Students will be able to name, define, and identify examples of each of the six major

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1 Course: GENERAL SCIENCE Year: Teacher: Danner/Washburn Unit 1: UNIT TITLE: Energy Forms and Transformations Approximate Time Frame: 4 Weeks Energy cannot be created or destroyed; however, energy can be converted from one form to another. What are the main forms of energy? What is an energy transformation? How can energy be converted from one form to another? What is the Law of Conservation of Energy? Energy enters the Earth system primarily as solar radiation. Solar energy is captured by materials and photosynthetic processes. Solar energy is transformed into thermal energy. name, define, and identify examples of each of the six major forms of energy. describe energy transformations among heat, light, electricity and motion. Work is a transfer of energy and energy is the ability to do work. Six major forms of energy include mechanical, radiant, chemical, thermal, electrical, and nuclear. Energy transformations occur among heat, light, electricity, and motion. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be converted from one form of energy to another. Force Friction Mass Gravity Weight Work Energy Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Mechanical Energy Radiant Energy Chemical Energy Thermal Energy Electrical Energy Nuclear Energy Energy Conversion

2 Unit 2: UNIT TITLE : States of Matter/Thermal Energy Approximate Time Frame: 4 Weeks Energy cannot be created or destroyed; however, energy can be converted from one form to another. What are the effects of adding energy to matter? How is heat energy transferred? Energy enters the Earth system primarily as solar radiation. Solar energy is captured by materials and describe the effects of adding energy to matter in terms of the motion of atoms and molecules, and the resulting phase Matter exists in four states: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Matter can undergo phase changes. photosynthetic processes. changes. How does solar energy cause water to cycle through the major earth reservoirs? How does the internal energy of the Earth cause matter to cycle through the magma and the solid earth? Solar energy is transformed into thermal energy. The cyclical movement of matter between reservoirs is driven by the Earth s internal and external sources of energy. explain how energy is transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat depends on mass, motion, and phase of particles in matter. Heat can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation. In the path that water follows as it moves from air to ground, water goes through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Internal radioactive energy from the Earth s core causes convection currents within the Earth s mantle. Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Phase Change Melting/Freezing Evaporation Vaporization Condensation Sublimation/Deposition Endothermic Exothermic Heat Flow Temperature Specific Heat Conduction Convection Radiation Conductor/Insulator Thermodynamics

3 Unit 3: UNIT TITLE: Chemistry/Periodic Table/Bonding Approximate Time Frame: 4.5 Weeks Atoms react with one another to form new molecules. What is the structure of an atom? describe the general structure of atoms. An atom is made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. How are the properties of the first 20 elements in the Periodic Table related to their atomic structure? How do atoms combine to form new substances? Atoms have a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The configuration of atoms and molecules determines the properties of the materials. describe how the properties of the first 20 elements in the Periodic Table are related to their atomic structure. describe how atoms combine to form new substances by transferring electrons (ionic bonding) or sharing electrons (covalent bonding). Using models, students will explain the structure of an atom Atoms are arranged in the Periodic Table according to their number of protons (atomic number). Atoms combine to form new substances by transferring electrons (ionic bonding) or sharing electrons (covalent bonding). Nucleus Electron Cloud Proton Neutron Electron Ground State Valence Orbital Ion/Cation/Anion Ionic Covalent Metallic Polar Covalent Periodic Table Group Period Metal Nonmetal Metalloid Noble Gas Energy Level Orbital Atomic Mass/Unit Isotope

4 Unit 4: UNIT TITLE: Acids/Bases/Acid Rain Approximate Time Frame: 3.5 Weeks Atoms react with one another to form new molecules. What is the chemical composition of acids and bases? How does ph change in neutralization reactions? How does acid rain form and how does it affect water sources, organisms, and humanmade structures? Atoms have a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The configuration of atoms and molecules determines the properties of the materials. Emissions of combustion by products, such as SO2, CO2, and NOx by industries and vehicles are a major source of air pollution. explain the chemical composition of acids and bases. explain the change of ph in neutralization reactions. explain how the release of sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere can form acid rain, and how acid rain affects water sources, organisms, and human made structures. Acids are compounds that produce hydronium ions (H3O+) when dissolved in water. Bases are compounds that produce hydroxide ions (OH ) when dissolved in water. Neutralization reactions occur when an acid (ph<7) combines with a base (ph>7). The burning of fossil fuels causes acid rain, which can increase the acidity levels of lakes, rivers, and soils. Acid rain can erode metals, buildings, and monuments, and can cause a variety of health problems. ph Neutralization Hydronium Hydroxide Salt Acid Base Neutral Acid Rain Solution Solute Solvent Concentration Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxide

5 Unit 5: UNIT TITLE: Carbon Chemistry/Polymers Approximate Time Frame: 4 Weeks Due to its unique chemical structure, carbon forms many organic and inorganic compounds. How does the structure of the carbon atom affect the type of bonds it forms in organic and inorganic molecules? Carbon atoms can bond to one another in straight chains, rings, and branching networks. describe how the structure of the carbon atom affects the type of bond it forms in organic and inorganic molecules. Chemical technologies present both risks and benefits to the health and wellbeing of humans, plants, and animals. What are the combustion reactions of hydrocarbons and their resulting by products? What are the general formations and structures of carbonbased polymers, including synthetic polymers, such as polyethylene and biopolymers such as carbohydrates? How can simple chemical monomers be combined to create polymers? How does the chemical structure of polymers affect their physical properties? Carbon atoms can form a variety of structures including fossil fuels, synthetic polymers, and the large molecules of life. Materials from the cracking of petroleum are used for the production of many synthetic compounds. The products of chemical technologies from petroleum are synthetic fibers, pharmaceuticals, plastics, and fuels. describe combustion reactions of hydrocarbons and their resulting by products. describe the general formation and structure of carbon based polymers including synthetic polymers, such as polyethylene and biopolymers such as carbohydrates. Students will know that materials in petroleum are used to make synthetic compounds. Students will know that chemical technologies allow for the manufacture of synthetic fibers, pharmaceuticals, plastics, and fuels from petroleum. Carbon contains four valence electrons. Factors that determine the properties of a hydrocarbon include the number of carbon atoms, and how the atoms are arranged. Combustion reactions of hydrocarbons form various by products. The primary products of the complete combustion of fossil fuels are carbon dioxide and water. The structure of the carbon atom allows for the formation of carbon based polymers, including synthetic polymers, such as polyethylene and biopolymers such as carbohydrates. Monomers can be combined to create linear, branched, and/or cross linked polymers. The properties of a polymer depend on the length and shape of the polymer chain. Organic Compound Inorganic Compound Hydrocarbon Network Solid Lattice Structure Valence Saturated Unsaturated Isomer Polymer Monomer Alkane Alkene Alkyne Straight Chain Branched Chain Ring Structure Aromatic Hydrocarbon Complete Combustion Incomplete Combustion Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide

6 Unit 6: UNIT TITLE: Electricity/Magnetism Approximate Time Frame: 4 Weeks The electrical force is a universal force that exists between any two charged particles. What is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a simple series circuit? Moving electrical charges produce magnetic forces and moving magnets can produce electrical force. explain the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a simple series circuit. Ohm s Law: As voltage increases, current increases if resistance remains the same. How is electricity used to produce heat and light in incandescent light bulbs and heating elements? What is the relationship between current and magnetism? Electrical current can be transformed into light through the excitation of electrons. explain how electricity is used to produce heat and light in incandescent light bulbs and heating elements. describe the relationship between current and magnetism. Using a model of various circuits, students will be able to describe the flow of electricity The resistance to flow in an incandescent light bulb produces the heat necessary to create light in an incandescent light bulb. An increase in current increases magnetism in an electromagnet. Voltage Potential Difference Current Ampere Resistance Series Circuit Parallel Circuit Coulomb Static Electricity Current Electricity Alternating Current Direct Current Transformer Generator Fuse Grounding Circuit Breaker Superconductor Ohm s Law Electrical Conductor Electrical Insulator

7 Unit 7: UNIT TITLE: Carbon Cycle/Greenhouse Effect Approximate Time Frame: 3 Weeks Elements on Earth move among reservoirs in the solid Earth, oceans, atmosphere and organisms as part of biogeochemical cycles. How do chemical and physical processes cause carbon to cycle through the major Earth reservoirs? Elements on Earth exist in essentially fixed amounts and are located in various chemical reservoirs. describe carbon mass transfers to/from the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and oceans. Carbon atoms continually move through living organisms, the oceans, the atmosphere, and the crust of the planet. The use of resources by human populations may affect the quality of the environment. What is the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, the greenhouse effect, and global climate change? Human activities are impacting the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, directly affecting Earth s greenhouse effect and Earth s climate. explain how the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere increases Earth s greenhouse effect and may cause climate changes. Students will interpret graphs and charts showing increased CO2 levels and resulting climate changes The Greenhouse Effect is a process that causes energy from the sun to be retained by the Earth. Global climate change is the result of an increase in the Greenhouse Effect due to increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere. Carbon Cycle Decomposition Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Producers Consumers Carbon Sink Release Agent Global Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gas Atmosphere Biosphere Geosphere Deforestation

8 Unit 8: UNIT TITLE: Renewable vs. Nonrenewable Energy Approximate Time Frame: 2 Weeks Various sources of energy are used by humans and all have advantages and disadvantages. How is electricity generated? During the burning of fossil fuels, stored chemical energy is converted to electrical energy through heat describe how electricity is generated. Burning fossil fuels or nuclear reactions can heat water to produce steam that spins a turbine to generate transfer processes. electricity. What are the environmental issues related to the use of fossil and nuclear fuels to produce electricity? What are the environmental issues related to the use of hydrogen fuel cells, wind and solar energy to produce electricity? In nuclear fission, matter is transformed directly into energy in a process that is several million times as energetic as chemical burning. Alternative energy sources are being explored and used to address the disadvantages of using fossil and nuclear fuels. describe the environmental issues related to the use of fossil and nuclear fuels to produce electricity. describe the environmental issues related to the use of hydrogen fuel cells, wind and solar energy to produce electricity. Fossil and nuclear fuels have both advantages and disadvantages in term of cost, abundance, and environmental consequences. Alternative energy sources have both advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, abundance, and environmental consequences. Nonrenewable Renewable Fossil Fuel Generator Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Reserve Fossil Fuel Uranium Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fission Hydroelectric Solar Geothermal Wind Biomass Hydrogen Fuel Cells

9 Unit 9: UNIT TITLE: Waste/Pollution/Land Use Approximate Time Frame: 3 Weeks Some materials can be recycled, but others accumulate in the environment and may affect the balance of the Earth systems. How do waste materials affect the quality of the environment? Accumulations of metal and non metal ions used to increase agricultural productivity are a major source of water pollution. explain how waste materials should be handled responsibly. Landfills and incineration of waste materials have both short and long term impacts on the quality of the environment. How are humans improving air and water quality? How are human activities affecting the environment? New technologies and changes in lifestyle can have positive and/or negative effects on the environment. describe the measures taken to improve air and water quality. describe how specific human activities are impacting the environment both positively and negatively. Through the 3R s (reduce, reuse, recycle), humans are reducing the consumption of raw materials and improving air and water quality. Land development, transportation options, and consumption of resources may affect the environment in a variety of ways. Municipal Solid Waste Open Landfill Sanitary Landfill RCRA Bioremediation Composting Biodegradable Photodegradable Reduce/Reuse/Recycle Air Pollution Primary Air Pollution Secondary Air Pollution Smog Ozone CFC VOC Radon Asbestos Mercury Phosphates Nitrates Eutrophication Mercury Biomagnification Urban Rural Urbanization Urban Crisis Urban Sprawl Infrastructure Marginal Land Land Use Planning Open Space