3/8/2012. Wood chemical energy stored by plants Kinetic energy Water power Wind Fossil fuels Alternatives Solar Plant derivatives Nuclear

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1 Wood chemical energy stored by plants Kinetic energy Water power Wind Fossil fuels Alternatives Solar Plant derivatives Nuclear cience/physics-and-chemistry/sound-and- Light/Light-Waves/Light-Waves-018.html ba/cordoba.html Radiant energy Released by fusion Hydrogen fused into Helium 99+% of Earth s energy Converted by plants into chemical energy Converts CO 2 and H 2 O to sugar and O 2 Ancient algae in Archean and Proterozoic oceans released O 2 by photosynthesis Endothermic reaction Heat released when hydrocarbons are burned C 3 H O 2 3 CO H 2 O J Energy released is shown in equation Exothermic reaction Energy is not created or destroyed First Law of Thermodynamics Conservation of energy Cannot create or destroy energy (But we can convert to less-useful form) 1

2 From objects with higher temperature to those with lower temperature Second law of thermodynamics Change form from high quality to lower quality Chemical energy to heat energy Friction: mechanical to heat Energy wasted as frictional heat Need to put energy in to make cold Burn readily Reaction is oxidation Release heat energy From ancient organisms Extracted from Earth Non renewable Coal Natural Gas Petroleum 2

3 C + O 2 CO 2 Anthracite Bitumen Lignite Incompletely decayed plants Burial pressure releases O 2 and H 2 Carbon remains Paleozoic Pennsylvanian coal, Carboniferous Period Must be mined Pollutants in coal Sulfur leads to acid rain Also contains mercury, arsenic, nitrates Source Cooking Reservoir Trap 3

4 Shale with organic material Gooey sludge on ocean floor Planktonic organisms Probable source of petroleum ml Just right temperature Just right pressure Just right time There is an "oil window" that depends on subsurface temperatures. The rule of thumb says that temperatures 7,500 feet down are hot enough to "crack" organic-rich sediments into oil molecules. However, beyond 15,000 feet the rocks are so hot that the oil molecules are further cracked into natural gas. The range from 7,000 to 15,000 feet is called the "oil window." If you drill deeper than 15,000 feet, you can find natural gas but little oil. Porous Permeable Usually a sedimentary rock Has open space Sponge Permits fluid throughflow Nylon scrubbie 4

5 Almost no permeability or pore space Shale (Usually not source shale) Structural Stratigraphic Sand lens Traps from meandering streams Reservoir rock tilted and eroded Impermeable rock deposited above erosion surface Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2 nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., Reservoir sand Capping shale Arched fold Reservoir exists Fault creates trap Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2 nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979 Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2 nd, Wm. C. Brown Co.,

6 Deposition of sand Shale deposited above sand Deltas Invading seas Mostly methane CH O 2 CO H 2 O + heat Excellent, clean-burning fuel Raw material for plastics, fertilizers and other chemicals Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2 nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979 MAJOR OIL FIELDS IN NORTH AMERICA Oil Creek Valley in the 1860s Phillips well (rt) 4000 bbl/day Woodford well (lt) 1500 bbl/day Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2 nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., ml Lucas Gusher, 1901 Initial production 100,000 bbl/day Salt dome traps 6

7 3/8/2012 On Spindletop salt dome at Beaumont, Texas Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979 Rocks and Fossils, Busbey, Doenraads, Willis and Roots, Fog City Press,

8 3/8/ Natural ices of methane and water Formed in permafrost and below 300 meters in ocean sediments Probably 100 times cubic feet of methane hydrate compared to natural gas in US Thaws to over 150 times its volume of methane 8

9 Convert coal to methane C + 2 H 2 CH 4 Use coal to make hydrogen C+ H 2 O CO + H 2 Convert coal to methanol alcohol All these are fuels that can be utilized today Removed most pollutants in coal More easily transported than solid coal More efficient than burning coal Can contain or eleminate CO 2 Very promising technology 9