The Illinois Basin Decatur Project Decatur, Illinois USA: Overview and Impacts. Sallie E. Greenberg

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1 The Illinois Basin Decatur Project Decatur, Illinois USA: Overview and Impacts Sallie E. Greenberg Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium SECARB Annual Meeting 12 March 2015

2 Acknowledgements The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy through the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) via the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Program (contract number DE-FC26-05NT42588) and by a cost share agreement with the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity, Office of Coal Development through the Illinois Clean Coal Institute. The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (MGSC) is a collaboration led by the geological surveys of Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky, USA Landmark Graphics software via University Donation Program and Petrel* E&P software platform via Schlumberger Carbon Services are gratefully acknowledged *Mark of Schlumberger

3 Illinois Basin Decatur Project Scope A collaboration of the Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium, the Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM), Schlumberger Carbon Services, and other subcontractors to inject 1 million metric tons of anthropogenic carbon dioxide at a depth of 7,000 +/- ft (2,000 +/- m) to test geological carbon sequestration in a saline reservoir at a site in Decatur, IL

4 Operational Injection: 17 November 2011 IBDP fully operational 24/7 IBDP is the first 1 million tonne carbon capture and storage project from a biofuel facility in the US Injection through November 2014 Intensive post-injection monitoring under MGSC through fall 2017 Total Injection (26 November 2014 ): 999, 215 tonnes

5 D m E C C D Illinois Basin Decatur Project Site (on ADM industrial site) B B A A A Dehydration/ compression facility location B Pipeline route (1.9 km) C Injection well site D Verification/ monitoring well site E Geophone well

6 Pennsylvanian coal seams Illinois Basin Stratigraphic Column New Albany Shale back-up seals Maquoketa Shale Mount Simon Storage Capacity: 11 (E=0.4%) to 150 (E=5.5%) billion metric tons St. Peter Sandstone Eau Claire Shale seal Mt. Simon Sandstone reservoir

7 6,500 ft 2,000 m 6,365 ft (1,929 m) 10% Porosity Cutoff Injection Well Completion ,000 ft Pre-Mt. Simon Granite Perforations: 6,985-7,015; 7,025-7, ft (16.7 m) open interval Base of Mount Simon

8 Outcome: We Better Understand Depositional and Diagenetic History of a Major Storage Resource At 500 m in total thickness at Decatur, the Mount Simon Sandstone has been shown to be a substantial storage resource meeting criteria of injectability and storage capacity Storage capacity of 11 (P 90 ) to 150 (P 10 ) billion metric tons have been assessed for the entire Illinois Basin Intervals of tens of meters of exceptional reservoir quality in the Lower Mount Simon show a combination of primary and secondary porosity in a sand-rich fluvial system Original depositional units are well-connected as flow units based on pressure response in the injection and verification wells

9 Lower Mt. Simon Fluvial Deposits Braid Plain and alluvial fan deposits; poorly to mod. sorted, cross-bedded sandstone to pebble conglomerate. Porosity up to 30% and 500mD permeability Fluvial flood plain and playa deposits; planar and ripple laminated mudstones and siltstones. Tight and impermeable 1m m from Freiburg, ISGS

10 Mount Simon Depositional Analogue: Brahmaputra River System

11 3D Seismic Defines Reservoir Eroded Precambrian surface from Leetaru, ISGS

12 CCS 1 VW 1 CCS 2 VW 2 Seismic section with porosity displayed Pre Mt. Simon Surface Structure on Precambrian North

13 Outcome: We Better Understand Reservoir Fluid Distribution and Impacts of Heterogeneity on Pressure Pulsed neutron logs (Schlumberger RST* Log) help estimate the depth, thickness and saturation of CO 2 around injection and verification wells and arrival time at verification well CO 2 reached verification well in March 2012 in Zone 3 and July 2012 in Zone 2, much sooner than expected Revised reservoir simulation, including permeability distribution, was calibrated to CO 2 arrival at VW1 Pressure distribution in lower Mt. Simon shows rapid in-zone response to injection variations

14 Monitoring/Verification Well Data Collection Cored 110 m (360 ft) of Lower Mount Simon Drilled November

15 Repeat Pulsed Neutron* Logging has Defined CO 2 Distribution at the Injection and Observation Wells CCS1 VW1 Pre-injection Five post-injection logging runs: March, July, and November 2012; July 2013; July 2014 *Schlumberger Reservoir Saturation Tool (RST)

16 Westbay* Pressure Monitoring Output Injection zone Increase: 144 psi ( 9.9 bar) Zone 5 increase: 21 psi (1.5 bar) 263 ft (80.2 m) above

17 Mudstone Baffle Between Injection Zones VW1 1 mm Zone 5 6,863-6, Porosity: 1.5% K v : <0.01 md K h : 4.13 md in siltstone laminae Baffle ICCS Injection Zone 10 cm IBDP Injection Zone 1 mm

18 Geophone in special carrier strapped to 3.5 inch (8.9 cm) tubing Geophone Well Completed November ,500 ft (1,060 m) well with 31 geophones cemented into uncased hole on tubing string Vertical Seismic Profile Injection Well

19 Three 3D Vertical Seismic Profiles Acquired 3D VSP Survey Name Survey Date Ground Conditions Vibrator Sweep Repeated Shots Volume of CO 2 Injected Baseline 1 (B1) January 2010 Wet Hz Baseline 2 (B2) April 2011 Dry Hz 0 Monitor 1 (M1) February 2012 Frozen dry Hz 467 ~74,000 tonnes Monitor 2 (M2) April 2013 Damp Hz 385 ~433,000 tonnes Monitor 3 (M3) February 2014 Frozen Hz 384 ~730,000 tonnes from Schlumberger Carbon Services

20 Outcome: Microseismic Activity has Supported Insight into Reservoir Pressure Distribution Microseismic activity started only after injection began at site Clusters north of injection well first to occur and lie over Precambrian topography that may have localized planes of weakness due to compaction Cluster orientation consistent with northeast principal stress direction No pre-existing fault planes seen in 3D seismic Timing of events ties to pressure propagation Most events are in the pre-mt. Simon and Precambrian basement; none are above the lower Mt. Simon

21 Microseismic Events Began in January 2012 June-August 2013: average 89 located events/month Mean moment magnitude = Max. event for three months: Recent max event = in September 2013 December 2014: - Peak frequency at Peak MM at from Schlumberger Carbon Services 21

22 Microseismic Cluster Activity: Cluster Locations in Relation to Surface Features VW2 from Schlumberger Carbon Services 22

23 Microseismic Cluster Activity: Relationship to Basement Structure Grayed locations are in the Precambrian from Schlumberger Carbon Services

24 Microseismic events in relation to stratigraphy Majority of events are in the pre Mt Simon and Precambrian from Schlumberger Carbon Services

25 25 General Trends in Activity: Moment Magnitudes vs. Time from Schlumberger Carbon Services

26 Fault Size (m) Zoback M D, Gorelick S M PNAS 2012;109:

27 Pre-Mt. Simon Sandstone 1000 µm Unconformable contact with Mt. Simon Sandstones and pebble conglomerates. Porosity <8% and perm. <1md. Bioturbation throughout suggesting marine environment and dating Pre-Mt. Simon at Cambrian from Freiburg, ISGS

28 Precambrian Basement Upper Basement is Rhyolite Distinct Weathering Profile. Fractured Dated at 1.45 Ga from Freiburg, ISGS 500 µm

29 Reservoir Simulation Development Reservoir Model: ECLIPSE* reservoir simulation software mile (32 x 32 km)coverage ~ 3M Cells, Cell Horizontal Dimensions are from 5 ft and 50 ft at wells to 1500 ft at the model boundaries Cell Vertical Dimensions from 3 ft to 30 ft (1 to 10 m) Infinite acting boundary conditions *Mark of Schlumberger Reservoir Model Static Model from Schlumberger Carbon Services

30 Cluster Development in Relation to Pressure Plume January 2012 Gas Saturation VW2 CCS2 50 psi front 100 psi front 150 psi front 200 psi front 1,515 m 5,000 ft from Schlumberger Carbon Services S1. No Flow Barriers

31 Cluster Development in Relation to Pressure Plume June 2012 Gas Saturation VW2 CCS2 50 psi front 100 psi front 150 psi front 200 psi front 1,515 m 5,000 ft from Schlumberger Carbon Services S1. No Flow Barriers

32 Cluster Development in Relation to Pressure Plume January 2013 Gas Saturation VW2 CCS2 50 psi front 100 psi front 150 psi front 200 psi front Injector 1,515 m 5,000 ft from Schlumberger Carbon Services S1. No Flow Barriers

33 IBDP Modeled Plume Configuration January psi front (3.45 bar) 100 psi front (6.9 bar) 150 psi front (10.4 bar) 200 psi front (13.8 bar) 5,000 ft 1,515 m S1. No No-flow Boundaries

34 Outcome: We Have Learned a lot about what Resonates with the Public Began engagement early Made engagement a priority Integrated engagement into all aspects of project management Made sufficient investment in time and resources Sought to understand community Consulted community Created, evaluated, and refined communications plan Monitored and adapted as needed from Greenberg, ISGS

35 Key Operational Results IBDP at Completion of Injection Mount Simon Sandstone reservoir is accepting CO 2 more easily than expected resulting in quicker detection at verification well Upward plume growth limited by reservoir permeability stratification, as modeled, and confirmed by pressure observations Resulting plume believed thinner than expected and was not detected with a 3D vertical seismic profile until April 2013 Mt. Simon 200,000 ppm brine is more corrosive than expected With >999,200 tonnes injected, CO 2 remains in lowermost Mt. Simon; internal reservoir heterogeneity affecting CO 2 distribution No CO 2 leakage or adverse impacts detected to date

36 North ~800 meters VW2 GM2 Illinois Industrial Carbon Capture & Storage (ICCS) Project CCS2 Class VI permit issued Sept 24, 2014 VW1 GM1 CCS1 IBDP Wells (series 1) and ICCS wells (series 2) at ADM in Decatur, Illinois

37 Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium Photo credits: Daniel Byers

38 VW1 Pulsed Neutron Log Clearly Defines CO2 in Sampling Zones Equivalent to Injection Perforations *Schlumberger Reservoir Saturation Tool (RST)

39 3D Image of Surfaces used in the Velocity Model Used second check shot survey in VW2 well Strong reflectors from the Cambrian into the Mississippian