Lithosphere: (Rocky Sphere) Solid, rocky, outer layer of the Earth. Includes the crust and part of the upper mantle. Lithosphere

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3 Lithosphere: (Rocky Sphere) Solid, rocky, outer layer of the Earth. Includes the crust and part of the upper mantle. Lithosphere

4 Minerals: Solid, inorganic substances that have a clearly defined composition and properties.

5 Rocks: Heterogeneous solids composed of minerals

6 Rocks: Heterogeneous solids composed of minerals

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8 Mining in Quebec Nickel Gold Silver Copper Zinc Graphite Labrador City Iron Salt Saguenay Quebec City Les Iles de la Madeleine Ottawa Montreal

9 Permafrost

10 Permafrost Ground that is at a temperature of 0 or below for more than 2 years.

11 Permafrost Ground that is at a temperature of 0 or below for more than 2 years.

12 Permafrost Regions

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14 Permafrost contains massive amounts of frozen organic material. As permafrost thaws, large amounts of carbon/methane are released into the atmosphere. This contributes to global warming, which will subsequently increase permafrost thaw.

15 As permafrost thaws, large amounts of carbon/methane are released into the atmosphere. As permafrost thaws, large amounts of carbon/methane are released into the atmosphere. This contributes to global warming, which will subsequently increase permafrost thaw.

16 As permafrost thaws, large amounts of carbon/methane are released into the atmosphere. This contributes to global warming, which will subsequently increase permafrost thaw. As permafrost thaws, large amounts of carbon/methane are released into the atmosphere. This contributes to global warming, which will subsequently increase permafrost thaw.

17 As permafrost thaws, large amounts of carbon/methane are released into the atmosphere. This contributes to global warming, which will subsequently increase permafrost thaw.

18 Permafrost stabilizes the ground in many mountain regions.

19 As permafrost thaws, the mountain structure becomes less stable. This results in increased slope failure (avalanches, landslides).

20 As permafrost thaws, the mountain structure becomes less stable. This results in increased slope failure (avalanches, landslides).

21 As permafrost thaws, the mountain structure becomes less stable. This results in increased slope failure (avalanches, landslides).

22 Permafrost stabilizes the ground under many man-made structures.

23 As permafrost thaws, the ground becomes less stable and shifts. This can result in major damage to structures.

24 As permafrost thaws, the ground becomes less stable and shifts. This can result in major damage to structures.

25 As permafrost thaws, the ground becomes less stable and shifts. This can result in major damage to structures.

26 As permafrost thaws, the ground becomes less stable and shifts. This can result in major damage to structures.

27 As permafrost thaws, the ground becomes less stable and shifts. This can result in major damage to structures.

28 Energy Resources in the Lithosphere

29 Energy Resources in the Lithosphere Fuel that results from the decay of plants and animals in the ground.

30 Energy Resources in the Lithosphere Includes, coal oil and. natural gas (a solid) (a liquid) (a gas)

31 Energy Resources in the Lithosphere Fossil Fuels Heat Motion Electricity Chemical Energy Burning Thermal Energy Kinetic Energy Electrical Energy

32 Gases released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels: Carbon dioxide, CO 2 ; major greenhouse gas. Sulphur dioxide, SO 2 and nitrogen oxides, NO x ; cause acid rain. CO 2 SO 2 NO NO 2 C 6 S 16 N 7

33 Uranium, U, is a radioactive element that occurs naturally in the Earth s crust.

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37 Heat emitted during nuclear fission is converted (transformed) into electrical energy.

38 Heat emitted during nuclear fission is converted (transformed) into electrical energy.

39 Uranium Nuclear Energy Heat Thermal Energy Motion Kinetic Energy Electricity Electrical Energy

40 Nuclear Energy Advantage: Large amount of energy from a small amount of matter.

41 Nuclear Energy Concerns: Radioactive waste and consequences of an accident.

42 Pripyat, Ukraine (before 1986) Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

43 What used to be Reactor #4 (Chernobyl Power Plant)

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45 Abandoned city of Pripyat, Ukraine (After 1986) Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

46 March 2011 Earthquake causes a Tsunami

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53 Energy obtained from the internal heat of the Earth.

54 Energy obtained from the internal heat of the Earth.

55 Heat Thermal Energy Motion Kinetic Energy Electricity Electrical Energy

56 Drawback: Very expensive to install; most viable in volcanic regions where hot water is naturally close to the surface.

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