11/22/2010. Groundwater in Unconsolidated Deposits. Alluvial (fluvial) deposits. - consist of gravel, sand, silt and clay
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1 Groundwater in Unconsolidated Deposits Alluvial (fluvial) deposits - consist of gravel, sand, silt and clay - laid down by physical processes in rivers and flood plains - major sources for water supplies - quite heterogeneous K can vary 2-5 orders typically horizontal K > vertical K Sand Poorly sorted gravel, sand and silt Former hydro student Diana Sturm taking sediment samples from a dewatered alluvial aquifer Clay Braided-river environment More coarse-grained materials in sediments due to higher gradients Buried alluvial aquifer at Dayton, Ohio Excellent aquifers associated with buried channels and valleys Meandering-river environment Finer (silty and clayey) sediments more abundant Lower hydraulic conductivity 1
2 Facies models as a tool to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of aquifer materials Depositional model for braided river deposits Glacial deposits - Glacial tills and outwash - Tills form some of the most extensive shallow aquifers - Outwash, clean sands, sources for excellent aquifers Complex glacial stratigraphy in the Mesabi Iron Range, Minnesota. Sand and gravel and glaciofluvial sediments are potential aquifers (Winter, 1973). 2
3 Groundwater in Sedimentary Rocks Sandstone - 25% of sedimentary rock of the world is sandstone - major sources of potable water - often interbedded with shale (confining bed) Thin layers of light and dark coloured mudstone and sandstone Carbonate Rock - limestone and, to a less extent, dolomite are soluble in mildly acidic water - extremely irregular - secondary porosity and permeability important - tracer tests dye tracing is the primary means of field investigations 2 CaCO3 H 2O Ca HCO3 OH Groundwater flow in karst terrains - forming subsurface drainage systems - Darcy s law and flow equations for porous media may not be applicable 3
4 Karst Dissolution cavities Caves Sink holes Sinking streams Sinkholes Springs 4
5 Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks - Very low K, often considered impermeable boundaries for aquifers of unconsolidated deposits or sedimentary rocks - Flow occurs mostly in fractures; erratic, but can be significant source of water supplies Water between Gravels (porous aquifer) Water through fractures (fractured aquifer) Two approaches to study flow in fractured rocks (a) equivalent porous media, treating fractured rocks as equivalent to porous media; an averaging concept, applicable for large scale studies (b) fracture networks, considering flow along individual fractures; difficult to apply in the field, but may be required for small scale studies From: Phases of Groundwater Development Exploration Search for suitable aquifers Methods for exploration 1) surface geological 2) subsurface geological 3) surface geophysical 4) subsurface geophysical 5) monitoring wells and piezometers 6) remote sensing Evaluation Flow systems, aquifer parameters,... Exploitation Groundwater management 5
6 Groundwater Yield Well Yield Maximum pumping rate that can be supplied by a well without lowering the water level in the well below the pumping intake Aquifer Yield Maximum rate of withdrawal that can be sustained by an aquifer without causing an unacceptable decline in hydraulic head in the aquifer Basin Yield Maximum rate of withdrawal that can be sustained by the complete hydrogeologic system in a groundwater basin without causing unacceptable declines in hydraulic head in the system or causing changes to any other component of the hydrologic cycle in the basin. Safe Yield of A Groundwater Basin Definition Amount of water that can be withdrawn from the groundwater basin annually without producing undesirable results such as 1) depletion of the groundwater resources 2) intrusion of water of undesired quality 3) contravention of existing water rights 4) deterioration of the economic advantage of pumpingp Determination 1) It s incorrect to equate safe yield with annual groundwater recharge because major groundwater development may significantly change the recharge-discharge regime as a function of time 2) Use of numerical simulation Optimal Management of Groundwater Resources Choose a set of control or decision variables such as well locations and pumping schedules Maximize or minimize an objective function such as basin yield or total costs subject to a set of constraints such as h i > h min and C i < C* Used in conjunction with simulation models: the simulation-optimization approach Develop strategies for sustainability of groundwater resources (Alley et al., 1999) 6
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