Lithosphere: (Rocky Sphere) Solid, rocky, outer layer of the Earth. Includes the crust and part of the upper mantle. Lithosphere

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3 Lithosphere: (Rocky Sphere) Solid, rocky, outer layer of the Earth. Includes the crust and part of the upper mantle. Lithosphere

4 Permafrost

5 Permafrost Ground that is at a temperature of 0 or below for more than 2 years.

6 Permafrost Ground that is at a temperature of 0 or below for more than 2 years.

7 Permafrost Regions

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9 Permafrost contains massive amounts of frozen organic material. As permafrost thaws, large amounts of carbon/methane are released into the atmosphere. This contributes to global warming, which will subsequently increase permafrost thaw.

10 As permafrost thaws, large amounts of carbon/methane are released into the atmosphere. As permafrost thaws, large amounts of carbon/methane are released into the atmosphere. This contributes to global warming, which will subsequently increase permafrost thaw.

11 As permafrost thaws, large amounts of carbon/methane are released into the atmosphere. This contributes to global warming, which will subsequently increase permafrost thaw. As permafrost thaws, large amounts of carbon/methane are released into the atmosphere. This contributes to global warming, which will subsequently increase permafrost thaw.

12 As permafrost thaws, large amounts of carbon/methane are released into the atmosphere. This contributes to global warming, which will subsequently increase permafrost thaw.

13 Permafrost stabilizes the ground in many mountain regions.

14 As permafrost thaws, the mountain structure becomes less stable. This results in increased slope failure (avalanches, landslides).

15 As permafrost thaws, the mountain structure becomes less stable. This results in increased slope failure (avalanches, landslides).

16 As permafrost thaws, the mountain structure becomes less stable. This results in increased slope failure (avalanches, landslides).

17 Permafrost stabilizes the ground under many man-made structures.

18 As permafrost thaws, the ground becomes less stable and shifts. This can result in major damage to structures.

19 As permafrost thaws, the ground becomes less stable and shifts. This can result in major damage to structures.

20 As permafrost thaws, the ground becomes less stable and shifts. This can result in major damage to structures.

21 As permafrost thaws, the ground becomes less stable and shifts. This can result in major damage to structures.

22 As permafrost thaws, the ground becomes less stable and shifts. This can result in major damage to structures.

23 Energy Resources in the Lithosphere

24 Energy Resources in the Lithosphere Fuel that results from the decay of plants and animals in the ground.

25 Energy Resources in the Lithosphere Includes, coal oil and. natural gas (a solid) (a liquid) (a gas)

26 Energy Resources in the Lithosphere Fossil Fuels Heat Motion Electricity Chemical Energy Burning Thermal Energy Kinetic Energy Electrical Energy

27 Gases released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels: Carbon dioxide, CO 2 ; major greenhouse gas. Sulphur dioxide, SO 2 and nitrogen oxides, NO x ; cause acid rain. CO 2 SO 2 NO NO 2 C 6 S 16 N 7

28 Uranium, U, is a radioactive element that occurs naturally in the Earth s crust.

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32 Heat emitted during nuclear fission is converted (transformed) into electrical energy.

33 Heat emitted during nuclear fission is converted (transformed) into electrical energy.

34 Uranium Nuclear Energy Heat Thermal Energy Motion Kinetic Energy Electricity Electrical Energy

35 Nuclear Energy Advantage: Large amount of energy from a small amount of matter.

36 Nuclear Energy Concerns: Radioactive waste and consequences of an accident.

37 Pripyat, Ukraine (before 1986) Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

38 What used to be Reactor #4 (Chernobyl Power Plant)

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40 Abandoned city of Pripyat, Ukraine (After 1986) Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

41 March 2011 Earthquake causes a Tsunami

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48 Energy obtained from the internal heat of the Earth.

49 Energy obtained from the internal heat of the Earth.

50 Heat Thermal Energy Motion Kinetic Energy Electricity Electrical Energy

51 Drawback: Very expensive to install; most viable in volcanic regions where hot water is naturally close to the surface.

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55 Distribution of Water World's Water 97.5 % Salt Water Fresh Water 2.5 % Fresh Water 79 % 21 % Glaciers Lakes, Rivers, & Groundwater

56 All freshwater bodies found on continents (includes rivers, lakes, and groundwater)

57 Watershed (Also known as Catchment area or Drainage basin) Area of land in which all inland waters drain into a same larger body of water. The outline of a watershed is defined by natural boundaries (mountains, hills, etc...)

58 Quebec Watersheds

59 The Oceans

60 The Oceans

61 The Oceans Factors that affect Water Temperature

62 The Oceans Factors that affect Water Temperature: Depth Active layer Deep water Thermocline Solar energy is absorbed near the surface of the ocean. Below a depth of 200m the temperature drops rapidly; this region is called the thermocline.

63 The Oceans Factors that affect Water Temperature: Latitude Surface water averages between 25 and 28 at the equator, and is colder to the north and south.

64 The Oceans Factors that affect Water Temperature: Seasons Surface water temperature will vary from summer to winter.

65 Ocean Salinity Salinity is a measure of the salt concentration in a liquid. Average salinity of most oceans is around 3.5%, or 35g/L. Recall: C = 3.5% = 3.5g = 3.5g = 35g 100mL 0.1L L (About 10X higher concentration than in a salt water swimming pool) Salinity is lower near the poles (melting glaciers and pack ice dilute the water) Salinity is higher in regions that are hot and dry (increased evaporation of water)

66 Ocean Currents The movement of seawater in a certain direction 2 main types of currents: Surface Currents: Mainly wind driven; horizontal. Subsurface Currents: Motion mainly due to differences in density (higher density water will sink). Higher salinity water is more dense, and will sink below less dense water. Cold water is generally more dense, and will sink in warmer water.

67 Ocean Currents

68 Ocean Circulation The combined effect of all the currents in the oceans Thermohaline Circulation: Surface and subsurface currents are connected together and circulate around the world.

69 The cryosphere consists of all the frozen water on the Earth s surface Pack Ice: Ice floating on the oceans near the north and south poles. Glaciers: Masses of ice on land, formed by compressed snow.

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71 Melting pack ice threatens the survival of species that depend on the ice. Note: Melting pack ice does not actually raise sea levels; this is because pack ice is already in the ocean.

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74 Large piece of ice that has broken off a glacier Raises the sea level when it falls into the ocean

75 Energy Resources in the Hydrosphere

76 Energy Resources in the Hydrosphere

77 Energy Resources in the Hydrosphere Beauharnois Power Station Motion Hydraulic* Energy Electricity Electrical Energy * Hydraulic energy (moving water) is a form of kinetic energy

78 Energy Resources in the Hydrosphere Beauharnois Power Station

79 Energy Resources in the Hydrosphere Rance Tidal Power Station, France

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82 Layer of air surrounding the Earth Composition of Air (low altitude) 78% 21% Oxygen, O 2 Nitrogen, N 2 Other: Water vapour, H 2 O Argon, Ar Carbon dioxide, CO 2 Neon, Ne Helium, He Methane, CH 4 Krypton, Kr etc

83 Atmosphere (to scale) (75% of our atmosphere s mass; includes clouds, etc ) Troposphere Satellites orbit

84 Atmospheric Pressure The pressure of the air in the atmosphere The more particles (molecules of air), the higher the pressure High Pressure (Crowded; many molecular collisions) Low Pressure (Molecules further apart; fewer collisions) Air particles tend to move from high-pressure to low-pressure areas. This movement gives rise to winds.

85 Atmospheric Circulation Global movement of air surrounding the Earth Warmer air (less dense) rises above cooler air. Air tends to move from high pressure to low pressure. Warmer air at the equator tends to rise, leaving behind a lower pressure zone near the surface. Cooler air moves in from higher pressure areas (from the north and south; this helps balance the temperature on Earth).

86 Atmospheric Circulation Global movement of air surrounding the Earth Coriolis Effect: Air circulation is also affected by the fact that the Earth is spinning, causing air to take a curved path. (Circulation tends to be clockwise in the northern hemisphere, and counter-clockwise in the southern hemisphere)

87 Energy Resources in the Atmosphere Motion Wind *Energy Electricity Electrical Energy * Wind energy (moving air) is a form of kinetic energy

88 Energy Resources from the Sun Light Solar Energy Electricity Electrical Energy

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Lithosphere: (Rocky Sphere) Solid, rocky, outer layer of the Earth. Includes the crust and part of the upper mantle. Lithosphere

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