Sedimentary Rocks Chapter 6
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1 Sedimentary Rocks Chapter 6 I. What is a sedimentary rock? A. Sedimentary rock 1) Rock made of detrital sediments (such as sand) or inorganic/organic chemical precipitates (such as calcite) 2) Detrital sediments come from weathering and erosion B. Occurrence and Significance 1) Sed rocks = 5 percent of crust, but most of crust s surface. As strata - layers 2) Tell us about past environments Figure 6.2 Figure 6.20 Figure 6.20 I. What is a sedimentary rock? C. Resource extraction Coal Petroleum and natural gas Mining of iron and aluminum 1
2 II. Turning sediment into rock A. Deposition Is when sediment finally comes to rest and is buried by more sediment Like on the bottom of ocean shelf, river bed, or river delta. B. Lithification sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rock by: 1) Compaction - smash out pore spaces. pore spaces are the air pockets between grains. 2) Cementation by calcite, silica, and iron oxide A. Two Major Groups 1) Detrital (clastic) rocks sediments of solid particles that were transported 2) Chemical rocks sediment that was precipitated from ions in solution (like calcite precipitated by a coral or in a cave) Like lime deposits in your shower or home faucet B. Detrital rocks made of: Clay minerals Quartz Feldspars Micas Particle size is used to distinguish among the types of detrital rocks C. Particles sizes and rocks: Clay and silt (mud) Sand sandstone Granule, pebble, cobble (gravel) D. Some Detrital Rocks shale conglomerate 1) Shale layers of clay of silt, most common detrital rock, makes grassy slopes 2) Sandstone made of sand grains of quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments, sorting and size of grains tells about history. Rounding grain round or angular? more round farther from original source of weathering. Sorting degree of mixing of grain sizes well sorted all one size shows farther from source. 3) Conglomerate poorly sorted, gravels and sand. 2
3 Figure 6.6 E. Chemical Rocks - Precipitated material that was once in solution by: Organic processes (biochemical) coral reefs Inorganic processes precip. In cave or lake bed Limestone Made of mineral calcite Form as coral reefs, clam shells, calcarious fish poop etc. Many fossils (dead bodies!) Chert Made of microcrystalline quartz Like flint and jasper Chemical precip and also dead marine critters (dead bodies!) Evaporites- Evaporation triggers precipitation of minerals Like rock salt and rock gypsum Coal Old swamps dead plant material Peat inmature coal burned in Scotland (roast barley grains with it peaty character of Scotch Whiskey) 3
4 Figure 6.17 A. Transportation sediments are weathered and then transported sorted and rounded. or collapse off a coral reef or precipitate in salt flat Deposition and lithification occurs here B. Types of sedimentary environments 1) Continental mostly erosion Deposition by streams, glaciers, and wind (sandstone, shale, conglomerate) 2) Marine (ocean) Shallow shelf and slope (up to about 600 feet deep)» limestone in tropical areas» Sandstone at river mouths (deltas) Slope Turbidites (Pearson animation of turbidite) Deep (seaward of continental shelves) - shale, and chert. Figure 6.20 (left) Figure 6.20 (right) 3) Transitional (shoreline) Tidal flats shale (flat shallow shoreline with tide fluctuations) Lagoons - limestone or shale (shallow protected areas behind a sand burm) Deltas sandstone (river mouth) 4
5 C. Sedimentary structures - provide information useful in the interpretation of Earth s history examples Cross-bedding indicates dunes Ripple marks indicates water current Pearson Animation of dunes and cross-bedding V. Resources A. Building materials Aggregate (crushed stone, sand, and gravel) Gypsum (plaster and wallboard) Clay (tile, bricks, and cement) B. Fossil Fuels 1) Coal plant material from swamps, major fuel for power plants to generate electricity, dirty energy source makes lots of air pollution Coal fields of the United States V. Resources 2) Petroleum (Oil and natural gas) Dead bodies of marine critters hydrocarbons Oil Reservoir large accumulation of oil and gas underground in sedimentary rocks. In CA - Bakersfield and Santa Barabara reservoirs. CA - Special cleaner gasoline blend special refining much near Richmond and Hercules Martinez etc. Figure 6.27 Consumption of energy in the United States, 2001 Figure
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