Numerical modelling of coupled TH processes to facilitate analysis of geothermal reservoirs - Groß Schönebeck as an example-

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1 Numerical modelling of coupled TH processes to facilitate analysis of geothermal reservoirs - Groß Schönebeck as an example- N Watanabe 1, G Blöcher 2, M Cacace 2, H Shao 1, O Kolditz 1 1 Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Germany 2 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ, Germany , EERA Conference in Birmingham, UK SEITE 1

2 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Techniques a) Pre-processing with MeshIT a) Numerical simulation with OpenGeoSys 3. Application to Groß Schönebeck (Germany) Page 2

3 Groß Schönebeck site Demonstration and investigation of geothermal power generation in the North German Basin Sandstone layer k = m 2 φ = 3-15 % Doublet system was finished in January 2007 Target horizon m Temperature 145 C Hydraulic fractures for productivity enhancement Page 3

4 Challenges in Reservoir Simulation Page 4

5 Mixed-dimensional Element Approach Geological Units Fractures Injection & Production Well

6 Mixed-dimensional Physics Geological Units Fractures Injection & Production Well Permeability k = b2 12 (b: fracture aperture) k = r 2 8 (r: pipe radius) Page 6

7 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Techniques a) Pre-processing with MeshIT Blöcher G, Cacace M, Lewerenz B, Zimmermann G (2010) Three dimensional modelling a) Numerical of fractured simulation and faulted reservoirs: with OpenGeoSys framework and implementation. Chemie der Erde Geochem 70(3): Application to Groß Schönebeck (Germany) Cacace M, Blöcher G. (2015): MeshIt - a software for three dimensional volumetric meshing of complex faulted reservoirs. - Environmental Earth Sciences, accepted. Page 7

8 Software MeshIT Concept

9 Software MeshIT Concept Fully automized from input data to numerical simulation Easy mesh updating Broad software interface capabilities Existing: GoCad, EarthVision, ParaView, OGS, own format Planned: Feflow, Comsol, Petrel

10 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Techniques a) Pre-processing with MeshIT b) Numerical simulation with OpenGeoSys 3. Application to Groß Schönebeck (Germany) Page 10

11 OpenGeoSys ( FEM based simulator for modeling THMC in porous and fractured media Source code on GitHub ( Page 11

12 EoS of saline water T Density Viscosity 70 C 1260 kg/m3 4.12e-4 Pa s 150 C 1203 kg/m3 1.92e-4 Pa s Diff 4.5% 53% *IAPWS-IF97 and HP Petroleum fluids (p=40mpa, C=265g/l) Page 12

13 Monolithic Solution Solving TH together in Newton-Raphson formulation Partitioned approach r p p r T p r p T r T T p T = - r p r T No Flow Heat transport Converge? Yes Jacobian matrix Page 13

14 Solver Nr. Iterations (1 st time step) Computing time (1 st time step) Adaptive dt Partitioned 3 87 s avg 11 d, max 86 d Newton (Exact J) 3 45 s max 0.9 d Newton + Modified J Newton + Modified J + Line search s max 5.9 d s > 3 years Newton with the exact Jacobian can be worse than Picard Modified Jacobian with line search was the most robust (dt>3years) Page 14

15 MPI parallelization using PETSc library Distribution of memory over computing machines Use of PETSc linear solver Matrix-vector decomposition by rows Total 100GB 5 GB 4 GB 6 GB Domain decomposition Matrix-vector decomposition by rows Page 15

16 OGS-PETSc parallelization using MPI Speedup up of a TH simulation (1 time step, 10 6 nodes) Page 16

17 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Techniques a) Pre-processing with MeshIT a) Numerical simulation with OpenGeoSys 3. Application to Groß Schönebeck (Germany) Page 17

18 Model Setup Consider only flow and heat transport (TH) Parameters Matrix: k = ~10-16 m 2 ; porosity = 3-15 % Induced fractures: k = m 2 Minor fault zones: k = m 2 Operation scenario Injection: 30 m 3 /h, 70 C Production: 30 m 3 /h Page 18

19 Calibration (1) Cumulative inflow to the well CTL 2007 Page 19

20 Impacts of a permeable fault zone F21n Page 20

21 Comparison of exploitation strategies (Blöcher et al. 2015) Current: Matrix-dominated flow Field measurement PI = 6 m 3 /h/mpa Desired for economic use m 3 /h/mpa (Hoffmann et al., 2014) Productivity Index PI = Q p Length:320m Height:185m Page 21

22 Fracture-flow dominated system No use of Gt Grsk4 New production well New hydraulic fracture Direct connection of injection and production via fractures Page 22

23 Hybrid of matrix- and fracture-dominated flow system Similar to case 2 Use Gt GrSk4 for injection (2 injection wells) New gel/proppant frac Page 23

24 Page 24 Matrix dominated

25 Matrix dominated Fracture dominated Page 25

26 Matrix dominated Fracture dominated Hybrid Page 26

27 Productivity Index and Thermal Breakthrough PI of current setup (Matrix-dominated) is not suitable for economic use Fracture-flow dominated can improve PI but results in earlier temperature drawdown Hybrid of matrix- and fracture-flow is the best # PI Breakthrough time (T=127 C) Matrix flow dominated 3.65 m 3 /h/mpa > 100 years Fracture flow dominated 8.11 m 3 /h/mpa 3.73 years Hybrid m 3 /h/mpa years Page 27

28 Summary Mixed-dimensional element approach developed for Groß Schöenebeck Good when homogenization is difficult Workflow based on open-source software Useful tool for thinking new reservoir designs Ongoing Supporting discontinuous solution across fractures (e.g. impermeable faults) Rock mechanics (THM) Page 28

29 References Blöcher G, Cacace M, Lewerenz B, Zimmermann G (2010) Three dimensional modelling of fractured and faulted reservoirs: framework and implementation. Chemie der Erde Geochem 70(3): Blöcher, G., Cacace, M., Reinsch, T., Watanabe, N. (2015) Evaluation of three exploitation concepts for a deep geothermal system in the North German Basin. Computers and Geosciences, 82, p Cacace M, Blöcher G. (2015): MeshIt - a software for three dimensional volumetric meshing of complex faulted reservoirs. Environmental Earth Sciences, accepted. Kolditz, O., et. al (2012) OpenGeoSys: an open-source initiative for numerical simulation of thermo-hydro-mechanical/chemical (THM/C) processes in porous media. Environmental Earth Sciences, 67 (2), Watanabe, N., Wang, W., Taron, J., Görke, U.J., Kolditz, O. (2012) Lowerdimensional interface elements with local enrichment: Application to coupled hydromechanical problems in discretely fractured porous media. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 90(8), Page 29

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