EROSION, DEPOSITION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. Reading: Earth Science Tarbuck and Lutgens Chapter 5: pages Chapter 3: pages 52-54, 61-69

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1 EROSION, DEPOSITION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Reading: Earth Science Tarbuck and Lutgens Chapter 5: pages Chapter 3: pages 52-54, 61-69

2 Base Level Resistant bed Resistant bed creates a local base level

3 Local Base Level Niagara Falls

4 Base Level local and ultimate Over time, the resistant bed is eroded Local base level becomes closer to ultimate base level

5 Base Level ultimate Eventually resistant rock is eroded to ultimate base level

6 Base Level Erode to BASE LEVEL Cannot erode below base level Local base level (temporary) Gradual decrease in gradient from head to mouth Ultimate profile is idealized graded stream

7 Base Level Lower base level allows more erosion Raise base level reduces erosion

8 Incised meanders

9 Stream Erosion Cut their own channels Cut three main ways 1. Deepening 2. Widening 3. Headward erosion

10 Deepening Yellowstone River

11 Stream Processes and Floodplain Development Widening

12 Headward Erosion Pecos in NM

13 Headward Erosion

14 Stream Valleys V shaped in headwaters Wide with flat floors nearer to mouth

15 Broad, flat-bottomed Valley Low gradient Stream cuts into valley walls Mass wasting delivers sediment to stream

16 Deposition SLOWING OF VELOCITY Decrease in gradient Decrease in discharge Evaporation Infiltration Loss of channelization Flood stage Body of water

17 Deposition Flows into a body of water Creates delta

18 Delta Formation Deposition decreases gradient Flood stage--gets out of its deposit

19 Delta Formation Flood stage--gets out of its deposit Forms set of DISTRIBUTARIES

20 Delta Formation Forms set of DISTRIBUTARIES

21 Mississippi Delta

22 Deposition SLOWING OF VELOCITY Loss of channelization Enters body of water Flood stage out of banks

23 Stream Processes and Floodplain Development Natural Levee Formation

24 Natural Levee Creation Competence lost when stream leaves its channel Deposits largest particles first

25 Natural Levees floodstage

26 Natural Levees sediment deposits

27 Yazoo River

28 Alluvial Fan Badwater Fan, Death Valley, California

29 Alluvial Fan

30 Drainage Patterns Channel layout within a drainage basin Described by overall shape formed Dentritic Radial Rectangular Trellis

31 Drainage patterns

32 Dendritic

33 Radial

34 Rectangular and trellis

35 Rock Types Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

36 Rock cycle diagram

37 Sedimentary rocks Features of sedimentary rocks Strata, or beds (most characteristic) Bedding planes separate strata May have important characteristics Size, shape and distribution of grain sizes Fossils

38 Bedding and bedding planes

39 Fossils Traces or remains of prehistoric life Are the most important inclusions Help determine past environments Used as time indicators Used for matching rocks from different places

40 Features of sedimentary rocks Porosity Permeability

41 Sedimentary rocks Sediment is derived from weathering Carried by fluid Formed at Earth s surface Important to reconstruct much of Earth's history

42 Sedimentary rocks Economic importance Coal Petroleum and natural gas Precipitation of iron and aluminum Deposition of gold and tin Sand, gravel, clay

43 Sedimentary rocks Two main types Rocks formed by deposition of sediment Detrital Rocks formed by precipitation from water-- Chemical (includes rocks formed by organisms)

44 Sediment grains Particle loosened from pre-existing rock Transported to place of deposition Shape, size, and sorting of grains can tell about the environment of deposition

45 Lithification Process of becoming stone Burial and compaction Precipitation of cement Each reduces pore space

46 Cement Brought in by water Mineral material between grains Fills in pore spaces Commonly calcite, silica, and sometimes iron oxide

47 Types of Detrital Rocks Shale (most abundant) Sandstone Conglomerate

48 Shale with plant fossils

49 Shale Composed of very fine grained sediment Shows obvious tendency to split along planes (fissile) Usually gray Most common type of sedimentary outcrop

50 Sandstone

51 Sandstone Composed of sand-size particles Between 1/16 mm and 2 mm diameter Particles may be individual mineral grains or rock fragments Quartz most common type of grain Environments include Beach, river, shallow sea, sand dunes

52 Conglomerate

53 Conglomerate Composed of particles larger than 2 mm Usually particles are rock fragments

54 Detrital (clastic) rocks Shale is the most common one Made from solid particles Classified by particle size

55 Chemical rocks Material was once in solution and precipitates to form sediment Directly precipitated as the result of physical processes, or Through life processes (biochemical origin)

56 Fossiliferous limestone

57 Chemical rocks Limestone Composed of the mineral calcite (calcium carbonate) Much of this calcite was precipitated by organisms Considered an organic chemical sediment if from organisms Most common type of chemical rock second most common type of sedimentary rock

58 Coquina

59 Close up of coquina

60 Chalk

61 Rock salt

62 Chemical rocks Direct mineral precipitation from water Evaporites such as rock salt or gypsum Microcrystalline quartz (precipitated quartz) known as chert, flint, jasper, opal or agate Travertine (calcite) and sinter (silica) from hotspring deposits

63 Evaporites nerals/2sedimentarymineralz/gypsum.html

64 Chert

65 Travertine /~whtsai/world%20highlig hts/new%20side%20sho w%20webpages/imagepa ges/turkey% Travertine%20stones%20 and%20water%20in%20p amukale.html

66 Classification of sedimentary rocks

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