Methane Hydrates and Their Prospects for Gas Industry
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1 WOC1 V N IIG A Z Methane Hydrates and Their Prospects for Gas Industry Dr. Vladimir Yakushev, Gazprom, Russia 23 rd World Gas Conference Amsterdam, 5-9 June, 2006
2 Global natural gas production cost trend (IGU WOC1, 2003) production cost (USD/1000 SCM) years Production cost can double by year 2030 due to resource base structure change
3 Natural gas consumption and sources of gas in the USA
4 What are gas hydrates?
5 Main properties of gas hydrates, important for natural gas industry: One volume of methane gas hydrate contains up to 164 volumes of methane and 0,8 m 3 of clear water. Gas hydrate self-preservation phenomenon allows to store gas in hydrates at atmospheric pressure and ambient ( о С) temperature. Hydrates accumulate great quantities of natural gas in shallow depth in the Earth, cementing sediments. CH 4 hydrate density is lower, but CO 2 hydrate density is higher than sea water density. Submarine hydrates create environment for photosynthesis-less life.
6 Formation of self-preserved methane hydrate particle (temperature -5 :- -15 o C) (Pressure drop at subzero t o ) gas hydrate ice gas Transitional recrystallization zone ice hydrate
7 Methane hydrate stability zone (HSZ) and hydrate metastability zone (HMSZ) 1- methane hydrate P/T equilibrium curve 2 P/T distribution in geologic section
8 Hydrates in sediments Offshore drill core Hydrate accumulation on sea floor Subpermafrost hydrate-containing drill core Subbotom hydrate-containing sediment
9 Locations of known gas hydrate occurrences in the world
10 Natural gas resources in the Earth crust down to depth 4,5 km. (Combined data from VNIGRI (Russia) and USGS (USA) Natural Gas Hydrates (21000 trln. m 3 ) Production cost of submarine hydrates USD/1000 SCM (USGS, 1993) Now hydrate resources are supposed to decrease to 2500 TCM. Coalbed Methane (100 trln.m 3 ) Conventional Natural Gas Resources Including Resources of Tight Reservoirs Aquifer Gas (10000 trln.m 3 ) (600 trln.m 3 )
11 Exploration and production of gas from hydrates (Mackenzie Delta project, Canada) Resource assessment Explored gas hydrate fields Probable initial production cost: USD/1000 SCM
12 Three methods of gas production from hydrates
13 Geohazards Methane bubbling form shallow permafrost hydrates around gas production well in West Siberia (Russia) Gas fire from permafrost hydrates when drilling monitoring well
14 Geohazards Methane release from submarine hydrates can result to ship sinking and low-flying plane explosion. Gas plume Submarine landslide can destroy offshore production facilities
15 Gas hydrates and greenhouse gases emissions Methane release from hydrates to atmosphere if sea level reduction Methane release from hydrates to atmosphere if sea level rise
16 Gas hydrates medium for new forms of life Ice worm (portrait) Submarine colony of Ice worms in hydrate accumulation (Mexico Gulf)
17 Gas Hydrate Technologies for Natural Gas Industry Gas hydrate technologies could be applied for: Remote and deep-water offshore natural gas fields development. Continental small and medium gas fields development. Marine transport and trade of natural gas (competitor to LNG) Natural gas and drinking water supply to remote consumers Peak sheaving natural gas storage close to large consumers Seasonal natural gas storage in areas with irregular consumption
18 Concept of natural gas production and CO 2 sequestration using gas hydrate technologies - methane - carbon dioxide Estimated cost of natural gas production from remote fields in deep waters is approximat USD/1000 SCM To consumer CH 4 or power station production platform natural gas treatment unit hydrate carrier combustion gas compressor station CO 2 underground storage CO 2 CO 2 separation unit
19 Recovery of natural gas, its conversion to hydrates in the carrier with simultaneous decomposition of CO 2 hydrates and CO 2 injection to submarine reservoir
20 Decomposition of natural gas hydrates, gas injection to shore gas treatment unit with simultaneous injection of CO 2 to the carrier and CO 2 conversion to hydrate
21 Gas hydrate technologies: Gas transportation CAPEX for different methods of natural gas transportation (data of Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2002)* Natural Gas Hydrate Image of marine hydrate carrier of Mitsui Corp. (Japan) *For annual transportation of 4,1 BCM
22 Gas hydrate technologies: Gas storage. (project of natural gas storage, Russia) Hydrate blocks production Parameters Dimensions 250х200х25 m Working volume 140 mln. m 3 Storage temperature: о С Working pressure: 1-5 bar. Freezing facility Gas to consumer Gas pipeline Gas storage Gas hydrate blocks
23 CONCLUSIONS Total number of resources is decreasing (down to 2500 trln.m 3 ), but commercial prospects of gas production from gas hydrate deposits are growing (production cost varies from 25 to 260 USD/1000 m 3 ). Discovery of new phenomenon gas hydrate self-preservation, explains hydrate existence in shallow permafrost and opens new commercial prospects for storage and transportation of methane in hydrate form at atmospheric pressure (25% less in CAPEX then equal LNG). Gas hydrates are of considerable geohazard when drilling and production of oil and gas in permafrost regions. Natural methane hydrates could be great source of methane for global worming is sea level change, but there are no visible reasons for this change. Methane hydrates could be of great geohazard for deep water oil and gas production due to submarine landslides along contact between hydrate-containing and underhydrate sediments. New technologic concepts of commercial natural gas storage and transport in hydrate form open new prospects for deep water natural gas production and CO 2 sequestration (natural gas production in remote deep-water gas fields is estimated as USD/1000 m 3 ) Construction of gas hydrate storages can solve the problem of irregular natural gas supply to remote small consumers.
24 International activity on gas hydrate R&D National gas hydrate programs acting since: Japan India USA (Second Program) Germany S.Korea China
25 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A part of this presentation has been prepared with support from European Commission, INTAS Project The author is also thankful for Dr.Art Johnson from Hydrate Energy International, USA and Mr. Suzuki and Mr. Tsuji from Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation for providing by useful information about gas hydrate R&D.
26 Scientific-Research Institute of Natural Gases and Gas Technologies - internet: vniigaz@vniigaz.gazprom.ru phone: (+7 495)
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