LAB 2 IDENTIFYING MATERIALS FOR MAKING SOILS: ROCK AND PARENT MATERIALS
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1 LAB 2 IDENTIFYING MATERIALS FOR MAKING SOILS: ROCK AND PARENT MATERIALS Learning outcomes The student is able to: 1. understand and identify rocks 2. understand and identify parent materials 3. recognize the difference between soil parent materials and geologic materials Introduction Soil formation is greatly the result of the interaction of five soil forming factors: parent material, topography, climate, biological activity, and time. The ability to identify the geologic material from which soils are formed and the possession of knowledge of the chemical composition of that geologic material is extremely important in describing soil and its properties. ROCKS The skeleton of the soil is inorganic material that comes from weathered fragments of rocks. The rocks from which these fragments are formed are composed of minerals and the minerals are composed of elements, some of which the plant uses in its metabolism (Table 2.1). Rocks ---- composed of ----> Minerals ---- composed of ----> Elements
2 Table 2.1. Mineral and elemental composition of granite, a rock common to the Main Range in Peninsula Malaysia. Rock Granite Component Minerals Elemental composition Plant essential elements Quartz Si, O - Orthoclase K, Al, Si, O K Muscovite K, Al, Si, O K Amphibole Fe, Mg, Ca, Si, O Fe, Mg, Ca Materials Rock samples Types of Rocks (Appendix) Activities 1. With the display of the common rocks, make note on their observable properties. 2. From each rock in the display, postulate the probable texture of the soil that are derived from each of them. 3. From each rock in the display, postulate the probable richness of plant nutrient derived from them. The plant nutrients are 17 in number
3 Appendix Some Basic Types of Rock A rock is an aggregate of minerals. Rocks are of three fundamental types depending on origin. These types are commonly identified by their textures (grain relations). Igneous rocks ("fire made") have crystallized from molten rock. If crystallization occurs deep below the surface (intrusive), a long and slow crystallization produces coarse-grained rocks, typified by granite; we observe such rocks after they have been exposed by erosion. If molten rock is erupted on the surface from a fissure or volcano (extrusive), rapid cooling and rapid crystallization produce fine-grained rocks typified by basalt. The individual grains are often microscopically small. Igneous rocks vary according to the chemical composition of the molten rock from which they crystallize. They vary from basic rocks rich in Fe, Mg, and other dark minerals to those containing free quartz as in granite. Feldspars are abundant (usually dominant) in almost all types of igneous rocks. Sedimentary rocks are formed by compaction and cementation of sediment. The sediment itself (gravel, sand, silt, clay) was derived from the breakdown of preexisting minerals during weathering of rocks at the earth's surface. After erosion and transportation (commonly by streams) sediment is deposited in layers, mainly on the shallow part of the ocean floor. Burial causes conversion of loose sediment to solid rock by squeezing the water from clay mud to form shale and by precipitating cement (SiO 2, CaCO 3, etc.) from water in the pore spaces of sand and gravel to form sandstone and conglomerate. Limestone is formed by the cementation of lime mud of fossil fragments. The outstanding feature of sedimentary rocks is stratification. Metamorphic rocks are rocks formed from pre-existing rocks by recrystallization. The causes are mainly high pressures and elevated temperatures resulting from very deep burial, crystal deformation, or the invasion of molten rock from below. Foliation, a leaf-like structure due to parallel growth of micas, etc. is characteristic of many metamorphic rocks (slate, schist, gneiss); quartzite and marble lack this.
4 Rock Identification Igneous For the purposes of this class we will limit the discussion of igneous rocks to granite and basalt. There are many more types of igneous rocks, but this should suffice as a very general introduction. Granitic rocks - True granite and texturally similar rocks containing predominantly light-colored materials; many different rock names are included in the heading, including quartz monzonite, grano-diorite, quartz diorite, syenite, and diorite - they differ in their proportions of orthoclase and plagioclase, and in the presence or absence of quartz. These are called sialic rocks because of the high concentration of Al and Si. Characteristics: coarse, interlocking grains, dominantly feldspar, often with about 20% quartz; some mica or hornblende. Basaltic rocks - The most abundant extrusive rocks, rich in Fe and Mg compared to granitic rocks; there are lighter colored extrusive rocks such as andesite and rhyolite which are similar in composition to the granitic rocks. These are called mafic rocks because of the high concentration of Mg and Fe. Characteristics: Fine-grained, dark color. Sedimentary Conglomerate - cemented rounded gravels, and pebbles (if angular granules: breccia). Sandstone - cemented sand, usually quartz sand. Shale - compacted mud, typically laminated or fissile (splits along bedding planes). Limestone - sandy to clayey textured rocks; limestone consists dominantly of calcite, which effervesces in acid.
5 Metamorphic Quartzite -recrystallized sandstone; breaks through grains, has glassy pinpoint luster on fresh breaks. Argillite - slightly recrystallized shale; chips tend to ring when balanced and tapped; does not split evenly as slate does. The classification of metamorphic rocks is not well established. We consider quartzite and argillite metamorphic rocks, though geologists look on argillite as hardened shale and not a metamorphic rock. Furthermore, geologists generally consider slate to be the metamorphic counterpart of shale. The type of rock that soils form from greatly influences soil characteristics including texture, ph, water holding capacity (WHC), percent coarse fragments, and level of fertility.
A. IGNEOUS Rocks formed by cooling and hardening of hot molten rock called magma (within crust or at its surface).
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