Astonishing to Waste. Flaring is less common now but still continues LNG Tankers (liquified natural gas, -160 C; 1/600 volume Easy transport

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Elfrieda Young
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1 Advantages of Gas Gas burns cleanly Gas is easily handled, Gas requires no refining, only minor processing (remove H 2 S etc.; add scent) Gas has very high energy content Gas is useful for petrochemicals Gas is important for homes, businesses- heating; cooking Astonishing to Waste Slow Gas Industry Growth Vast quantities of gas are "flared" off Middle East (8.5% flared), Africa (20%) Russia; Mid East, Nigeria, North Sea! Nat Geo., 10/1998 Morrow Co, OH 1960 s Flaring is less common now but still continues LNG Tankers (liquified natural gas, -160 C; 1/600 volume Easy transport

2 LNG Tanker

3 NOAA Gas Flares Fires Cities Boats

4 Gas Flares, Nigeria 12/1999 Waste Acid rain Noise Heat & Light Deforestation for fuel

5 Gas Flares from Oil collection facility Alaska North Slope 01sum/arctic.asp

6 2012 NASA

7 U.S. Has More Gas Flares than Any Country Scientific American May Bakken Fm Eagle Ford Shale NASA 2015

8 Gas Reserves In terms of energy content, Gas reserves ~ Oil reserves Conventional Reserves Russia: leader by far Iran: huge reserves but much flared off! USA: well-endowed, but is a major importer Unconventional Reserves Coal bed methane Shale Gas Gas Hydrates Landfill Gas Geopressured Aquifers Tight Sands- low f and k

10 Pike River Mine, NZ 29 miners trapped, methane explosion The Telegraph (NZ) Nov 22, 2010

11 Unconventional Gas Reserves Coal bed methane CBM : = 3000 to 9200 Tcf = 0.5 to 2 x conventional resources Economical if get 50 to 70 ft 3 /ton coal; mostly adsorbed on coal Currently 9% of US gas production MT WY Each well produces 5 to 20 gpm of saline groundwater Shale Gas Gas Hydrates Landfill Gas Geopressured Aquifers Tight Sands- low f and k

12 Coal Bed Methane

13 Bubbles CH 4 CO 2 N 2 Ethane

14 CBM Well

15 Unconventional Gas Reserves Coal bed methane CBM : = 3000 to 9200 Tcf = 0.5 to 2 x conventional resources Shale Gas: = 750 Tcf resources in USA (2011) 160 Tcf proved (2014) Currently 23% of US gas production- fast growth mostly black shales hydrofracking Gas Hydrates Landfill Gas Geopressured Aquifers Tight Sands- low f and k

$fractures 260 TCF?$

16 Marcellus Shale Devonian, black shale Vertical fractures 260 TCF? Combined directional drilling & hydrofracing USGS USGS

18 USGS

19 Environmental Problems GW Use & Heavy Equipment Needed Integrity of GW aquifers breached GW Contamination: Fracking fluids- 0.5% chemicals, many toxic methanol, propanol, butoxyethanol, ethyulene glycol Flaming faucets?! Methane release to air >> Conventional gas production Fracking Banned in France NE PA Time.video

20 Induced Seismicity Eola Field, OK 43 EQ, Jan 2011 Shallow, small 2.8 Mgtd Oklahoma Geological Survey OF1-2011

21 Unconventional Gas Reserves Coal bed methane: 3000 to 9200 Tcf = 1 to 2 x conventional resources Economical if 50 to 70 ft 3 /ton coal Currently 8 % of US gas production MT WY Each well produces 5 to 20 gpm of saline groundwater Black Shales: ALSO OIL! = 750 Tcf resources (2011) Gas Hydrates Crystalline CH 4 + H 2 O ices (1: 6 ratio => 164:1 vol ratio) Marine sediments >300m deep; surface layers >100 m thick (seismic reflectors) Arctic permafrost Huge amounts: 2x organic carbon in all Fossil Fuel Landfill Gas Geopressured Aquifers Dissolved CH 4 in formation water Gulf 4-5 km Tight Sands- low f and k

22 Oil Shales 5 to 25% organic matter Mostly Kerogen = complex, waxy, insoluble, high mol. wt. HC's d 13 C = -20 to -32 PDB Enormous Potential Resource for Oil and Gas: total: 17 T >0.65 bbl/ton Marcellus Shale: 260 TCF gas (DOE 2009) Economic & environmental problems Oil Shale Formation: Fine-grained sediment Reducing environment Terrestrial & marine

23 USA Huge oil shale reserves Green River Shale (Eocene): resources = 2 to 4 x10 12 bbl = 1 to 2 x world's pre-industrial inventory of recoverable oil Devonian Shales Chattanooga-Ohio-New Albany Shales Mostly only 1-15 gal/ton Shale Oil Production Pulverize shale & heat to >500 C gal oil/ton shale (0.25 to 2.5 bbl/ ton)

24 US Oil Shale Deposits Green River Devonian

25 Fossil Butte NM, WY Green River Shale NPS

26 Eocene Fish Phareodus encaustus Green River Fm., WY NPS

27 Green River Fm. Piceance Ck Basin, CO

28 Ohio Rocky River

29 Dunkleosteus terrelli Cleveland Museum of Natural History

30 Shale Oil Production Pulverize shale & heat to >500 C gal oil/ton shale (0.25 to 2.5 bbl/ ton) Scotland Produced 100 million ~25 gal/ton! USA Billions spent on pilot plants, All shut down by 1991 Estonia China Russia Possibilities & Problems Surface mining & in situ retorting (fracture, then set underground fires) Much waste rock Requires much water Groundwater contamination Cost = $45/bbl (uneconomical)

31 Unconventional Gas Reserves Coal bed methane: 3000 to 9200 Tcf = 1 to 2 x conventional resources Economical if 50 to 70 ft 3 /ton coal Currently 8 % of US gas production MT WY Each well produces 5 to 20 gpm of saline groundwater Black Shales = 750 Tcf resources (2011) Gas Hydrates Crystalline CH 4 + H 2 O ices (1: 6 ratio => 164:1 vol ratio) Marine sediments >300m deep; surface layers >100 m thick (seismic reflectors) Arctic permafrost Huge amounts: 2x organic carbon in all Fossil Fuel Landfill Gas Geopressured Aquifers Dissolved CH 4 in formation water Gulf 4-5 km Tight Sands- low f and k

World Methane Hydrate Distribution http://www.

32 World Methane Hydrate Distribution

33 Ice Worm Hesiocaeca methanicola MMS

34 Ice Worm Hesiocaeca methanicola MMS

35 Gas Hydrate from Piston Core Gulf of Mexico USGS

36 Gas Hydrate Burning ice

37 S1 Hydrate Structure Guest HC molecules in hydrogen-bonded ice cage

38 USGS

39 WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION (2001) = 403 x10 15 BTU = 13.5 x W continuous (@100% efficiency) >90% Fossil Fuel WORLD S PHOTOSYNTHESIS 40 x W WHAT S NEXT? Rapid decline in global oil production anticipated?? USA ~ 425,000 oil wells, Wall St J 12/28/98 p. A2 of which 300,000 are strippers < 10 bbl/day Situation has changed with fracking Get more oil? Synthetic Oil? Conserve? Develop alternate energy sources?

Outline 16: The Mesozoic World: Formation of Oil Deposits (with a side trip to the Devonian Marcellus Shale)

Outline 16: The Mesozoic World: Formation of Oil Deposits (with a side trip to the Devonian Marcellus Shale) The first commercial oil well was drilled by Colonel Edwin Drake in Titusville, Pennsylvania,