INL Capabilities and Approach to CO 2 Sequestration. 4 th U.S.-China CO2 Emissions Control Science & Technology Symposium

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1 INL Capabilities and Approach to CO 2 Sequestration 4 th U.S.-China CO2 Emissions Control Science & Technology Symposium Travis McLing, Ph.D. Energy Resources Recovery and Sustainability September 20-22, 2014 Hangzhou, People s Republic of China

$Multi-phase fluid flow in fractured$ Mineralization and reactivity Seismic

2 INL Capabilities Carbon and Water Management Carbon sequestration Multi-phase fluid flow in fractured rock Water and carbon management Mineralization and reactivity Seismic hazards Regional scale ground water flow and transport

$porous media and fractured rock Site characterization and testing for geologic carbon sequestration Systematic methodology to assess$

3 Representative INL Projects in Carbon and Water Management Carbon Sequestration Big Sky Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Geochemistry of carbon dioxide in formation fluids 3D multiphase flow and reactive transport codes applied to reactive flow in porous media and fractured rock Site characterization and testing for geologic carbon sequestration Systematic methodology to assess the potential for sequestration in reservoir rocks based on physical, technical, and economic considerations Enhanced Coal Bed Methane studies

4 High Pressure and Temperature Laboratory Experiments Unreacted Basalts CO 2 Alteration Products! ""#$%# Dissolution Surface (WS-HHA-01)! ""#$%# Clay Aphanitic Diktytaxitic (WS-HHA-01) (WS-HHA-01) Glass Alteration! ""#$%# Enriched Al, Na Depleted Ca, Si Glassy Black Sand (WS-HI-07-08) (WS-HI-07-08)! "#$%#!" #$%&' $( ) *+ 3 1 Aphanitic Dense (WS-COM-02) Carbonates 10! m 2 20% - 30% Mg 70% - 80% Fe (WS-COM-02) CO 2 Alteration of Mafic Rocks Form clays and carbonates P enrichment Some Na enrichment Enrichment in light rare earth elements CO 2 Reactions with Mafic Rocks: CCS operations require an enhanced ability to locate the presence and source of CO 2 charged waters. Research being conducted on mafic rocks at the Idaho National Laboratory is helping to improve our understanding of how CO 2 charged waters react with host rocks, thereby altering both the mineral chemistry and the geochemical fingerprint of impacted waters. 3

Application of REE to high TDS CCS reservoirs Development of methodologies for analysis of high

5 Development of Environmental Tracers (REE) for Application to CCS Systems 1. Rare earth elements (REE) have proven to to be valuable tracers in aqueous systems 2. Application of REE to high TDS CCS reservoirs Development of methodologies for analysis of high TDS waters Tested at Soda Springs analogue site (right) and on seawater and formation fluid from the Rock Springs uplift (below) 4

Fully Coupled, Fully Implicit Continuum Fluid Flow and Mechanics for Reservoir-Scale Simulations INL s Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE) Conventional Operator-splitting

6 Fully Coupled, Fully Implicit Continuum Fluid Flow and Mechanics for Reservoir-Scale Simulations INL s Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE) Conventional Operator-splitting Approach Solving governing PDEs sequentially: with or without iterations or couple different codes via input files: TOUGH2-FLAC Applicable only to loosely coupled systems Large decoupling errors Poor convergence performance Our approach Solving all equations simultaneously in fully coupled, fully implicit way Massively parallel performance and scalability State of the art nonlinear PDE solvers: Jacobian Free Newton Krylov (JFNK) method Physics-based preconditioning for accelerating convergence rate

7 Fully Coupled, Fully Implicit Continuum Mechanics for Reservoir-scale Simulations Darcy Flow c f r w f p t - Ñ ékr ê w ë m w ( ) Ñp ù ékr ú - Ñ ê w û ë m w ( ) r w gñz ù ú = 0 û Heat Transport T t ( ) r r c r éë fr w c w + 1- f ù û + r w c w v w ÑT - Ñ [ K m ÑT ] = 0 Geomechanics r 2 u - Ñ s - rg- añp-bkñt = 0 2 t

$Prior to fracturing After fracturing q ij = k 0 A ij (P i - P j ) q ij = k ij b ij (P i$ $micro-fractures; Apertures are used to as direct input for updating permeability of the$

8 Coupling DEM with Conjugate Network Flow Model for CO 2 Injection in Shale Formations Prior to fracturing After fracturing q ij = k 0 A ij (P i - P j ) q ij = k ij b ij (P i - P j ), with k ij» b 2 ij /12 m l ij m l ij Directly calculate apertures of micro-fractures; Apertures are used to as direct input for updating permeability of the flow network

9 Coupled DEM-Network Flow Model Simulations of Propagation of Hydraulic Fractures

10 DEM-Network Flow Model for Reactivation of Fractures cap rock Better understanding of physics: more robust constitutive laws for large scale simulations

11 Interface Tracking/capturing for Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation in CCS Applications Da=0.1 Pe=1 Da=10 Pe=1

12 High-Performance Computing For CCS Processes Unstable flow induced by temperature changes Coupled thermoporoelastic modeling near injection well in a geothermal reservoir High-resolution simulations of dynamics of injected CO2 in saline aquifer High-resolution reactive transport modeling in the subsurface

reversible Mineral trapping slow, permanent CO 2 is converted to solid phase

13 Reduction in Long-term Impacts of CO 2 Methods of Geologic Sequestration Hydrodynamic trapping rapid, reversible Solubility trapping intermediate, less reversible Mineral trapping slow, permanent CO 2 is converted to solid phase mineral (e.g., calcite) CaMgSi 2 O 6 + Mg 2 SiO 4 + 4H 2 CO 3 Mg 3 Ca(CO 3 ) 4 + 3SiO 2 + 4H 2 O

SUCCESS. Critical Elements and Superior Strategy

SUCCESS. Critical Elements and Superior Strategy SUCCESS SUbsurface CO2 storage Critical Elements and Superior Strategy Slide 1 / 30-Sep FME Centres for Environment- friendly Energy Research 8 FME-centres announced 4. February 2009 Slide 2 / 30-Sep Slide