CO 2 Storage Potential in the Mt Simon Sandstone, Western Kentucky. Rick Bowersox January 22, 2008

Transcription

1 CO 2 Storage Potential in the Mt Simon Sandstone, Western Kentucky Rick Bowersox January 22, 2008

2 Presentation Outline Overview of Western Kentucky geology Review of CO 2 storage reservoir issues in western Kentucky Geology of the Mt Simon Sandstone Some issues with the Mt Simon Sandstone as a CO 2 storage reservoir in western Kentucky Alternative CO 2 storage reservoirs in western Kentucky

3 Rough Creek Fault System Northern Area of Interest Rough Creek Graben Pennyrile Fault System Southern Area of Interest Western Kentucky Coal Field Our site evaluation needs to consider that there are at least three distinct geologic areas of interest in and adjacent to the Western Kentucky Coal Field.

4 Depth to the Precambrian basement Western Kentucky Coal Field There are major differences in depths to potential CO 2 storage reservoirs in the project area.

5 System Ordovician Series Upper? Middle Rock units Maquoketa Gp Plattin Fm Pecatonica Fm Black River Gp (High Bridge Gp) Joachim Dol Wells Creek-Dutchtown Fm St. Peter Ss Lexington Ls Western Kentucky Stratigraphic Units with CO 2 Storage Potential Lower Beekmantown Fm Copper Ridge Dol. Gunter Ss Knox Gp. Potential CO 2 sinks/ reservoirs Caprockcontainment interval Cambrian Upper? Middle Lower Eau Claire Fm Mount Simon Ss? Unconformity Sink or seal (depends on location) Metamorphic and igneous rocks (mostly seal) Proterozoic Granite-Rhyolite Complex

6 CO 2 Storage Issues Seal Fault Old Wellbore Migration IPCC (2005)

7 System Ordovician Series Upper? Middle Rock units Maquoketa Gp Plattin Fm Pecatonica Fm Black River Gp (High Bridge Gp) Joachim Dol Wells Creek-Dutchtown Fm St. Peter Ss Lexington Ls Western Kentucky Stratigraphic Units with Reservoir Seal Potential Lower Beekmantown Fm Copper Ridge Dol. Gunter Ss Knox Gp. Potential CO 2 sinks/ reservoirs Caprock seal containment interval Cambrian Upper? Middle Lower Eau Claire Fm Mount Simon Ss? Unconformity Sink or seal (depends on location) Metamorphic and igneous rocks (mostly seal) Proterozoic Granite-Rhyolite Complex

8 Fault Proximity Issues Well depths (ft) 2,500-4,000 4,000-5,000 5,000-6,000 6,000-8,000 >8,000 Faults and deep wells Rough Creek Fault System Faults Pennyrile Fault System Western Kentucky Coal Field Faults can act as both storage reservoir seals and pathways for CO 2 leakage to shallower intervals and the surface.

9 Old Well Bore Issues Well depths (ft) 2,500-4,000 4,000-5,000 5,000-6,000 6,000-8,000 >8,000 Existing wells >2,500 ft Faults Western Kentucky Coal Field Old well bores with inadequate abandonment are a potential leakage pathway to the surface.

10 Geology of the Mt Simon Sandstone Wickstrom et al (2003) MIDCARB The Mt. Simon Sandstone is the deep saline reservoir being targeted for CO 2 storage in much of the Midwest. It is deepest in the subsurface and thinnest in western Kentucky.

11 Inferred Transport of the Mt Simon and Lamotte Sandstones in the Illinois Basin and adjacent regions. (Ojakangas, 1963, Fig. 9)

12 Mount Simon Sandstone Reservoir A C B A Original quartz grain B Quartz overgrowth C Porosity (blue) Western Kentucky Makowitz and Milliken (2003, Fig. 2) Quartz-overgrowth cement forms in sandstones at temperatures > C (>200 F). (Bjørlykke and Egeberg, 1993) Makowitz et al. (2006, Fig. 5)

13 Porosity development in the Mt Simon Sandstone. (Hoholick et al., 1984)

14 CO 2 Core Flood Tests O Connor and Rush (2005)

15 Mount Simon Sandstone Reservoir Q 100 µm O Kersting (1982, Fig. C-2) Cutting at 6660 ft from Allied Chemical well #1 Fee, Vermillion County, Illinois. Quartz grains (Q) with euhedral quartz overgrowth (O). Quartz grains are rimmed with secondary hematite cement. Dark areas between grains is smectitic clay-lined porosity. Data from wells drilled in deeper portions of the Illinois Basin indicate that cements in the Mt. Simon Sandstone are quartz and potassium feldspar overgrowths with lesser hematite, kaolinite, chlorite, chert, and carbonate (Metarko, 1980; Hoholick et al, 1984; Makowitz and Milliken, 2003; Makowitz, 2004; Kunledare, 2005).

16 >-14,000-13,000 to -13,999-12,000 to -12,999-11,000 to -11,999-10,000 to -10,999-9,000 to -9,999-8,000 to -8,999-7,000 to -7,999-6,000 to -6,999-5,000 to -5,999-4,000 to -4,999 <-4000 Mt. Simon structure Well Fault Miles..... CALDWELL Western Kentucky Coal Field Sea level datum However in the vicinity of the Western Kentucky Coal Field the Mt Simon Sandstone is at a depth that reduces its potential for CO 2 storage.

17 Mt. Simon Sandstone thickness > 800 ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft Well data Miles..... Western Kentucky Coal Field The Mt Simon Sandstone occurs north of the Rough Creek Graben and generally north of the Western Kentucky Coal Field. The thickest potential CO2 storage reservoir in the Mt Simon Sandstone is also where it is at its greatest depth.

18 GR - Caliper Depth (ft) The Exxon Jimmy Bell #1 Bulk Density well was drilled on the northern margin of the Rough Creek Graben in Webster County. It encountered 750 ft of low porosity Mt Simon Sandstone at a depth of 13, 490 ft immediately above granitic basement rocks Location

19 Exxon Jimmy Bell #1 100 µm A Q C Cutting from 13,700 ft shows quartz grains (Q) with concave contacts due to pressure dissolution at grain boundaries rimmed with smectitic clays (C). Authigenic apatite crystals (A) grew between quartz grains. Kersting (1982, Fig. C-12) 100 µm Cutting from 14,220 ft shows microquartz (M) filling the pores between quartz grains (Q). Q M Kersting, (1982, Fig. C-7)

20 CAL 5 15 GR Depth (ft) KY OPERATING, INC 1 RIORDAN, TRUMAN D TD : 8, NPHI RHOB 3 <10.8 km> Depth (ft) <13.9 KM> CAL 5 15 GR K II, INC 1 BROOKS, J H TD : 8, CNC RHOB 3 Sandstone Top of Mt. Simon datum CAL 5 15 GR Depth (ft) KENTUCKY OPERATING MW, LLC 1 SHERRARD, VIRGINIA TD : 7,093 RHOB 2 3 Mt. Simon Three shallower tests of Mt. Simon Sandstone drilled just east of the coal field suggest limited reservoir potential. Location

21 CALI 5 15 GR Depth 2000 Core 2 Core 3 Core 4 Core 5 DT SNP RHOB 2 3 Beekmantown Mt. Simon DuPont #1 WDW Mt Simon Sandstone test Location Core 6 Core 7 Core 8 Core 9 Core 10 Knox Group Core 11 Core 12 Core Core 15 Copper Ridge Dol. Eau Claire Mt. Simon Core 16 Precambrian Basement The DuPont #1 WDW injection well was drilled near Louisville and encountered 761 ft of Mt Simon Sandstone at a depth of 5193 ft. After testing, the Mt Simon was abandoned and the well recompleted on injection in the Knox Limestone.

22 DuPont #1 WDW Although a core from this well showed low porosities averaging 5.5%, analysis of electric logs suggests that there was ~150 ft of Mt Simon Sandstone with porosity >10% in the well. There is also evidence suggesting that the Mt Simon Sandstone reservoir was damaged by fresh water injection during testing. DuPont #1 WDW, Louisville, KY, ~5730 ft

23 Minimum Criteria for a CO 2 Storage Zone Base of the sealing interval 2500 ft Sufficient lithostatic pressure to ensure CO 2 remains in a supercritical state at 1070 psia and 88 F Sufficient sealing strata overlying the storage zone to mitigate the possibility of leakage to shallower intervals and the surface Porous and permeable storage zone Storage capacity of supercritical CO 2 ~10,000 T/Ac-ft for each incremental percent porosity Greater porosity and permeability at shallower depths allow lower injection pressures and costs Remote from geologic and man-made features that might compromise the integrity of the storage reservoir Faults and fractured intervals Mine shafts Buildings

24 Mt Simon Sandstone Reservoir Depth and Pressure

25 Mt Simon Sandstone Porosity Porosity (%) DuPont WDW #1 Depth (ft) Potential CO 2 Storage Interval Data sources (828 samples): Metarko (1980; 89 samples) Shebl (1985; 9 samples) Makowitz (2004; 27 samples) Kunledare (2005; 690 samples) DuPont #1 WDW (13 samples) Exxon Jimmy Bell #1 Makowitz and Milliken (2003, Fig. 10A)

26 Western Kentucky Reservoir Temperature CO 2 Solubility versus Pressure/Temperature MIDCARB The western Kentucky geothermal gradient is ~1 F/100 ft of depth (36 measurements). In the prospective range of the CO2 storage reservoir the temperature will be ~ F.

27 Western Kentucky Reservoirs P-T Trend Western Kentucky Reservoirs Trend

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29 Water in the Mt Simon Sandstone reservoir of western Kentucky is extremely high salinity, about six times that of sea water. DuPont #1 WDW CO 2 Solubility versus Salinity MIDCARB Metarko (1980, Fig. 10)

30 Mt Simon Sandstone Reservoir Well depths (ft) 2,500-4,000 4,000-5,000 5,000-6,000 6,000-8,000 >8,000 Existing wells >2,500 ft Faults Western Kentucky Coal Field The Mt Simon Sandstone reservoir is in an area of considerable faulting and existing oil field development

31 Alternative Storage Possibilities Strata outside of the Rough Creek Graben Knox Group carbonate reservoirs St Peter Sandstone High Bridge Group carbonate reservoirs Potential for re-entering, deepening, and sampling abandoned exploratory wells Strata inside the Rough Creek Graben Central to the Western Kentucky Coal Field Few deep tests Unknown reservoir characteristics Potential for re-entering, deepening, and sampling abandoned exploratory wells

32 Rough Creek Fault System Northern Area of Interest Rough Creek Graben Pennyrile Fault System Southern Area of Interest Western Kentucky Coal Field There are at least three distinct geologic areas of interest in and adjacent to the Western Kentucky Coal Field with potential CO 2 storage reservoirs.

33 System Ordovician Series Upper? Middle Rock units Maquoketa Gp Plattin Fm Pecatonica Fm Black River Gp (High Bridge Gp) Joachim Dol Wells Creek-Dutchtown Fm St. Peter Ss Lexington Ls Western Kentucky Stratigraphic Units with CO 2 Storage Potential Lower Beekmantown Fm Copper Ridge Dol. Gunter Ss Knox Gp. Potential CO 2 sinks/ reservoirs Caprockcontainment interval Cambrian Upper? Middle Lower Eau Claire Fm Mount Simon Ss? Unconformity Sink or seal (depends on location) Metamorphic and igneous rocks (mostly seal) Proterozoic Granite-Rhyolite Complex

34 Rough Creek Graben Har-Ken Peabody Coal #14 TD 6700 Surface 10,000 20,000 Bertagne and Leising (1991, Fig. 15-8) with annotation

35 St Peter Sandstone St. Peter Sandstone is dominantly a fine-grained quartz sandstone with shale and carbonate interbeds. Cements are carbonates, authigenic anhydrite, and silica (Hoholick, 1980; Hoholick et al., 1984)

36 Knox Group Carbonates Algal vugular porosity Dissolution and brecciation porosity Fracture porosity All cores are from the DuPont #1 WDW, Louisville, Kentucky

37 Re-entry Candidate Har-Ken well Peabody Coal #14 Muhlenberg County Drilled to 6700 ft in March inch conductor pipe at 30 ft 10¾ inch casing cemented at 184 ft 7 7 /8 inch hole drilled to TD Nine intervals tested by open hole DST ft Plugged and abandoned in April 1985 Casing cut off 3 ft below surface Cement plug 3-80 ft Mud ft Cement plug ft Mud ft Cement plug ft Mud ft TD

38 Conclusions There are several potential storage issues to address when choosing a CO2 storage test site The Mt Simon Sandstone is a potential candidate as a storage reservoir but is not the only one There are many deeper abandoned exploratory wells in the Western Kentucky Coal Field to review for re-entry and testing of CO 2 storage potential in reservoirs other than the Mt Simon Sandstone

39 Conclusions Now what is the message there? The message is that there are known knowns. There are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. That is to say, there are things that we now know we don't know. But there are also unknown unknowns. There are things we don't know we don't know. So when we do the best we can, we pull all this information together and we then say, Well that's basically what we see as the situation, that is really only the known knowns and the known unknowns. And each year, we discover a few more of those unknown unknowns. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, Press Conference at NATO Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium, June 6, 2002

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