnes injected, CO 2 remains in lowermost Mt. Simon; internal reservoir heterogeneity affecting CO 2 distribution

41 Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium Photo credits: Daniel Byers