The polygenetic hypothesis of Yedoma origin comparing grain-size distributions of Alaskan and Siberian Yedoma
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1 The polygenetic hypothesis of Yedoma origin comparing grain-size distributions of Alaskan and Siberian Yedoma Lutz Schirrmeister, Guido Grosse, Jens Strauss, Elisabeth Dietze, Sebastian Wetterich Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany, Depatment of Periglacial Research; German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ, Section 5. Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution;
2 Objectives and backgrounds Hypothesis of Yedoma genesis ) alluvial genesis, ) ice-sheet-dammed basin deposits 3) deltaic formation ) proluvial and slope deposits 5) marine-estuarine-lagoon formation ) cryogenic-aeolian deposits 7) nival deposits ) polygenetic origins. Main goals of this study Identification and interpretation of characteristic patterns in grain-sizes distribution data sets find out common features and differences Developing a site-specific interpretation of past depositional processes to understand Yedoma formation
3 Locations of study sites in Siberia and Alaska Yedoma Laptev Sea region Cape Mamontov Klyk Nagym + Khardang Island (Lena Delta) 3 Kurungnakh Island (Lena Delta) Bykovsky Peninsula 5 Muostakh Island Buor Khaya Peninsula 7 Bol shoy Lyakhovsky Island Oyogos Yar coast 9 New Siberian Islands Yedoma Yakutian inland Batagay (Yana Highland) Kytalyk (Indigirka Lowland) Duvanny Yar (Kolyma River) 3 Tabaga + Yukechi (Central Yakutia) Yedoma Alaska Kitluk (Seward Peninsula) 5 Vault Creek (VC) tunnel (Fairbanks) Colville River (Alaskan North Slope) 7 Itkillik River (Alaskan North Slope) Reference sites a Pokhodsk (Kolyma Delta) b Kytalyk (Indigirka Lowland) c Muennerstadt (Germany) b a 3 Figure 3. Yedoma IC map showing coverage (in orange) and thickness in meter (as numbers at dots)(strauss et al. 5) Introduction Study sites Methods Results Conclusions
4 Grain size analysis and End-member modelling analysis Laser diffraction particle analyzer (Coulter LS ) - 9 size channels between.375 and µm 7 samples from 7 Yedoma sites in Alaska and Yakutia studied between 99 and reference samples from low centered polygons, flood plain deposits and loess deposits End-member modelling analysis (EMMA) to unmix poly-modal grain-size distributions of each site Into characteristic grain-size subpopulations after Dietze et al. () Mamontov Klyk Ebe-Sise (Nagym) + Khardang islands (Lena Delta) Itkillik River Colville River.... Bykovsky Peninsula Kurungnakh Island (Lena Delta) VC-tunnel (Fairbanks) Kitluk River (Seward Peninsula). Muostakh Island. Buor Khaya Peninsula. Batagay. Tabaga + Yukechi (Central Yakutia)....
5 Grain size analysis and End-member modelling analysis (software package EMMAgeo in open source R). Measured grain size distribution. Identification of robust endmembers from all similarly likely endmembers (explained variance >5%). 3. Mean loadings and spread of robust endmembers. Scores of mean robust endmembers and explained variances
6 Results of robust end-member modeling (gray curves - original grain-size distributions), end-member loadings (contribution of grain-size classes to each end-member) dashed lines -standard deviation for each end-member) Itkillik River (n=5, explained variability 73%) Colville River(n=3, %) EM5 EM EM3 EM EM Ebe-Sise (Nagym) + Khardang islands (Lena Delta) (n=7, 5.5%) Dyvanny Duvanny Yar (n=9, %) EM EM3 EM EM EM3 EM EM..
7 Distribution of robust end-member loadings for each sample mean scores (i.e. relative contribution of an end-member to each sample) Itkillik Colville.. relative amount (%)... 3 samples relative amount (%)... 3 samples EM EM EM3 EM EM5 Ebe-Sise (Nagym) + Khardang (Lena Delta) Ebe-Sise (Nagym) + Khardang islands (Lena Delta) Duvanny Yar Duvanny Yar.. relative amount (%).. relative amount (%) samples samples
8 Position of the robust endmembers and its explained variances Explained variance [%] overall explained variance [%]. Yedoma Alaska clay silt sand VC tunnel (Fairbanks) Kitluk (Seward Peninsula) Colville (Alaska North Slope) Itkillik (Alaska North Slope) New Siberian Islands Yedoma Laptev Sea Region Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island Oyogos Yar coast Buor Khaya Peninsula Muostakh Island Bykovsky Peninsula Kurungnakh Island (Lena Delta) Nagym + Khardang Island (Lena Delta) Cape Mamontov Klyk Yedoma Yakutia inland Duvanny Yar (Kolyma Lowland) Kytalyk (Berelekh River) Batagai (Yana Highland) Tabaga + Yukechi (Central Yakutia) explained variances 5 <% non Yedoma references clay silt sand Kytalyk polygon cores (Berelekh r.) Pokhodsk polygon cores (Kolyma D.) Kytalyk polygon bottom (Berelekh r.) Pokhodsk polygon bottom (Kolyma D.) Kolyma + Berelekh rivers flood plains Loess Muennerstadt (Unterfranken). grain size (µm)
9 Expected processes contributing to Yedoma formation Explained variance [%] overall explained variance [%] proluvial nival eolian frost weathering alluvial ponding water. graine size (µm) Stacked overall explained variance of robust end-members in Yedoma deposits (n=7, 7 sites) Clay: Ponding water Silt: Eolian, alluvial (main mode at µm, range.3-3 µm, Frost weathering: Schwamborn et al. () Formation of up to % of <3 µm fraction after -5 freeze-thaw cycles of fine-sand samples (3-5 µm) Sand: Running water (i.e. melt water runoff, braided streams), Mass movements (i.e. cryoturbation, solifluction)
10 The cryolithogenic concept of polygenetic Yedoma Formation Stages of Yedoma genesis based on a cryolithogenic concept. Note: If the re-transportation of loess (also called secondary loess) is included in the loess concept, the loess and the polygenetic concepts are very similar.
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